阅读技巧训练（一）猜测词义
猜测词义题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和处理生词的能力。猜测词义包括对词、词组和句意的理解，是高考英语试题阅读理解中的一类必考题。
高考真题展示
2006年全国卷I
B
…I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of car. I stopped and wondered what I shou do. …
61. The words “took off”underlined in paragraph 2 mean _______
A. turned offf B. moved off C. put up D. set up
2006年北京卷
B
…We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work. I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.
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…
61. What can we learn from the underlined sentence?
A.Kerrel couldn’t understand her teacher.
B. Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing.
C. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson.
D. Kerrel was too tired to hear her teacher’s words.
猜测词义题常见的解题方法：
（一）上下文线索猜测词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。
如：
If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him.
A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken
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根据I don’t like to be with him我们感受到说话人的语气。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀请我出去是不可能的 他就大错特错了。因此答案D。
练习：
（1）A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.
（2）The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing.
（3）All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake.
（4）For people who live within a stone’s throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable.
（5）The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles.
答案：（1）五金店（2）温和的（3）坍塌（4）一步之遥（5）大火灾
（二）根据定义或解释猜测词义
阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to
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mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。如：
Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.
分析：such as后所列举物品均为“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成对比。
练习
(1)Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.
（2）The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play.
（3）Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.
（4）The word “lefty” means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs.
（5）Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing.
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（6）A person who has the SARS （非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and a high temperature.
答案：(1)商店里偷东西的人（2）职业的（3）盗窃癖（4）左撇子“的”（5）久坐的（6）症状
（三）. 根据反义词或反义关系
有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, intead of, rather than等信息词。如：
One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.
A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.
分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们可以推断应为“对比、相反”的意思。
练习：
1． Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the
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population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.
2. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, we passed the time telling stories.
3. Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented.
4. He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.
答案：1.单一民族的 2。慌张 3。 不同意 4。 不英俊
(四). 根据同义词或近义词关系
常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similarly等。如：
Millions of animals die each year on Us roads, the Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the Us today. The main reason? Roadkill.
分析：从后面的同位语an endangered wild cat 可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫
练习：
1． Not every historic mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.
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2． We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar.
3． Their friends laughed at them, and my sister felt wretched, very unhappy.
答案：1。大厦 2。 粗俗的，庸俗的
（五）利用例证性线索
某些冷僻的词汇后面会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。等连接性词语往往用来举例说明前面较难理解的名词。如：
You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning. 分析：通过后面的例子：《英语世界》、《中小学外语教学》、《英语学习》，可知periodicals为“期刊杂志”
练习：
1． Many United Nations emloyees are polyglots: Mr.Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
2． The largest player---Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices---Deluxe Sedans, Minivans, Station Wagons, Coaches,
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Santana Sedans are the big favorite.
3． When writing an article, we often use similes, such as “brave as a lion” and “quick like lightning”.
答案：1。通晓多国语言 2。各种不同种类的出租车名称 3.明喻
（六）根据构词法猜测词义
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。如：
Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.
分析：anti—poison 是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。
练习：
1. Iran quake leaves city flattened.
2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?
3. The aging of population will affect American society in many
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ways----education, medicine and business.
答案：1。被夷为平地 2。 画出一幅画 3。老化
实战练习
2006年安徽卷
C
…Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. … If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
64. By describing lions as “opportunist” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions____.
A. are cruel animals B. are clever animals
C. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat
2006年上海卷
C
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…
Analyzing the law of the talion---an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth---William Ian Miller presents an original thinking over the concept of “pay back.”
73. The word “talion” in introducing the book Eye for an Eye is probably a concept of______.
A. medicine B. trade C. avenging D. striving
2006年天津卷
C
Some children are natural-born bosses.They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. …
“Examine the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. It’s an inheritable trait,” said Russell Barkley, a professor…
44. The underlined phrase “inheritable trait” in Paragraph 2 means _____.
A. inborn nature B. developed character
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C. accepted theory D. particular environment
2006年湖南卷
E
…When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture. 71. The underlined sentence in Paragragh 1 means Sontag _____.
A. was a symbol of American cultural life B. developed world literature, film and art
C. published many essays about world culture
E. kept pace with the newest development of world culture
Keys: C C A D
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阅读技巧训练（二）主旨大意题
这类题主要是测试学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：
1) Which of the following best describes the main point
of the passage?
2) What is the writer trying to tell us?
3) Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
4) The purpose of the passage is.
5) The main (general) idea of the passage is.
6) The passage is mainly about.
7) What is mainly discussed in the passage?
这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，一些文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾,
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总结本段大意。
做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。
主题句在整个语段中起着通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的，其位置一般位于段首，也见于段尾或段中。
另外在许多文段中，设有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
Eg.1(05全国I) MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border（边界）to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen ＄10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security（安全）rules.
The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.
There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US-which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.
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As a result, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual.
The US customs（海关）station in this area is closed on Sundays, so be just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later. Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him be had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally（非法）.
Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hilly roads to get home through another border checkpoint. Details for the “expensive tour Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like I’m living in a prison,” he said.
62．What would be the best title for the text?
A．A Cross-country Trip
B．A Special Border Pass
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C．An Unguarded Border
D．An Expensive Church Visi
Passage B(NMET2003)
Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).
The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.
Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,
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according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.
（Example and success of the program）
Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance。
文章中出现so, thus, therefore, as a result, I think, prove, show,等词，要注意看看后面的从句是否表示一种作者的观点或者文章要提出的观点
If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.
The paragraph could be entitled _________.
A. Buying A TV Se(detail)
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B. Selling Method C. Buyer Beware(detail) D. TV On Sale (detail)
06江苏A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.
In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining
Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at
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the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.
75. The passage is mainly about _____.
A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road
C. the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels
Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.
Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.
Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.
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Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Magellan’s death (too narrow)
B. Going Around The World too broad
C. The World Is Round (too narrow)
D. Magellan’s Voyage (proper)
阅读技巧训练（三） 推理判断
推理判断题要求考生在爱理解原文的基础上，根据文章所阐述的事实死结和上下问的按时及线索进行综合分析，然后进行判断，引申或得出合情合理的结论。因此，考生不仅要掌握文章的表层意思还要理解其深层的内涵，不仅要掌握已言明的观点和倾向，还要获得字里行间的信息。
此题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理、故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。考生因找准文中提供的相应的文字信息，特别是关键词语，把握作者的观点、态度或写作的目的，借助上下文的逻辑关系来判断，并能领悟文字的弦外之音。也可以借助常识或文化背景来判断。
推理判断常见的命题方式有：
We can infer from the passage that the author _____. (2006全国卷I,71)
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The main purpose of the survey is to ________. (2006湖南卷，59)
What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? (2006 湖北卷，75)
What would the author probably discuss in the passage that follows? (2006安徽卷71)
The underlined sentenced in the second paragraph implied that ______ (2006福建卷，58)
The passage is probably taken from a _______. (2006 辽宁卷59)
因此，常见的推测题有：
一、写作意图推测题：
此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这类题型不仅要求考生能理解文章的内容，而且还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及写作手法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。例如：
Earthquake may rightly ranked as one of the most disastrous forces known to man: since record began to be written down, it has been estimated (估计) that earthquake-related deaths have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related loss has been beyond calculation…
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The great majority of all earthquake occurred in two particular areas in history…
It is doubtful that man will be ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their damage altogether .But as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur.
Q: The author’s purpose in writing the passage probably is to ____.
A. inform the reader B. entertain the reader
C. support a theory D. question a theory
分析： 文章第一段介绍地震给人类造成的危害，第二段分析地震频发的地方，第三段分析地震预防方面的前景， 因此可以推断写作目的不是娱乐，也不是就某一理论提出质疑，而是给读者提供一些信息，教育读者。答案是A。
二、态度、观点判断题：
作者的态度、思想倾向是指对作者陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不决，对记述和描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰的词语中。因此，在推理判断的过程中，因特别注意作者的措辞。例如：
Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news? All I read about is
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murder, bribery and death. Frankly, I’m sick of all the bad news.
Q: The author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______.
A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform
分析： 作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只刊登不好的新闻，如凶杀、行贿、死亡等，二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪，故最佳答案是A 。
三、逻辑结论题：
此类题是严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点进行推理，得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的事实，然后按要求判断。例如：2005安徽卷：
Just as crying can be healthy, not crying — holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering — can be bad for physical (身体的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don't fight it. It's a natural — and healthy — emotional response (反应).
61, It can be inferred from the text that ______.
A．there are two ways to keep healthy
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B．crying does more good to health than laughing
C．crying and laughing play the same roles
D．emotional health has a close relationship to physical health （D）
四、预测推断题：
有些题目要求考生根据语境对可能出现的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题目应把握作者的写作思路，从而作出比较科学的预测。例如：
With the past in mind, preparations for 2006 season included sweeping changes on both the technical and personal sides. The management at Toyota Motorsport GmbH was restructed, with John Howett moving from Toyota Motor Marketing Europe to become President, thus enabling the company founder, Ove Anderson, more time to concentrate the operation of the race team at the track. Anderson’s value as an inspirational leader was one of the team’s biggest asserts(财富) in 2005.
Q: What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on?
A. Preparations for the 2006 season. B. The value of Ove Anderson
C. How to improve the European market? D. Changes on technical side
分析：本段第一句介绍球队备战2006赛季经历了技术和人事安排上的巨大变化，紧
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南师附中---阅读技巧训练（一）猜测词义
接着陈述集体的人事安排，因此，下问应介绍技术层面的变化，所以，正确答案是D。
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