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翻译理论

2023-02-18 来源:步旅网
翻译理论

2009-10-06 15:26:39

翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动,是\"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来\"(范存忠:\"漫谈翻译\"《翻译理论与技巧》

中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80), 是\"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息\"(谭载喜:《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版

翻译的性质

有人认为翻译是一门科学,因为它有着自己的内在科学规律;也有人视翻译为一门艺术,因为翻译好比作画,先抓住客观人物的形态和神态,然后用画笔把它惟妙惟肖地表现在画上;还有人将翻译认作是一门技能,因为就其具体操作过程而言总是离不开方法和技巧的.但是总的看来,翻译是一门综合性的学科,因为它集语言学,文学,社会学,教育学,心理学,人类学,信息理论等学科之特点于一身,在长期的社会实践中已经拥有了它自己的一套抽象的理论,原则和具体方法,形成了它自己独立的体系,而且在相当一部分的语言材料中这些方法正在逐渐模式化.由此可见,视角的不同可以导致对翻译性质认识的差异.下面是部分翻译理论家对翻译的定义,由此可见人们在翻译性质认识上的差别:

Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and

secondly in

terms of style. (Nida)

翻译是一种创造性的工作,好的翻译等于创作,甚至还可能超过创作.(郭沫若)

Appreciation:

1)“It’s an order from President Bush.” “I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.”

a) “ 这是布什总统的命令。” “我不在意它来自灌木、树,还是草。”

b) “ 这是布什总统的命令。” “我才不在乎它来自布什、树木还是草呢。”

c) “ 这是布什总统的命令。” “ 管它什么布什、布头,还是布片呢,与我无关。”

三.翻译的类别

既然翻译的性质可从不同的角度来定义,那么同样翻译的种类也可从不同的.一般说来,翻译可从5种不同的角度来分类:

1) 从译出语和译入语的角度来分类,翻译可分为本族语译为外语外语译为

本族语;

2) 从涉及到的语言符号来分类,翻译分为语内翻译(intralingual translation),

语际翻译 (interlingual translation)和符际翻译(intersemiotic translation);

3) 从翻译的手段来分类,翻译可分为口译(oral interlingual translation),笔

译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译(machine translation);

4) 从翻译的题材来分类,翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for

science and technology),文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical

writing translation);

5) 从翻译的处理方式来分类,翻译可分为全译(full translation),摘译

(partial translation)和编译(translation plus editing).

翻译的历史

1.有两千多年的历史,最早有关翻译的记载可以追述到西周之前的《礼记· 王制》。

2. 四个发展高峰:

第一个高峰兴起于汉朝,全盛于唐朝时期的佛经翻译。著名翻译家有玄奘。

其次是发生于明末清初,延续至清末的科技和文学翻译。出现了以林纾、严复为代表的翻译家。

接下来是五四运动之后的现代阶段。先后译介了马列主义经典著作和以英国、法国、美国、日本、印度等为代表的外国优秀现实主义和其他流派的文学作品。宗匠代表有鲁迅。

新文化运动以来至改革开放的新时期,翻译领域百花齐放。世界各国的文学、科技、社会等方面的书籍都被及时广泛地翻译介绍给了中国读者,如傅雷翻译的法国小说系列,朱生豪翻译的《莎士比亚全集》。

翻译的标准

1. 大致分为五类

1) the source-language-oriented principle (literal translation)

竺法护(230?-309): 面广量大, 当时在西域流行的经典,大部分被翻译过来了, 为大乘佛教在中国打开广阔的局面创造了条件;存真偏质,提高质量,以前译家对原文往往随意删略,法护则尽可能传达出原来的真意;助译者多。

赛珍珠(1892-1973)Buck, Pearl: 著名美国女作家、翻译家。1933年译的《四海之内皆兄弟也》是水浒的第一种英译本。译者使用口语表达法,多用直译,以使西方读者如读原书。 有人认为译笔确实比较生动活泼,近似原著,但译文过直,时有失真失雅之处。

2)the target-language-oriented principle (free translation/ adaptation)

支谦:编译, 加注。 “其传经者,当今易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善” (《法句经序》)

鸠摩罗什:我国古代一流的翻译家。既充分照顾到中国人的语言文字习惯,又力求不失梵文原意。主张意译,意信文美。

西塞罗(Cicero): interpreter/ orator

奈达(Nida):reader’s response

3) the author-and-reader-oriented principle

泰特勒(Tytler):“three principles of translation”

1)译文应完全复写出原作的思想(A translation should give a complete

transcript of the ideas of the original work.)

(2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of

writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)

(3)译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original

composition.)

严复:信、达、雅(Faithfulness, Expressiveness, Elegance)

信\"是\"意义不背本

文\达\"是不拘原文形式,尽译文语音的能事以求原意明显.

\"信\达\"互为照应,不可分割开来.

\"雅\"在今天看来是不可取的,因为这个\"雅\"是用汉以前字法句法,即所谓的上等文言文。

鲁迅:“易解”“丰姿”

\"凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿.\"

这就是说,译文既要信又要顺(both faithful to the SL and

smooth in expression).

4) the aesthetics-oriented principle:

傅雷:神似(similarity in spirit)

钱钟书:化境 (sublimation)

5)the sociosemiotics-oriented principle:

陈宏薇: 功能相似,意义相符(similarity in function, correspondence in meaning)

2. 翻译界一般的标准,也是初学者的标准是:忠实和通顺。

1)所谓忠实,首先指忠实于原作的内容.译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来,不得有任何篡改,歪曲,遗漏阉割或任意增删的现象.……

忠实还指保持原作的风格--即原作的民族风格,时代风格,语体风格,作者个人的语言风格等。译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变,不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格.

But Diana’s champions were overwhelmingly women. Like many of them, she had a heartless husband, in-laws from hell, and fickle boyfriends.

a) 可是黛安娜的冠军绝大多数是妇女。像她们中的很多,她有一个无情的丈夫,地狱般的姻亲,感情易变的男朋友。

b) 可是黛安娜的拥护者绝大多数是妇女。和他们中的很多人一样,她有一个无情的丈夫,地狱般的姻亲,见异思迁的男朋友。

c) 而拥戴黛安娜的绝大多数是妇女。因为她的遭遇和他们中的许多人相似: 丈夫无情无义,婆家人蛮不讲理,男友个个负心。

Eg.

1)An American student used two styles to say good-bye to his teacher and mother. How to translate them in a proper way?

a) Good bye, Mr. Martin. 译文:

b) See ye later, Mom! 译文:

2) Apply sunscreen liberally (at least one large handful) about 30 minutes before going outside.

原译: 涂抹防晒油时要大方(至少要满满一把),涂抹约30分钟后方可外出。

2)所谓通顺,即指译文语言必须通顺易懂,符合规范.译文必须是明白晓畅的现代语言,没有逐词死译,硬译的现象,没有语言晦涩难懂,佶屈聱牙的现象,没有

文理不通,结构混乱,逻辑不清的现象.

Eg.

Improper Collocation:

1) Improve your study habits.

译文:改进你的学习习惯。

2) And the body lay white and still beneath the pines.

译文: 这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下。改译:

Restricted by the Form of ST:

He was praised and she was criticized by the teacher.

译文: 他被老师表扬了而她被老师批评了。

翻译的过程——

理解---表达---校核

1) 理解:对原文的透彻理解是翻译的关键。理解主要是通过原文的上下文来进行。

If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely—a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.

提起英年“早逝”,人们或有所指。人们定会相信有些人死亡的时刻更为适宜。寿终正寝极少称为“早逝”。长寿即意味着生命之完整。但英年早逝常令人感到逝者美好时光尚未到来,一生之评说尚未做出。

2) 表达——

两种基本的方法

直译:既保留原文的内容,又保留原文的形象。它不是死译和硬译。

意译:能正确的表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥于原文的形式。它不是任意乱译。

Eg.

I have a book.

我有一本书。

It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favor.

译文: 这是可能的:他们从未想像过有任何相当数量的公众意见会聚集到对他们有利的方面来。

改译:他们可能绝没有想到,竟会有相当多的舆论支持他们。

He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.

TT1: 他想学习、知道事情和教学。

TT2:他想学习,增长知识,也愿意把自己的知识教给别人。

TT3:他渴望博学广闻,喜欢追根穷源,并且好为人师。

3) 校核:

校核内容

润饰文字

英汉语言的对比

1. 英汉词语的词义对应情况大致可归纳为以下三种:

1). 完全对应.这类英汉词语多为专有名词,术语或普通名词,其数量极为有限.

如:

CIA(美国)中央情报局 smog烟雾 zoology动物学

Attention: to avoid pseudo-equivalence (fixed expressions)

2). 部分对应.有许多英汉语词语在词义上只是部分对应.它们的意义范围有广狭之分,抽象与具体之分,一般与个别之分.如:

uncle(广义)-叔父,伯父,姑父,姨父,舅父(狭义)

milk 奶(抽象);人奶,牛奶,羊奶(具体);film胶卷(一般),影片(个别)

还有些英汉词语在概念意义上是对应的,但在内涵意义上却是不对应的,如: vinegar: 有\"不高兴,坏脾气\"的内涵意义 醋 : 有\"妒忌\"的内涵意义

3). 不对应.由于文化差异,英语有些词语所表达的意义在汉语中尚无确切的对应词来表达.它们主要是一些具有文化含义的词语,翻译时多用加注或释义.

特困生:the most needy students

糖葫芦:Tanghulu, a suger-coated fruit on the stick

A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card.

一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头.那是杰克·弗罗斯特*的名片.

*杰克·弗罗斯特(Jack Frost)是英文里对\"寒霜\"的拟人称号.

2. 语言特征对比

1) 英语重形合,汉语重意合。

英语重形合(hypotaxis)是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系;汉语重意合(parataxis)是指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连结起来。

英语在词形变化上除了通过词的派生表示词性或词义的变化外,还有名词的复数形式,动词时态形式,人称代词格的形式等,这些词的形式变化表示着意义的变化。汉语里却没有这种词形的变化。汉语的一些字词也通过偏旁部首的改变产生词义的改变,如“他”改变偏旁部首则变为“她”或“它”;但在多数情况下通过增加、减少或改变字词引起意义上的变化,如“男大夫”,“女演员”等。在句子的结构上,英语句子的各个成分要由各种连词、介词、关系词等连接起来,特别强调句子成分之间的从属、修饰、平行、对比等

关系。相比之下,汉语子成分之间的辅助词要少得多,句子成分靠意义连接。

Hypotaxis vs Parataxis

He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence.

a. 他说的那麽好听,b. 以致于每一个人都相信他是无辜的。

c. 他说的那麽好听,d. 谁都相信他是无辜的。

2. If you turn to the left, you will find our institute at a distance.

a. 如果你向左转弯,b. 你就可以远远看到我们学校。

c. 向左转弯就可以远远看到我们的学校。

Application of Parataxis

I was too tired to talk to you.

The door was opened, and the audience came crowding in.

2)英语爱用静态词,汉语常用动态词。

英语在表达意义时,喜欢使用静态词汇,如名词(抽象名词)、介词短语、形容词、副词以及表示状态的弱式动词(be, have, become, grow, feel, go, come, get, do等)和

虚化动词(have a look, take a walk, pay a visit, do shopping, do some reading等)来表示动作意义;而汉语则多使用动态词汇,英译汉时常常把原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙述。

The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of my father’s time.

这本书反映了我父亲那个时代的中国社会。

He gave a vivid description of the battle.

他生动地描述了这场战斗。

3)英语多用被动,汉语常用主动。英语重物称(inanimate),常采用无生命词汇作主语,所以多被动句,并且不指出动作的执行者;汉语重人称(animate),习惯用表示人或物的词汇作主语,大都以主动句的形式出现。

Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.

这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。

4)句子

英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写等在后,即重心在前。汉语则是由因到果,由事实到结论,即重心在后。英语句子长,汉语短。

I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your

Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.

由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这是我感到特别高兴。

八.翻译的常用技巧

1. 词义的选择

Grammatical Analysis : air分属不同的词类

(1) The rain had cleaned the air.雨后空气新鲜.(名词)

(2) Don't air your troubles too often.别老是诉苦.(动词)

Contextual Analysis——Meaning in Context

1) Direct Context:

a. Collocational Analysis

一是由于两种语言词语的搭配能力不同,一种语言中可以成立的搭配关系(联立关系)在另一种语言中不能成立,翻译时须根据译入语的表达习惯重新组合.例如put on clothes/shoes在汉语中就要说\"穿上衣服/鞋子\".

二是某种搭配在两种语言中都可以成立,但就表意,表情效果看,译入语不宜采

用与译出语一样的搭配.如:

...yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of

the praises the stone-cutter curves over his bones; who is good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;...

……不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话.真的是虔诚的教徒,慈爱的父母,孝顺的儿女,贤良的妻子,尽职的丈夫,他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们.(本句中的good并没有用\"好\"字来译.)

Summary

a. v.+n.

play basketball play football play the piano play the violin

b. adj.+n. good

c. order difference in the order of adj.

rural America美国农村;a new international economic order国际经济新秩序

三是使用的场合:

In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James, Feminore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest, “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?”

she asks.

詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏在其经典小说《拓荒者》中,记述了主人公—— 一位土地开发商——带着表妹游览一座他将要建造的城市的情景。他向表妹描绘了宽阔的街道,排排的房屋,俨然一座熙来攘往的大都市。然而,表妹环顾四周,却一脸迷茫,她所看到的只是一片森林。于是她问:“你要给我看的美景和改进了的地方在哪里啊?”

Eg:

跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪,这是我们必须回答的问题。

What kind of attitude the cross-century young generation will have to meet the new century that promises so much hope is the question we must answer.

注意词的褒贬和引申:

He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation . I believe the reputation was not deserved.

他是一个正直诚实的人,但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。

Eg:

(1) beauty and improvements(抽象-具体)

(2) There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.

帝国主义者的性格有残暴的一面,也有狡猾的一面.(具体-抽象)

(3) She said, \"He is a lightly discriminating man.\"

她说,\"他是个很爱挑剔的买主.\"(一般-个别)

2) Indirect context: cultural background

His second inaugural speech gave his plan for building up the peace of the nation, but he did not live to accomplish his desire.

林肯在第二个任期的就职演说中阐述了实现全国和平的计划,但是他没有能活到自己的愿望实现的时候。

(2) Stylistic Analysis

winds风(普通文体);风云(文学文体)

red flower红花(普通文体);红艳艳的花儿(文学文体)

green willow绿柳(普通文体);柳色青青(文学文体)

climb vs. scale (lit.) horse vs. charger (lit.)

thanks vs. express one’s gratitude to (formal)

“Sometimes,” the doctor went on in a liquid tone, “ sometimes there will be a withered leg or a blind eye or a crumpled back..Oh, I know the sting of the scorpion, my friend, and I can cure it.”

“有时候,” 大夫油腔滑调地接着说道,“会引起腿部萎缩,弄得眼瞎、背驼的。蝎子蛰人的事我不太清楚啦,朋友。我能把他治好的。”

And then he (the priest) said : “ I hope thou wilt remember to give thanks, my son , to Him who has given thee this treasure , and to pray for guidance in the future.”

他(神父)接着说,“孩子,希望你不要忘记感谢主恩,是主恩赐给你财富。你要求主指引未来。” (庄肃)

2.词类转换

词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类.

The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind. 红军冒着

刺骨的寒风英勇前进.

他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。

His arrival at this conclusion was the result of much thought.

增词法

The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。这是黄河滩上的一幕。

This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。

The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuga Liang, the master mind.

darkness 漆黑一团 madness 疯狂行为 complacency 自满情绪 backwardness 落后状态

减词法

I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友.

To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even

harder.

学习不容易,使用更加不容易.酿酒和饮酒 brew and drink wines

用点画成线,用线画成平面,用平面画成立体。

With points you can make a line, with lines , planes; with planes, solids.

正反转换 (正译反译;正反表达法)

由于思维方式的不同,英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达;而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达.因此,常常有必要进行转换.这就是通常所说的\"正说反译,反说正译\"法.英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no, not , never否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定

后缀-less等的句子,汉语正面表达则是指不带\"不\没\非\未\否\无\莫\勿\别\"等否定词语的句子;反之则是反面表达.

As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.

他一面喝咖啡,一面翻开油墨未干的晨报,看了起来.

You can't be too careful. 你要特别小心.

那个房间的窗子总是关着的。The windows of that room is never open.

她忍住了没有笑出声。She refrained from laughing.

语态转换英语中被动语态用得较多,而汉语中被动语态则用得相对较少,因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态,当然有时也可以保留其被动语态.而英语中的主动语态,有时汉译也可根据汉语的表达习惯转换为被动语态.

Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity. 由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果,身体不断地产生热.

His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. 他被吸收到党内是完全应该的.

有人听到呼救的声音。Voices were heard calling for help.

可以说----It can be said that----

调整句序

定语和状语的位置;话语的重心。He spoke loudly in the room yesterday.

明天上午8:30在301教室,英语系将举办一次关于翻译的讲座。

A lecture on translation will be held by English department in the room 301 at 8:30 tomorrow morning.中国古代著名的思想家、教育家

a well-renowned ancient Chinese thinker and teacher 各式各样精巧的灯笼

exquisite lanterns of diverse designs

I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.

由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。

8. Attributive Clauses1)All is not gold that glitters.

2)This will be epoch-making revolution in China’s social productive forces which will lay down the material foundation for the socialist and communist mode of production.

3)There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.

4)We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own.

9. 汉英翻译抓主干,找好主谓语。

明天上午8:30在301教室,英语系将举办一次关于翻译的讲座。

这个地区比较多雨。It rains a lot in this area.

一个人的生命究竟有多大意义,这有什么标准可以衡量吗?

Could there be any standards to evaluate the meaning of one’s life?

10. 长句的翻译长句的翻译首先要判断出句子的结构(如是简单句,并列句,还是复合句),再

找出句中的主要句子成分,即主语和谓语动词,然后再分清句中的宾语,状语,表语,宾语补足语,定语等,最后还要弄清原文的表达模式特点.一般说来,英语长句的翻译主要依原句的语义及句子各部分间的逻辑关系而定,采取的方法就是分译,而分译法大体又分为顺译法,逆译法,综合法.例如:

The successful testing of atomic and hydrogen bombs and guided missile and the launching and accurate recovery of man-made earth satellites are important indications of our new level in science and techn ology.

原子弹、氢弹、导弹试验成功,人造地球卫星的发射成功和准确回收,集中标志着我国科学技术达到的新水平。(顺)

A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bear them in mind and be well versed in the definitions, and formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics, in order that he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study.

为了能打好数学基础,掌握好数学,以利于深造,学数学的学生必需熟悉和牢记数学中的所有常用的符号和代码,精通数学方面的定义、公式和术语。(逆)

When you listen to people speak a foreign language that you understand, have you noticed that the native speakers of that language use words and phrases in a manner different from what you are used to?

当你听别人讲你所懂的外语时,那些以这种外语为母语的人,他们使用词语的方式和你所习惯使用词语的方式是不同的,对此你注意到了吗?(综合)

九、翻译与语篇

1.着手篇章翻译时要尽量注意全方位把握原文的形,意,神,更加关注译文的整体效应,所谓大处着眼,小处着手;小单位,低层次服从于大单位,高层次,词(组)从句,句从段,段从篇.在译入语篇章构建过程中,要时刻关注原语篇章中所有的衔接和连贯。

Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversized calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning, the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.

The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.

As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is---but then who does?

4. 大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。所以人们对于大自然,全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,锄草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌;往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样,每个地方都有自己的传说,风俗也就衍传了下来。

People , poor or rich, are equally favored by nature. Therefore human beings, with no exception, have been deeply dependent on it.

5. 在我所呆的3年半中,共有14位学生被招进他的实验室,最后博士毕业的只剩下五人。

During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.

文体

诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧;科技文体;新闻文体;应用文体。抓住每种问题的特点进行翻译。

十、题型示例1. 发展是硬道理。A. Development is the hard reason. B. Development is the hard principle. C. Development is the absolute reason.D. Development is the absolute principle.2. 英语里的被动语态在汉语里称“被动式”或“被字句”。英语和汉语比较,。A. 英语比汉语用得多 B. 英语和汉语用得都很多C. 汉语比英语用得多 D. 英语和汉语用得都不多 3. 一件事情,往往可以从不同的角度来加以说

明。原文从正面说的,译文可以从反面来说,这就是。 A. 胡译 B. 省略翻译 C. 反译 D. 直译4.董事会5. 原文:展望21世纪,我们坚信前景将更加美好。译文:Look into the 21st century, we are convinced that there lies an even brighter future.改译:Looking into the 21st century, we are convinced that there lies an even brighter future.7.翻译段落或短文推荐书目:英汉翻译教程/张培基等编著/上海:上海教育出版社/1980.9英汉翻译简明教程/庄绎传编著/北京:外语教学与研究出版社/2002新编汉英翻译教程/陈宏薇,李亚丹主编/上海:上海教育出版社/2004

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