考研英语从句分类

考研英语从句分类-例句剖析

一、考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖析

1. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.

【参考译文】 积极的学习，即学生们写文章或做实验，然后让一位老师评估他们的作业，对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。

【结构分析】该句可分为两大部分：Active learning, (in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor,)is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.括号外的内容是主句，括号里的内容是介词+which模式的定语从句；主句的主语是Active learning，谓语是is，表语是beneficial，far more是状语，其中far是程度副词，相当于much，for those是状语，其后who引导的定语从句中，主语是who，谓体是have not yet fully learned，宾语结构是how to learn。括号内的定语从句修饰前面的Active learning，由三部分构成，即or…and连接的三个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是students，谓语是write，宾语是essays，第二个并列句的谓语是perform，宾语是experiments，第三个并列句的谓语是have．．．evaluated，宾语是work，by an instructor是状语结构。

【知识链接】 active积极的；essay文章；perform an experiment做实验；evaluate评估instructor指导者，老师；be beneficial for．．．对……有益。

2. The American version of the \"ideal individual\" prefers an atmosphere of freedom,

where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what the individual does.

【参考译文】 美国版的“理想个人”更喜欢一种自由的氛围，在这种氛围中政府或者任何别的外部力量都不会强行规定个人该做什么。

【结构分析】 该句可分为两大部分：(The American version of the \"ideal individual\" prefers an atmosphere of freedom,)(where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what the individual does.)，第一部分是主句，第二部分是以where引导的非限定定语从句，修饰前面的atmosphere；主句的主语是The American version，谓语是prefers，宾语是an atmosphere，of the“ideal individual”作version的后定语，of freedom作atmosphere的后定语；第二部分的主语是由neither．．．nor…or．．．连接的并列名词短语，谓语是dictates，宾语是what引导的从句。

【知识链接】 version版本；ideal理想的；prefer更喜欢，联想记忆：prefer．．．to．．．宁要……而不要……；atmosphere氛围；external外部的，联想记忆：internal内部的；agency机构；dictate命令，强制规定。

3. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entitles directed against each other, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entitles independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.

【参考译文】 冲突不同于竞争，前者指彼此对立的社会群体间的对抗，后者指独自争夺匮乏资源的社会群体间的对抗。

【结构分析】 该句可分为三部分：Conflict, (defined as opposition among social entities

directed against each other, )is distinguished from competition, (defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.)，括号外的内容Conflict．．．is distinguished from competition是主句，Conflict是主语，is是谓语，distinguished from competition是表语；两个括号里的内容均是过去分词短语，分别作前面Conflict和competition的后置定语；第一个定语结构中前省略了which is，谓语是be defined as，宾语是opposition，介词短语among social entities作前面opposition的定语，directed against each other是过去分词+介词短语结构，作前面social entities的定语；第二个定语结构的前半部分与第一个完全相同，striving for something是现在分词短语，作social entities的定语，independently作strive for的状语，最后的which引导something的定语从句，in inadequate supply是is的表语结构。这个句子翻译时要先译主句，然后再分别译两个后置定语结构。

【知识链接】 conflict冲突；be defined as．．．被定义为……；opposition对立，对抗；

entities实体，群体；be directed against．．．与．．．．对立；be distinguished from．．．与．．．．不同；competition竞争；independently独立地，独自地；strive for．．．追求……；sth．is in supply供应……；inadequate不充足的，匮乏的，联想记忆：adequate充足的，充分的。

4. The resulting situation--in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week--could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.

【参考译文】最终的情形将是：大多数人在其岗位上的工作时间一周内不会超过短短的两三天，这将使得就业不再被视作唯一真正有效的工作方式。

【结构分析】 该句可分为三大部分：The resulting situation-- ( in which most people would

not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week)—could hardly continue to be one (in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.)；括号外的内容是主句，即The resulting situation...could hardly continue to be one，其中的one指代前面的situation；两个括号里的内容均是定语从句；第一个定语从句属于介词in+关系代词which的模式，其中which指代前面的situation，该从句的主语是employment，谓语是was regarded as，宾语是the．．．form of work；第二个括号里的定语从句与第一个定语从句的结构相同，修饰前面的one，该从句的主语是most people，谓语是would not be working，in their jobs作地点状语，for more than two or three short days a week作时间状语。翻译时要将主句的否定词hardly后移至was和regarded as之间，才会顺畅自如。

【知识链接】resulting最终的；employment就业，联想记忆：unemployment失业；be regarded as．．．被认为是……；valid有效的，联想记忆：invalid无效的；form of work工作方式。

5. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

【参考译文】 随着战后生育高峰期出生的孩子长大成人，以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇。这些青少年已经开始质疑是否值得做出巨大的个人牺牲去攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯以进入好学校，找到好工作。

【结构分析】 该句可拆分为两大部分：(The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers) (who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs)，第一部分是主句，第二部分是who引导的定

语从句，修饰前面的teenagers；主句的主干结构是The coming Of age and an entry…have limited the opportunities of teenagers，介词短语of the postwar baby boom和into the male-dominated job market分别作The coming of age和an entry的定语；who定语从句的主干结构是who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices，过去分词involved作sacrifices的后置定语，介词短语in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder作时间状语，to good schools and jobs也是介词短语，作前面ladder的后置定语。

【知识链接】 coming of age长大成人；postwar战后的，联想记忆：prewar战前的；baby boom生育高峰期(指二战后美国出现的1947—1961年婴儿出生高峰期)；male-dominated男性主宰的；job market就业市场；teenagers青少年；personal sacrifice个人牺牲；rigid严格的，森严的。

6. The situation may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the \"least-developed country\" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.

【参考译文】这种状况将会在2008年彻底改变，届时肯尼亚的经济状况将稍有改善，不再具有“最不发达国家”的地位，该地位允许非洲制造商不必支付欧洲对指定农产品所征收的过高的进口关税。

【结构分析】 该句可拆分为三大部分：(The situation may all change in 2008,) (when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the \"least-developed country\" status)(that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. )，第一部分是主句，结构比较简单，第二部分是when引导的定语从句，修饰前面的2008，第三部分是that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的status；when定语从句的主语是Kenya，谓语是will be，表语是slightly rich，too与后面的to qualify for．．．构成固定结构，意为：太……而不……；that定语从句的主语是that，谓语是allows，宾语是African producers，不定式to avoid．．．作宾语补足语，动名词结构paying stiff European import duties作avoid的宾语，介词短语on

selected agricultural products作前面import duties的后置定语。

【知识链接】 Kenya肯尼亚(非洲)；qualify for…够资格做……；the“least-developed country”最不发达国家；status地位，身份；stiff严厉的，过高的；import duty进口税；selected指定的；agricultural product农产品。

二、考研英语【表语从句】典型例句剖析

1. Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection to volunteer participation during the undergraduate years is that it consumes time and energy that the students might otherwise devote to “academic” pursuits.

【参考译文】反对在大学期间自愿参加社会服务的最普遍的呼声也许是认为社会服务占去了学生的时间和精力，否则，学生会利用这些时间去做学术研究。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主干结构是：Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection is that．．．，主句的主语objection之前的the most commonly voiced和之后的介词短语to volunteer participation均作定语，during the under-graduate years是时间状语；that表语从句的主干结构是让consumes time and energy(that the students might otherwise devote to“academic”pursuits)，其主语是it，指代前面的volunteer participation，谓语是consumes，宾语是time and energy，括号内的that引导time and energy的定语从句，其主语是the students，谓语是might otherwise devote，宾语是that，指代前面的time and energy，to “academic”pursuits是介词短语，作宾语补足语，实际上，devote．．．to．．．已构成固定词组，otherwise作状语。

【知识链接】voiced说出来的；Objection to．．．反对……；volunteer志愿者；undergraduate

大学生；consume消耗，消费；otherwise否则，若不然；devote．．．to．．．把……奉献给；academic pursuits学术研究。

2. The blunt truth of the matter is that human beings are not designed for tasks which require relentless vigilance: for the sophisticated human brain these are fatiguing and boring.

【参考译文】 此事说明了一个真切的道理：人类并不是生来就适合做不间断的高度警觉的工作。对于复杂的大脑来说，这些工作太乏倦无味了。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主干结构是：The truth is that．．．，that引导的表语从句的主干结构是：human beings are not designed for tasks，之后的which引导定语从句，修饰前面的tasks，其主干结构是which require．．；vigilance，relentless是vigilance的定语；冒号后面的内容是一个独立的句子，是对前面内容的解释，其主语是these，指代前面的tasks，谓语是are，表语是fatiguing and boring, for the sophisticated human brain是介词短语，作范围状语。

【知识链接】 blunt率直的，坦率的；relentless连续的，不间断的；vigilance警觉；sophisticated复杂的；fatiguing令人疲倦的；boring乏味的。

3. All that happened is that we have substituted identifying and labeling, which can be done very rapidly, for the tactile sort of feel-seeing that requires much more time and concentration.

【参考译文】所发生的一切仅仅是我们用识别和作标记替代了触觉类的感知，前者可以很迅速地完成，而后者则需要多得多的时间和专注。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为All that happened is that we have substituted

identifying and labeling，(which can be done very rapidly，)for the tactile sort of feel-seeing (that requires much more time and concentration)，that happened作主语All的定语从句，难点在于that引导的表语从句；该从句的主干结构是：we have substituted．．．for．．+谓语动词have substituted．．．for．．．是固定搭配；第一个括号内是which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的identifying and labeling，第二个括号内是that引导的定语从句，修饰the tactile sort of feel—seeing。该句翻译时要先译主干结构，which定语从句和that定语从句要放在最后处理。

【知识链接】 substitute．．．for．．．用……替代……；identifying识别；labeling作标记；tactile触觉的；feel-seeing感知；concentration专注。

4. What we should like to know is whether life originated as the result of some amazing accident or succession of coincidences, or whether it is the normal event for inanimate matter to produce life in due course, when the physical environment is suitable.

【参考译文】我们想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某个惊人的事件，或是一系列的巧合呢?还是当自然环境适合，无生命的物质经过相当一段时间就自然而然地产生了生命呢?

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主干结构是：What we should like to know is whether．．．or whether．．．，What引导主语从句，whether．．．or whether．．．引导并列的表语从句；第一个表语从句的主语是life，谓语是originated，as the result of．．．or．．．coincidence是介词短语，作originated的方式状语；第二个表语从句的主语是山指代后面的不定式to produce．．．course，谓语是is，表语是the normal event；for inanimate matter是介词短语，作范围状语；句末的when引导非限定定语从句，修饰前面的course。翻译时应将when从句置于主句的前面，这也是英译汉时常用的原则，即次要信息在前，主要信息在后。

【知识链接】 originate起源；as the result of．．．作为……的结果；amazing令人惊奇的；accident事故，事件’succession连续；coincidence偶然事件；inanimate无生命的；due适当的，适合的；course过程；physical environment自然环境；suitable适当的。

5. The problem is that modern man seems unable to redesign his institutions fast enough to accommodate the new demands, the new intelligence, the new abilities of segments of society which, heretofore, have not been taken seriously.

【参考译文】问题是，现代人似乎不能尽快及时地修正其已形成的各种习俗以适应那些迄今尚未被认真对待的、来自社会各阶层的新的需求、新的智慧和新的才干。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主干结构是：The problem is that．．．，难点在于that引导的表语从句。该从句也是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：modern man seems unable to redesign his institutions(fast enough to accommodate the new demands，the new intelligence，the new abilities of segments of society)(which，heretofore，have not been taken seriously)，括号外的内容是主句，主语是modern man，谓语是seems unable to redesign，宾语是his institutions，his指代前面的modern man，fast enough是redesign的程度状语，to accommodate．．．of society是不定式，作结果状语，句末的which引导定语从句，修饰前面的并列宾语the new demands, the new intelligence, the new abilities，从句的谓语是have not been taken seriously, take sth. seriously是固定短语，参见知识链接，heretofore是副词，作时间状语。翻译时应将which从句转化为前置定语来处理。

【知识链接】 man(单数)人类；redesign重新设计，修正；institution习俗；accommodate 适应；intelligence智慧，智商；segment of society社会各阶层；heretofore迄今；take sth．seriously认真对待某事。

三、考研英语【主语从句】典型例句剖析

1．It is vital that economic，political and social conditions which can alleviate poverty be established at national and international levels．

【参考译文】在全国以至全球营造消除贫困的经济、政治和社会环境很重要。

[结构分析] 该句子的主干结构是It+is+形容词+that-从句模式，即It is vital that．．．conditions be established．．．；It为形式主语，真正主语为that从句；主语从句的主语是economic，political and social conditions，谓语是be established，请注意；vital后的从句中要使用虚拟语气结构，故be established前省略了should；which引导的从句作主语conditions的后置定语，at national and international levels是介词短语，作地点状语。

【知识链接】 It is vital that．．．重要的是……；vital关键的，重要的；alleviate减轻，缓解；poverty贫困；establish建立；at…levels在……范围内／层次上。

2．Yet it is doubtful whether the proposition is strong enough to bear the vast weight of generalization that has been placed on．

【参考译文】然而，这个论点是否依据充分以支持由此推导出的普遍原理，这一点值得怀疑。

【结构分析】该句子的主干结构是It+is+形容词+whether从句模式，即Yet it is doubtful whether．．．is strong．．．；让作形式主语，指代后面的whether从句；whether从句中，主语是the proposition，谓语是is，表语是strong；enough是strong的状语，enough修饰形容词或副词时需后置；不定式to bear．．．作结果状语，修饰enough，属于enough to．．．搭配；that has been placed on it为定语从句，修饰generalization，这里的北指代前面的proposition。

【知识链接】 It is doubtful．．．令人怀疑的是……；doubtful令人怀疑的；proposition观点，论点；vast巨大的，大量的；place weight on．．强调／重视……；generalization普遍原理。

3．It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses has grown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession.

【参考译文】 英国的经济一直在走下坡路，而其开设MBA课程的学校数量却上升了254％，这种情形极不相称。

【结构分析】 该句子的主干结构是It+is+形容词+that---从句模式，即it is incongruous that the number of British institutions.．．has grown．．．；it作形式主语，指代that 从句，该从句的主语是the number of British institutions，谓语是has grown，现在分词短语offering …courses作British institutions的后置定语，by 254 percent作has grown的程度状语，during a period是has grown的时间状语，when引导定语从句，修饰period，into deeper recession作状语，修饰sliding。

【知识链接】incongruous不一致的，不相称的；institution机构，学校；offer提供(引申为开设课程)；course课程；MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士；slide下滑；recession衰退。

4．It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality．

【参考译文】人们普遍认为孩子最初几年的经历对其性格以及日后个性的培养影响很大。

【结构分析】该句子的主干结构是It+is+ed分词+that-从句模式，即it is generally accepted

that the experiences of the child．．．determine his character and later personality；it是形式主语，指代后面的that从句，从句的主语是the experiences of the child，谓语是determine，宾语是his character and later personality，in his first years是介词短语，作前面experiences的后置定语，later为形容词，作personality的定语。这个句子翻译时要将被动式h is generally accepted that转为主动式，这符合汉语的思维习惯，因为英文多被动，汉语多主动。

【知识链接】 It is generally accepted that．．．人们普遍认为；in his first years早年；largely很大程度上；character性格；later(a山．)随后的，日后的；personality个性。

5．Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me．

【参考译文】我无法理解为什么人们情愿每天奔波四个小时以换取值得怀疑的乡村之趣。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以拆分为三大部分：(Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country)is (beyond me)；Why引导主语从句，is作谓语，beyond me作表语；主语从句的主语是people，谓体是are prepared to tolerate，a four-hour journey是宾语，介词短语for the．．．country作目的状语，修饰tolerate。

【知识链接】 be prepared to do．．．愿意做……；tolerate忍受；dubious令人怀疑的；privilege特权，好处；beyond sb．超出某人能力，某人不理解。

6．It has always been a mystery to me why city-dwellers，who appreciate a，，these things，

obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country．

【参考译文】城里人喜欢城里的一切，却要执拗地装出他们喜欢住在乡村，这对我来说一直是个谜。

【结构分析】这是一个主从复合句，主干结构是：It has always been a mystery．．．why city-dwellers．．．pretend that．．．；it作形式主语，指代后面的why．．．从句，该从句的主语是city-dwellers，谓语是pretend，之后的that从句是其宾语；who．．．these things是非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词city-dwellers。

【知识链接】 mystery神秘性，谜；city-dweller城市居民；appreciate喜欢，欣赏；obstinately固执地；prefer to do．．．宁愿做／更喜欢；pretend that．．．假装。

四、考研英语【同位语从句】典型例句剖析

1．The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not Up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits Of the heavens，the moon and the planets．

【参考译文】苹果向下落到地面而不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对月球和行星——那些天空中更大的天体所存的疑问。

【结构分析】这是一个主从复合句，可以•切分为：The fact (that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree)answered the question (he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, )(the moon and the planets)，主句的主干结构是The fact answered the question；第一个括号内that引导的是同位语从句，该从句的主语是the apple，谓语是fell down，and之后是谓语并列结构，有省略现象，补全后应是：and(did)not (fell)up into the tree，toward the earth和into the tree均是介词短语，作谓语fell down的方向状语；第二个括号

内是question的定语从句，前面省略了连接词that，about those larger fruits of the heavens是介词短语，作question的后置定语；第三个括号内是并列的名词短语，作前面those larger fruits of the heavens的同位语。该句翻译时应将同位语从句that the apple．．．the tree先译出，再译主句。

【知识链接】 fruit of the heavens天体(这里fruit为词汇活用现象)；planet行星。

2．A century ago，Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears．

【参考译文】一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是对我们所不曾意识到的欲望和恐惧的内心深处的反映。

【结构分析】这是一个主从复合句，可拆分为两段：(A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory)(that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引导的同位语从句，修饰前面的theory；主句中Freud是主语，formulated是谓语，theory是宾语，revolutionary是theory的定语；同位语从句中，dreams是主语，were是谓语动词，shadows是表语，disguised作shadows的定语，介词短语of our unconscious desires and fears作shadows的后置定语，unconscious作desires and fears的定语。

【知识链接】Freud弗洛伊德(1856—1939，奥地利精神病学家，精神分析学派心理创始人)；formulate形成，阐述；revolutionary革命性的；disguised伪装的，深层的；unconscious无意识的，be unconscious of．．．对……不了解，联想记忆：conscious有意识的，be conscious of．．．对……很了解，subconscious潜意识的。

3. And by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of dreams as just

“mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

【参考译文】 到了20世纪70年代末期，神经学家们转而认为梦仅仅是人们头脑中的噪音——睡眠中进行的神经修复过程中偶然产生的副产品。

【结构分析】这是一个主从复合句，可看作由两段组成：破折号之前是主句，破折号之后是一个名词短语，作前面mental noise的同位语；主句的主语是neurologists，谓语是had switched to，thinking of dreams是动名词结构，作介词to的宾语，as just“mental noise”是介词短语，作前面dreams的宾语补足语；同位语结构中的主干词是the random byproducts，句末的that从句作前面the neural-repair work的后定语。

【知识链接】the late 1970s，20世纪?0年代末期；neurologist精神病学家；switch to doing sth．／sth．转向做……；think of．．．as．．．认为……是……；mental noise心理噪音；random随意的，偶然的；byproduct副产品；neural—repair神经修复；goon持续。

4. The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

【参考译文】 热泵的停用很大程度上是源于对广告商宣传的质疑。他们声称热泵每使用一个单位的电能，就能产生高达两个单位的热能，这显然与能量守恒定律相矛盾。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可切分为三大段：(The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims)(that heat pumps can provide as many

as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used,)(thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引导的同位语从句，解释claims的内容，第三段是现在分词短语，作前面provide的结果状语；主句的主语是The use，谓语是has been held back，about advertisers’ claims为介词短语，作skepticism的后定语；同位语结构的主语是heat pumps，谓语是can provide，宾语是two units of thermal energy，as many as为同级比较短语，作two units的定语，for．．．electrical energy为介词短语，与provide…，for．．．构成固定搭配，used是过去分词，作前面electrical energy的后定语，electrical energy used属于名词+过去分词结构。这句话的翻译要点是：that同位语从句单独翻译，而且前面要将claim转化为动词“声称”译出。

【知识链接】 heat pump热泵；holdback阻止，停用；largely很大程度上；skepticism怀疑；advertiser广告商；claim声称(这里活译为宣传)；unit(物理学)单位；thermal energy热能；thermal热力的，如：thermos热水瓶，thermometre温度计；contradict与……矛盾，违背；energy conservation能量守恒。

5. One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall.

【参考译文】一种观点认为工作时间将会持续下降。该观点用于支持以下看法，即就业将继续是主要的工作方式；就业机会将最终提供给所有想就业敝人。

【结构分析】这是一个主从复合句，可切分为三大段：One argument (used to support the idea)(that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available {or all who want it,)is that working time will continue to fall，括号外的内容是主句，比较简单：One argument．．．is that working time will continue to fall，

其中One argument作主语，is是谓语系动词，that引导表语从句；第一个括号内，一定关注used为过去分词，作argument的后置定语，to support the idea是不定式，作目的状语；第二个括号内是that．．．and that．．．引导的两个并列结构，作前面idea的同位语从句，其中第一个that从句的主语是employment，谓体是will continue to be，表语是the dominant form of work，第二个that从句的主语是employment，谓语是will…become，表语是available，介词短语for all who want让作范围状语，实际上，available for已构成固定搭配，参见知识链接，who want it作a11的定语从句，让指代前面的employment。这句话翻译时首先要处理主句，即One argument is that working time will continue to fall，再将后置定语used to support the idea和两个that同位语从句单独翻译。

【知识链接】 argument观点，论点；employment就业，联想记忆：employee雇员；employer雇主，老板；unemployment失业；dominant主要的，统治性的；eventually最终；sth．is available for sb提供给某人某物。

6. Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one’s. own personality and one’s life.

【参考译文】死亡是戏剧化的一次性危机，而老年却是日复一日、年复一年与强大的内外力量抗争的过程，即逐渐认识自我个性和生命的苦乐参半的过程。

【结构分析】 该句可拆分为三大段：(Deathi3adramatic，one-time crisis)(while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces，)(a bittersweet coming，to terms with one’s own personality and one’s life)，第一、二段是由while连接的两个并列句，第三段是一个动名词短语，作前面confrontation的同位语；第一段中Death是主语，is是谓语，crisis是表语，dramatic，one-time均作crisis的定语，第二段中old age是主

语，is是谓语，confrontation是表语，day-by-day，year-by-year均作confrontation的定语，with．．．forces是介词短语，作confrontation的后置定语，powerful，external，internal三词作forces的并列定语，第三段的核心结构是coming to terms with．．．，with引导的介词短语作terms的后定语。该句翻译时要将同位语结构单独作为一个句子处理。

【知识链接】 dramatic戏剧性的(来自drama戏剧)；one-time一次性的；crisis危机；while而(表转折)；day-by-day日复一日的；year-by-year年复一年的；confrontation对抗，斗争(源自confront面对)；external外在的，外部的(前缀ex-表“外”)；internal内在的(前缀in-表“里”)，bittersweet苦乐参半的，有苦有甜的；come to terms with…与……相识，了解……，如：He likes to come to terms with celebrities他喜欢结交名人；personality个性。

7. The tragedy of old age is not the fact that each of us must grow old and die but that the process of doing so has been made unnecessarily and at times excruciatingly painful, humiliating, debilitating and isolating through insensitivity, ignorance and poverty.

【参考译文】 老年的悲剧并不在于我们每个人必会衰老直至死亡，而在于这样的过程由于麻木不仁、愚昧无知以及贫困潦倒而有时变得痛苦难耐、备受屈辱、心力交瘁。

【结构分析】 该句的主干结构为；The tragedy．．．is not the，fact that．．．but that．．．，The tragedy是主语，is是谓语，not the fact，but．．．作表语，but之后省略了the fact，两个that引导的从句作the fact的同位语；第一个that从句中grow是系动词；第二个that从句的主干为：the process．．．has been made painful， humiliating， debilitating and isolating。 painful，humiliating，debilitating，，isolating四个形容词作主语the process的补足语；through insensitivity，ignorance and poverty是介词短语作状语，of doing so介词短语作the process的后置定语，so指代前面的grow old and die；unnecessarily and excruciatingly为并列副词，修饰

其后的四个形容词，at times是时间状语。翻译第二个同位语从句时要把through介词短语移至前面，这是英译汉常见的变通原则。

【知识链接】tragedy悲剧，联想记忆：comedy喜剧；grow old衰老；unnecessarily不必要的；at times有时；excruciatingly难以忍受地；painful痛苦的(来自pain痛苦)，联想记忆：painless没有痛苦的，毫不费力的；humiliating令人屈辱的；debilitating虚弱的；isolating孤独的；insensitivity麻木不仁(来自sensitive敏感的)，联想记忆：sensible明智的，senseless没有道理的；ignorance无知(来自ignore忽视)，联想记忆：ignorant无知的，be ignorant of．．．对……不了解，ignorance无知，be in ignorance of．．．．对……不了解；poverty贫困。