Face to Face with Hurricane Camille Ⅳ. 1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.
2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.
3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.
4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out. 5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars. 6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.
7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland. 8. ()h God, please help us to get through this storm safely.
9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane. Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc. 2.sit out: stay until the end of
3.come by;(American English) pay a visit 4.blow in：burst open by the storm.
5.douse:put out(a light，fire，generator。etc。)quickly by pouring water over it 6.kill：(American English)to cause(an engine-etc．)to stop
7．swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe;a long strip 0r track 0f any kind
8．bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines 0n a music sheet
9．1ean-to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building
1 0．Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy，that build harbor facilities，airfields，etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．
Lesson Two Marrakech IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.
6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.
7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.
8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.
9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting)．
10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．
11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．
12．People with brown skins are almost invisible．
13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well-built bodies．
14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。
15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind． Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice
2．navvy：abbreviation of \"navigator\"，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．
3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape
5．self-contained：self-sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality，very inferior
7．mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy
8．reach-me-down：(British colloquialism)second-hand or ready-made clothing 9． charger：a horse ridden in battle or on parade
Ⅶ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。
2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状，具体表现为喜怒无常，时哭时笑，行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱(如酒醉发烧时)，具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱，表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以及不自觉地模拟眼瞎、 耳聋等。用于引申义时，mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度，成为癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒)；delirium 指极度兴奋，如a delirium of joy(狂喜)；hysteria指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．(她又是笑又是哭，感情难以控制。)。
3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光。
Lesson Three Pub Talk and the King's English
Ⅳ．1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings．(Animals and birds are not capable of conversation．)
2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view． ． 3． In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．
4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other's lives．
5． The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong． 6． These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef． 7． The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the、rulers．
8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more．
9． The phrase，the King's English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes． The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people．
10． There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class．
11． There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word \"dog\" is a symbol representing a kind of animal．We mustn't regard the word \"dog\" as being the animal itself．
12． Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard，formal English all the time in their conversation． Ⅵ·1. on the rocks： metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks
2． get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression \"You got out of bed the wrong way\"． It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．)
3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring． It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．
4． turn up one's nose at：scorn；show scorn for 5． into the shoes： metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)， think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i． e． as if one were a Saxon peasant
6 come into one's own： receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition65 7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice of
Ⅶ．1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如 an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如 ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏； uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。
2．scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑；sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意：jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲 笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。
Lesson Four Inaugural Address IV. 1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.
2. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.
3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.
4. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. 5. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.
6. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.
7. before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place
8. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.
9. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness. 10. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.
11. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).
12.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability. Ⅵ.1.prescribe, set down or impose
2.mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die) 3.at issue, in dispite; still to be decided
4.disciplined, received training that developed self-control and character 5.committed, bound by promise, pledged
6.undoing : abolishing
7. at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited 8. iron: cruel; merciless
9. bounds: chains; fetters
10. invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.
11. writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo-Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．) run：continue in effect or force 12．stays：restrains
13．tap：draw upon or make use of
14．bear：take on；sustain
Ⅶ．1．fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物 (不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。如an illness which might not be serious for a young person．but which will almost certainly prove fatal to the old lady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重，但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。deadly在表示\"必然致命\"这一点上与fatal完全相同，可互换使用。但deadly还有一种为fatal所没有的用法，它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如：The murdered man had many deady
enemies．(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。)mortal像deadly一样．，可以指能置人于死的人或物。如：Because of an ancient family feud，the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth．用于指物时， mortal之不同于fatal及deadly之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如：He was struck down by a mortal blow upon to head．(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。lethal指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡，而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如：Cyanide is a lethal poison．(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。) 除lethal之外，以上各词均可用来形容某种造成恐慌或极度不安，会带来灾祸但不一定造成生命伤亡的事物。如：a fatal mistake(十分严重的错误)；a deadly insult(难以容忍的侮辱)；in mortal terror(极端的恐怖之中)。
2．faithful指出于对个人荣誉、友谊或爱情等的珍惜而体现出的信义和忠诚，如a faithful wife(忠实的妻子)。loyal则指因受道德良心或正义感、责任感的驱使而对某人、某项事业或某个组织表现出坚定不移的耿耿忠心，如a loyal friend(忠实可靠的朋友)。constant一般指爱情或事业上的用心专一，不见异思迁，朝秦暮楚，如a constant lover(用情专一的情人)。staunch(或stanch)指为维护某种原则或信念而表现出毫不动摇的意志和决心，如a staunch defender of the truth(真理的坚决捍卫者)。resolute也表示坚定不动摇的决心，不过多指在小事上或为私人目的而表现出的决心，如：She was resolute in her decision to stay．(她决定留下，很难改变。)
Lesson5 Love is a Fallacy IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or \"a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid\". 2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.
3. The fallacy of \"post hoe, ergo propter hoc\". 4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact. 5. The fallacy of \"post hoc, ergo propter hoe\". 6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. 7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization. 8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.
Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning
2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy 3. flight :fleeing or running away from
4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's 5. shed: cast off or lose hair
6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。or active in the main current of affairs 7．practice：the exercise of a profession of occupation
8．pin-up：(American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls
9．makings：the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something -
10．carriage：manner of carrying the head and body：physical posture bearing：way of carrying oneself：manner 11．go steady：(American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively：be sweethearts 1 2．deposit：(facetious)put，lay or set down
l 3．brief：a concise statement of the main points of a law case。usually filed by counsel for the information of the court 14．1et-up：stopping；relaxing
Ⅶ．1．fashion和fad均为名词。fashion主要指某人，尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。 2?incredulous和incredible均为形容词。incredulous是\"不轻易相信的\"、\"表示怀疑的\"的意思，指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。incredible是\"不可相信的\"意思，指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在，因而表示怀疑或不可相信。 3?passion和eagerness均为名词。passi'on指一种强烈的愿望或感情，这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者 必然的结果。eagerness意即\"渴望\"或\"热情\"，但往往含有不耐烦的意味。 4．feeling和emotion均是名词。feeling在没有上下文限制的时候，往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。emotion指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。 5．reveal和show均为动词。reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西，好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的。show指某种事物或者东西\"展现\"在眼前，以便能看得到和看得清。 6．tempt和incline均为动词。tempt意为\"引诱\"、\"诱惑\"，指一种强有力的诱惑，这种诱惑能克服对某一事物的顾忌或推断。incline意为\"倾向于\"、\"有…的倾向\"，指对某事物或行动或多或少表现出一种暖昧的心理倾向。 7．exasperation和disappointment均为名词。exasperation指使某人忍无可忍或者使某人失去自控力的强烈愤怒或生气。disappointment意为\"失望\"、\"失意\"，指某人对某件事情感到没希望或失去信心。 8．indulge和tolerate均为动词。indulge意为\"纵容\"、\"容许\"，指由于意志力的软弱或对事物的热心而对自己或他人的希
望或愿望的一种屈从。tolerate意为\"容忍\"、\"忍受\"，指以自我克制的态度对待令人厌恶、令人反感的东西，含有\"默认\"或\"宽恕\"的意味。 9．amusement和merriment均为名词。amusement意为\"娱乐\"、\"消遣\"，指一种令人愉快的精神消遣，尤其是某种幽默的事物或谈笑使人感到很有乐趣。merriment意为\"愉快\"、\"欢乐\"，指充满趣味和笑声的某种事物。 10．1anguish和suffer均为动词。languish指由于渴望而苦恼或遭受痛苦。suffer指由于伤害、悲痛或损失等原因而被迫遭受、蒙受痛苦或不愉快的事情。
Ⅷ．1．这几个词都是形容词，指人的智力或感觉等方面具有较高的灵敏性或灵活性。keen指在智力或感觉、视觉、听觉等五官方面是敏锐的或敏捷的，尤指具有解决复杂或疑难问题的特殊能力。 acute意为\"敏锐的\"，指具有观察到别人没有注意到的某种意义、感情、意见、颜色、音调等的细微差别的能力，也指具有某种非常敏锐的神经注意力，这种注意力持续的时间不长。 astute意为\"敏锐的\"、\"精明的\"、\"聪明的\"，指对某领域或某学科有很深的造诣或者有一定的体验的能力或洞察力。perspicacious在这些单词中最为正式的用词，强调具有高度的洞察力。 calculating意为\"精明的\"，\"精于算计的\"，尤指会打小算盘。2．intelligent指具有善于从经验中学习或领会或对新事物迅速作出反应的能力。 clever意为\"聪明的\"，\"伶俐的\"，指善于理解、善于学习，但有时含有\"不够深入\"的意思。alert意为\"机敏的\"，指善于观察和行动，强调善于抓住某个时机。bright和smart比较口语化，一般可代替前面几个词中的任何一个。 brilliant意为\"英明的\"，指具有非凡的智力或理解力。
Lesson Six Disappearing Through the Skylight
IV. 1. Science is engaged in the task of making its basic concepts understood and accepted by scientists all over the world. 2. The car model, called Fiesta, seems to have disappeared completely.
3. The idea of a world car is similar to the idea of having a world style for architecture. /As architecture was moving toward a common International Style, it was natural for the automobile to do the same.
4. Things that are happening in auto making are similar to those happening in architecture.
5. The modern man no longer has very distint individual traits shaped by a special environment and culture． 6．The disadvantage of being a cosmopolitan is that he loses a home in the old sense of the world．
7．The benefit of being a cosmopolitan is that he begins to think the old kind of home probably restricts his development and activities．
8．The compelling force of technology to universalize cannot be resisted．
9．When every artist thought it was his duty to show his contempt for and objection to the Eiffel Tower which they considered an irreverent architectural structure．
10．a flexible and pliable quality that was beyond human powers and absolutely new
11．People used to firmly believe that the things they saw around them were real solid substances but this has now been thrown into doubt by science,
12．That，perhaps, shows how far logically modern aesthetic can go．／The solid banks can become almost abstract and invisible．／This is perhaps the furthest limit of how solid objective things may be disappearing． Ⅶ．1．homogeneous：the same in structure，quality，etc．；similar or identical 2．diversity：different；variety 3．economics：things related to the economy(of automobile manufacturing，such as production costs，consumer appeal，sale price，etc．)
4．asset：a valuable or desirable thing
5．suspect：think it probable or likely；guess；suppose
6．barring：unless there should be；excepting
7．blasphemy：any remark or action or thing held to be irreverent or disrespectful 8．proposition：a person，problem，undertaking，etc．，being or to be dealt with 9．extra：outside the scope or region of；beyond
1 0．order：category，class
11．artifact：a product(as a structure on a microscope slide)of artificial character due to extraneous(as human)agency
12．circuits：an integrated circuit，a tiny complex of electronic components and their intereonnections produced on a single small silicon chip silicon：a silicon chip，a small slice of silicon on which an integrated circuit is etched． 1 3．truss：a rigid framework of beams，struts bars，etc．，for supporting a roof geodesic dome：a dome made of light straight structural elements mostly in tension Lesson Seven Libido for the Ugly
IV.1. As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.
2. But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was. 3. This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance
and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.
4. The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.
5. The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built iooked like bricks standing upright.
6. These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope. 7. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg.
8. Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.
9. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.
10. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.
11. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like. 12. People in certain strata of American society seem definite- ly to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Chris- tian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful.
13. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot un- derstand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.
14. They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable.
15. From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．
Ⅵ．1．express：a fast，direct train。Making few stops 2．roll：travel in a wheeled vehicle(here an express train) 3．revolting：disgusting 4.line：railway line
5．yard：a railway center where trains are made up，serviced， switched from track to track。 6．streak：mark with streaks(a line or long，thin mark)
7．sightly：pleasant to the sight
8．pullman：a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into berths for sleeping．It is so-called after the U．S．inventor，George。M．Pullman(1831- 1897)． 9．save：except。but
10．yield：surrender，give into border upon：be like，almost be 11．pull：drawing force．appeal
12．1evel：position。elevation，or rank considered as one of the planes in a scale of values 13．put down(to)：attribute(to)
14．impossible：not capable of being endured，used。agreed to，etc．，because of being disagreeable or unsuitable： hard to tolerate
Ⅶ.1．dirt指任何不清洁的或玷污之物，如泥土、灰尘、粪便、垃圾； filth一词用来表示脏得令人作呕的东西；soot是指主要由 炭粒构成，由物质的不完全燃烧所形成的一种黑色物质； grime指沉积在表面上或嵌入表面之中的煤烟或小颗粒状 污秽。
2．love意指强烈的喜爱或深刻的倾心，可用于表示各种不同的 关系或用于各种对象(如性爱、手足之爱、对工作之爱等)； passion通指一种具有压倒或强制性的强烈情绪，如：His passions overcame his reason．(他的激情压倒了他的理 智。)；lust指一种欲望，特别是那种寻求不。受拘束的满足 --感官满足，尤其是性满足的欲望；libido是精神分析学 上的一个术语，能指精神上的能量，通指精神能量的一种基 本形式，包含积极的、爱的本能，并在性格发展的不同阶段中 表现出来。
Lesson Eight The Worker as Creator or Machine IV.1. Because of the fact itself that man produces, he has devel oped far beyond all other animals. 2. Work also frees man from nature and makes him into a so cial being independent of nature.
3. All the above-mentioned work shows how man has trans formed nature through his reason and skill.
4. Therefore pleasure and work went together so did the cul tural development of the worker go hand in hand with the work he was doing.
5. Work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that brought relief to those who felt alone and isolat ed leading this kind of ascetic life. 6. In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hos tile to the work he is doing.
7. Work helps the worker to earn some money; and earning money only is an activity without much significance or pur pose. 8. Just earning some money is not enough to make a worker have a proper respect of himself. 9. Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.
10. Better relations with the public will yield larger profits to management. The management will earn larger profits if it has better relations with the public.
11. The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a more \"high-minded\" cover for what is really a vulgar, base appeal to idleness and willingness to accept things.
12. The businessman knows the quality or usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces, conscious of the deception involved.
VI.1. kingdom: any one of the three divisions of the natural world
2. being : a human being : one who lives or exists, or assumed to do so 3. prosecution: the carrying on or engaging in something.
This word is more commonly used in its legal sense of con ducting legal proceedings against somebody. 4. chosen. (religious term) favored by God ; chosen by God to go to heaven after death 5. alienated, estranged, detached 6. physical: material
7. agent: a person that brings forming a certain action about a certain result by per 8. premium: an unusual or high value
9. friction : conflict, strife 10. psyche : mind
11. pay off: yield full recompense or retrun, for either good or evil
12. gadget: any small, especially mechanical contrivance or device
X.1. backward 为消极词，表达一种具有消极意义的比较，主要起 直接描述作用，如a backward mountain region。有时它也用 来指低下和无知，暗示缺乏进取心而应受指责。primitive具 有对比意味，仅指人类文化发展的早期及工业化之前的阶 段，也可指处在初级阶段或初级形态的任何一件未经加工制 造的纯净简朴的东西。correct指无差错、瑕疵，符合某种标 准。其使用普遍，不仅可用来说明真理或事实，而且还可用来 修饰口味或(服装等)样式，如the correct dress for a formal dinner。right通常可和correct互换，但常暗含对道德方面 的赞赏，如the right course of action。
2．individuality指某人区别于他人的特性、情趣、活动等。indi vidualism现常指一种意识形态(及其所体现的言行)，该意 识形态以自我为中心，把自身利益置于他人利益之前。 3．action指某一行动的完成(所完成的事)或指完成某事的 过 程，如the action of acid on metal。activity指运动的状态， 或能量的消耗。activity词义很广，可用以指个人或集体运用 身心进行的工作，该词常用来表达一些分离的、同步的或连 续的行动，如the activity of the heart，busy week filled with social activities。
4．split指使某一件物体破碎或分裂成两个或更多个部分，而 difference强调分裂的部分彼此不似或不同。
5．consequence可指以一种中立的方式所表达的简单的因果关 系，如prosperity that was the consequence of widely ex Danded governmental spending。此词更多地是指否定性的 结果或至少是在其他方面结果令人满意却又伴随有否定因 素，如arguing that the rise in lung cancers was a conse auence of cigarette。outcome充分强调对某一事物的结局 所作的唯一的、单独的结论。该词较为非正式，指事情的结局 或解答，如a tragic outcome for such a happy marriage。
6．wealth就其具体的而非抽象的含义来看，是一个含义很广 的词，可指贮藏或积蓄的、人们想要拥有的一切，尤指有经 济利益或短期价值，由个人、集体或非生命实体所使用的物 质的东西，如a man of wealth，a nation's wealth。从广义上 来讲，wealth既可指有价值的非物体的东西，也可指极丰富的任何事物，如a wealth of experience，a wealth of learn ing。property指个人或集体合法地获取或拥有的任何一件 有价值的东西，如private property，government property。 该词可以是不动产或动产，即它可以包括被看作不动的、永 久的财富，如土地、建筑等，也可以包括被认为可动的、临时 性的财富，如珠宝、书籍、家俱等等。
7．succinct意为压缩、排除了无关细节的，用以说明文章、讲话 等简短、明白、概括，紧抓要点，如a succinct summarv
of a lengthy treaties。brief用于时间的持续，其含义相对于 long，如a brief or short interval。该词也常用来强调简洁、 概括等等，如a brief view。
8．product指生长或制造的东西，这些东西或产生于自然界，或 产生于人类工业或艺术。productivity指生产力或某些东西 的大量生产。
9．psychology是一门有关精神及精神、情感过程的科学，也可 指某个人或某个群体的行为、特性、态度、思想、精神状态等 的总和，如the psychology of the adolescent。psyche指精 神，是精神病学上的专用术语。
10．humane是指对待人类和整个生物界及二者所处境况都要 慈悲仁爱，如a humane judge，a humane treatment of ani reals。human仅用于表达人区别于动物和自然界以及被认 为能够关注与他人沟通的任何特征。human和humane的 含义区别很大。humane可指人类所共有的高尚的态度，而 human常把软弱或失败看作具有普遍性，因而可以谅解 (人所共犯之错)。但后者也常指对他人的缺陷持灵活宽容 的态度。如：If he'd only stop moralizing all the time and be a little bit human． Lesson 9 The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Ⅳ.1.The 1oud ringing of the bells, which sent the frightened swallows flying high, marked the beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas.
2.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overhead.
3. The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.
4. After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certain things.
5. The citizens of Omelas were not simple people, not kind and gentle shepherds, not savages of high birth, nor mild idealists dreaming of a perfect society.
6. An artist betrays his trust when he does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting. 7. They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people. 8. Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination will be equal to the task.
9. The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city.
10. Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish and stupid because of fear, poor nourishment and neglect.
11. The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly and tenderly.
12. They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tears dry up when they realize how just and fair though terrible reality was.
Ⅵ. 1. rigging, lines and chains used aboard a ship especially in working sail and supporting masts and spars. 2. shimmering. shining with a soft tremulous light ; glimmer-mg 3. flight :rising, settling or flying in a flock
4. wound=make (one's way) in a winding or twisting course
5. restive .stubbornly resisting control
6. litter :a covered and curtained couch provided with shafts and used for carrying a single passenger 7. singularly.exceptionally ; unusually
8. arcana. (plural of arcanum) secret or mysterious knowledge known only to the initiate 9. modest =moderate or reasonable; not extreme 10. head.the highest or uppermost part of a thing 11. mere ~ nothing more or other than ; only
12. nobility, (the) state of being grand and impressive poignancy. (the) character of being emotionally touching or moving profundity ,intellectual depth
Ⅸ． 1．happy一般指快乐的、幸福的，用以表示幸福的人、家庭、夫妻、生活、时代等；glad指感到特别的喜悦，这种喜悦一般是短暂的；cheerful指经常性的兴致高、乐观等；joyful和joyous都指特别高兴、喜悦。前者常由某事而引发，后者则是出于一惯的性情。
2．plea。。re一般指感到满足、惬意，可指内心的喜悦?又可指外在的幸福；delight常指一种明显的喜悦，一种公开表露出的热情奔放的喜悦；joy指深切体验到的、常常外露的极其喜悦的心情；enjoyment常指比较含蓄的、内在的满足感。 3．barbarian主要指一种原始的文明，一般没有其他的含义； barbaric指像原始社会的人们一样粗野、缺乏限制；barbarous
指像原始社会的人一样野蛮、凶残；savage指比bar- barian更为原始的文明，比后者更为野蛮、凶残。
4．old指存在或使用的时间相对较长一些；ancient具体指年代久远；antique指某物不再流行，已经过时；archaic就时间而言．指具有古风的东西。
5．anger泛指不快的情绪；indignation指由不公正的、卑鄙的或侮辱性的事物引起的正当的气愤；rage指怒不可遏，暴跳如雷；f。，y指非常愤怒，气得要发疯；wrath指一种深沉的愤怒；想惩罚别人或报复他人。 Ⅹ．
1．set…soaring：使???高高飞起喧嚷的钟声使燕子高高飞起。 2．broke out Into…：突然爆发突然爆发出极快乐的钟声。 3．given…：有了 有了这样的描述……
4．As…，so…：像…那样，…也就(也同样)像他们无需君主制度和奴隶制度那样，他们同样不需要证券交易所。 5．rise t0 the occasion…：起而应付(紧急局面。危机)；应付裕如假设它能应付裕如……
6．this follows from…：结果产生；根据…而产生的这是根据Omelas市民是快乐的事实而产生的。 7．do without…：无需；没有…也行让我们废除军队。
Lesson 10 The Sad Young Men
Ⅳ.1.At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.
2.In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement. 3.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.
4.In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.
5.The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.
6.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.
7.The young people wanted to take part in the glorious ad-venture before the whole war ended. 8.These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.
9. The returning veteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people. 10. (Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.
11. It was only natural that hopeful young Writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitry, and \"Puritanical\" gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic centre. 12. Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.
Ⅵ. 1. flapper: (Americanism) (in the 1920s) a young woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress 2. provincial: narrow, limited like that of rural provinces
3. code: any set of principles or rules of conduct; a moral code
4. Prohibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes~ specifically in the U. S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal law
5. agent : an active force or substance producing an effect , e.g. , a chemical agent 6. orgy: any wild, riotous, licentious merrymaking; debauchery
7. Greenwich Village : section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan: noted as a center for artists, writers, etc.
8. draft : the choosing or taking of an individual or individuals from a group for some special purpose, especially for compulsory military service
9. distinction: the quality that makes one seem superior or worthy of special recognition 10. action: military combat in general 11. whip up: rouse; excite
12. give: bend, sink, move, break down, yield, etc. from force or pressure 13．burden：repeated，central idea；theme
14．keep up with the Joneses：strive to get all the material things one's neighbors or associates have
15．write off：drop from consideration
Ⅷ．1.flourish意为向很理想的状况发展或正处于该状况，即发展的鼎盛时期。boom意为突然迅速地蓬勃发展。aggressive-ness在这里指大胆积极的开拓进取。aggression指无故地攻击别人或喜欢争吵。
2.obsolete指废旧的，不再时兴，不再使用的。obsolescent指向废旧转变的，过渡的。 3.warfare泛指打仗或武装冲突。war一方面使用范围较广，可指任何敌对的争斗，如the war against disease，另一方面可用于具体的、个别的作战，如he fought in this war(不能用warfare)。
4.preparedness指有所准备的状态，而preparations则指作准备的行动或过程。
5．r三cession和depression同为婉转语，指资本主义国家经常出现的经济危机。recession比depression委婉些，而depression又比crisis委婉些。
6．naive指真正的单纯或没有人为的痕迹，但有时又含有愚蠢、缺乏社会知识的意思。innocent指无罪，不会耍花样，或不做、不想不道德的事。
7．ignore意为故意视而不见，有时表现为拒不接受事实。disregard意为不注意或疏忽，常常是有意的。
8．migrate意为从一地区、一国家迁移到另一地区、另一国家。指人时，意为迁往外地定居，指动物时，意为出于气候原因 和食物供给等进行季节性迁移。emigrate和immigrate仅用 于人，emigrate具体指人离开一个国家到另一个国家定居。
Lesson 11 The Future of The English
Ⅳ.1. The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.
2. What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people.
3. There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or governing board of a factory).
4. The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness. 5. At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, English ness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.
6. Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.
7. To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity~ 8. I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.
9. Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.
10. These people probably believe, as I do, that the 'Good Life' promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects. 11. They can be found too though there are not many of them now because these kind of people are dying out -- among the curt, bad-tempered, extremely conservative politicians who refuse to accept high posts in big commercial enterprises. 12. They are incompetent, lazy and inefficient, careless and untidy.
13. He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.
14. These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.
15. If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison. Ⅵ. 1. reservoir: a supply; especially an extra or reserve supply 2. draw on: obtain something from a reserve, store, etc.
3. shop steward, a person chosen by his fellow trade unionists in an industrial establishment to speak for them to the management and to watch over their interests
4. board, board of managers; governing board of a factory 5. scale, proportion ; relative dimensions 6. keep clear of- avoid, refrain from
7. overdraft: a)a withdrawal of money from a bank in excess of the amount credited to the drawer; b)the amount with-drawn in excess
8. catch, a deception ; surprise ; a hidden qualification ; tricky condition 9．walk-out：a strike(generally spontaneous and 0f a short duration)
1 O．van：the foremost position in a line，movement，field of endeavor，etc．
11．count：(1egal term)any of the charges in an indictment， each of which gives a reason and is sufficient for prosecution 12．junk：(colloquial)useless-or worthless stuff；trash；rubbish，etc． 13．articulate：expressing oneself easily and clearly
14．conforming to Madison Avenue：adapting to Admassian life styles as advocated by Madison Avenue
15．ungovernable：unruly；(hair)that is difficult to comb down
Ⅶ．1 instinctive feeling指人生来就具有的感觉。rational feeling 指通过逻辑分析得出的感觉。 2 rational强调思考的能力，以及\"思考\"这样一种行为。rea- sonable强调思考所得出的结论。
3．odd指与众不同，有时含有古怪离奇的意思，一般用于形容 人或物。eccentric指深藏于人们身上的不正常的特点，一般用于形容性格特征。
4．instinct指不受主观意识控制、天生的对刺激物的反应能力。 如：Suckling is an instinct in human beings．(吸吮是人的本能。)intuition是指在通过某种不易觉察的思考对某事迅速作出理解的能力。如：His intuition told him he was right． (他的直觉告诉他自己是正确的。)
5．hostile to change指彻底反对变革，语气极重。deeply suspi- cious of change指怀疑、不相信变革。语气稍轻。 6．inept指愚笨，没有能力干好某事。shiftless指懒惰，不愿意干好某事。
7.slovenly强调的是粗心大意及懒惰而引起的\"乱糟糟\"，只要稍加注意便可克服。messy则强调积久成性的\"邋遢\"，语气较强。
8．pilfering指小偷小摸。robbery指通过暴力抢夺。shop lifting 专指购买东西时顺手牵羊。 9．refuse指直接拒绝，有时含有粗鲁之意。reject语气稍缓，指委婉拒绝。 Lesson 12 The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American
Ⅳ.1. The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand. 2. They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.
3. They were all trying to find their own special individualities.
4. I don't think I could have accepted in America my Negro status without feeling ashamed.
5. Europe can also have a very frustrating or disabling effect.
6. It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse.
7. In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and position. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear of losing their position.
8. I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.
9. The reconsideration of the significance and importance of many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable.
10. The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of his origins.
11. American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.
12. Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.
Ⅶ.1. sputnik (Russian) : an artificial satellite of the earth
2. blitz (German): a sudden, destructive attack, as by air craft or tank
3. de jure (Latin): by right or legal establishment
4. de facto (Latin): existing or being such in actual fact though not by legal establishment 5．panzer(German)：armored
6．Coolie(Hindi)：an unskilled native laborer
7．hara-kiri(Japanese)：ritual suicide by disembowelment 8．judo(Japanese)：a form of Japanese wrestling developed as a sport and as a means of self-defense without the use of weapons 9．avant-garde(French)：the leaders in new 0f unconventional movements
10．discotheque(French)：a nightclub 0r other public place for dancing to recorded popular music
11．solo(Italian)：a musical piece or passage to be played or sung by one person，with or without accompaniment 12．saute(French)：fried(1uickly in a little fat
13．soire。e(French)：a party or gathering in the evening
14．1itchi(lichee)(Chinese)：a Chinese evergreen tree(litchi chinensis)or the fruit of this tree
15．shah(Persian)：a title of the ruler of Iran
16．kolkhoz(Russian)：a collective farm in the Soviet Union
17．apartheid(Afrikaans)：the policy of strict racial segregation and discrimination against the native Negroes and other colored peoples as practiced in South Africa
18．poncho(American Spanish)：a c10ak like a blanket with a hole i11 the middle for the head，worn in Spanish America． 19．strafe(German)：to attack with gunfire，especially to attack(ground positions，troops，etc．)with machine-gun \"ire from lowflying aircraft
20．ersatz(German)：substitute or synthetic(the word usually suggests inferior quality)
Ⅷ．1．complex指的是许多部分复杂地互相联系在一起。因而需要大量的知识和研究才能弄懂它，操纵它，如a complex mechanism. complicated则是指高度复杂的，以致很难分析、解 决和了解的，如\"a complicated problem。
2．delusion隐含着一种与现实或事实相反的对某事的信念，它往往产生于一种蒙骗、误觉或者大脑神经不正常，如to have delusions of grandeur。illusion指的是一种错误的感觉，或 是对客观存在的一种错误的解析，如perspective in drawing gives the illusion of depth。
3．intellectual指的是在更高层的知识领域内的一种敏锐的集兴趣和能力于一体的机智，如the intellectual pursuits of scholars。intelligent隐含着一种从经验获得的学习和解析的能力，一种成功地处理新事物的能力，如an intelligent boy。clever强调的是在学习和理解过程中的一种快速，有 时隐含着一种缺乏广度和深度的意思，如a c，lever dog。 4．probable指的是有迹象显示是理所当然和合乎逻辑的，既未得到肯定，也没有得到证明的，如the probable cause of the disease。possible用以修饰那些虽然不大可能，但人们却可以预想其存在、出现或者完成的事物，如a possible solution to the problem。likely指的是某事物具有比possible更大的 可能性，但却没有probable的可信度高，如It is likely to rain. Lesson 13 In Favor of Capital Punishment
Ⅳ.1. The writers of these letters said they were sad at the stand I had taken and they were full of blame and censure. They said I should either admit being ignorant or accept the fact that I was a stubborn and feelingless person.
2. I am indeed aware that the movement for abolition is widespread and those Who are for abolition express their views very strongly and clearly.
3. I begin my argument by first conceding that my conclusion is not final and there is still room for discussion. 4. He would feel glad because it gives pleasure to see a case that gives no opening for attack.
5. At the very beginning of our discussion we find here the abolitionists jumping to an improper conclusion as they generally do.
6. The sentencing of uncontrollable brutes to death need not be influenced by anger, vindictiveness or moral conceit.
7. A presumptive reason, might be extended to cover other acts that destroy the moral basis of civilization.
8. The abolitionists in their propaganda speak of human life as something sacred and inviolable in low solemn tones.
9. They will bless our military forces and pray for our victory when called upon to do so, despite the fact that the sixth commandment of the church forbids killing.
10. If the sanctity of life is something absolute then we must let the murderer do whatever he wants to you. 11. The absolute sanctity of human life is a slogan and not a well thought out proposal of the abolitionists.
12. In examining the problems of poverty, mental disorder, dilinquency or crime, an increasing number of generous and learned people are now solely interested in the diseased, the perverted, the mentally abnormal persons.
13. ()f course we are sorry for the victims, but science, which is developing and progressing, is not interested in the dull ordinary people who are the victims.
14. We cannot know what the long term consequences of some crimes are likely to be.
15. There is no doubt a killer who weighs 150 pounds and who cannot control his brutal strength has an undeveloped mind like that of a nine-year-old child. Ⅵ.1. capital .. death
2. articulate, expressing oneself easily and clearly
3. number: (verb) include as one or a group, class, collection, etc. 4. end : object ; purpose ; intention
5. give one pause: make one hesitant or uncertain 6. conviction: a convincing or being convinced 7. airtight, giving no opening for attack 8. arousing: stirring strong feeling or action
9. harrowing: agonizingly painful to the feelings
10. absolute: (noun) something that is absolute; anything that is not conditioned by, or dependent upon, anything else 11. arms : the military forces 12. artist : criminal
13. idle : useless ; worthless; futile ; pointless 14. dispatch: put an end to; kill
15. minor, a person under full legal age
16. free-for-all: a fight without rules in which any number of people join or become involved
18. engaging : attractive ; pleasant ; charming 19. dwarf: make small or insignificant
20. round= a series of actions, events, etc. , that is completed at, or as if at, the point where it began
21. left-handed: designating an insincere or ambiguous compliment, especially one that is indirectly unflattering or derogatory
17. invite= tend to bring on; give occasion for
22. fashion, shape ; mold
Ⅷ．1．barbarity指一种残酷性和野蛮性，而这些通常被认为是原始人的特点，如the hideous barbarities committed by the mercenary troops。savagery指一种非常原始的社会。隐含着一种甚至更大的凶暴性和残酷性，如the savageries of imperialist wars。
2．error隐含着一种对真理、准确、正确或者正义的背离，它比mistake一词的用途更广泛一些，如an error in judgement， in computation，etc．。mistake则是指由于不小心、不注意， 或者误解等因素所造成的一种错误，而且它本身隐含着一种强烈批评的意味，如a mistake in reading a blueprint。
3．proposal是指提出来供人们接受或者反对的一种提议、计划等。如：His proposal for a decrease in taxes was approved． proposition当用来指商务及其类似的事务时，它通常可以用来代替proposal；更严格地说，它是指一种提出来供人们相互争论、说明或者证明的陈述或者定理等，如the proposition that all men are created equal。
4．vindictive强调对为自己的欲望所驱使而去做错事、去伤害他人的某个人的一种不可原谅性，如vindictive feelings。 vengeful指更加直接地引起某种行动的一种强大的冲动或一种对复仇机会的真正寻求，如a vengeful foe。
5．consequence指对某些其他事情的一种延续性，在某些方面， 这种延续得依靠那些事情才赖以生存。但它并不隐含着与 cause一词的直接联系。如：His taste is the consequence of education and habit．result强调的是由某些效果或者某种行为、过程等的连续性所最终造成的一种结果。如：His limp is the result of a fall。
6．controversy隐含着对某种有分量或者有重要性的事情的一种长期不和，如the Darwinian controversy。contradiction仅指对某项陈述的不同意。这个词也用来指在陈述之间、在无需证明的事情之间的一种明显的差异性，如a contradiction 7．qualm隐含着由某种认为自己做错了事的意识带来的不安感而产生的一种痛苦的感觉。如：He had qualms about having cheated on the test．hesitation指由于不确定性、不情愿或者感情上的冲突而带来的一种行动中的暂时停顿，如feel some hesitation in accepting the invitation。
8．rational隐含着一种逻辑思维论证的能力，比如从推理中得出结论，通常隐含着一种非感情性。如：Man is a rational creature。rationalize是指为了某种行为、信仰或欲望等而提出的某些在表面上看似理性的解释和理由，通常这些解释和理由并不是真正的动机，如rationalize his desire for strong drinks。
9．difficulty用来指难以与之竞争的一切事情，它不受事物的本质、强度等条件的限制。如a slight difficulty。perplexity 与difficulty一词意思相近，但它只局限于难以理解的任务和要求，强调由任务而带来的一种知识上的需求，如stare in perplexity。
10．accuse是指对不断严重犯罪的指控，如to accuse one of murder。convict是一个法律上的词汇，它是指对某个被指控犯了罪的人指出他的违法之处。如：He was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment．
11．choice隐含着一种选择的机会、权力或者能力，通常是根据自己对事物的判断，如a teacher by choice。option是指正常行使权力的权威人士和权威机构所认为的一种选择的 特权，如local option 0n liquor sales。 12．erroneous是用来形容某种错事，或者某种被弄错的事，或者某种含有或基于错误的事，如erroneous tendency。fallible是用来形容那些可能是错误的事，或者可能是被弄错 的事，如our judgement may be fallible。 Lesson 14 Loving and Hating New York
Ⅳ.1. Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people.
2. New York boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles, fashion)of America.
3. Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the actual performance of Johnny Carson now replace the scheduled radio and TV programs for California.
4. New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists.
5. A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition).
6. The chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited.
7. At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems proudly and haughtily to darken the night sky. 8. But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.
9. In both these roles of banking and communications head- quarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people in other parts of the country.
10. The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising.
11. Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.
12. Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy and active.
13. (If you tell a New Yorker about the vigor of outdoor pleasures, he will reply that) he prefers the unhealthy turmoil and animated life of a city.
14. Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoes where other people can't see them.
15. New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates. Ⅷ.
1.assert指带着极大的信心，但却没有经客观证实的一种明确的陈述。如：He asserted that man's nature would never change．declare指公开地或者正式地断言，通常是针对反面而言。如：They declared their independence．affirm指在一个人的陈述中隐含着一种极深的说服力，而且不可能为他人所否定。如：I cannot a．所Fill that he was there．
2.fragile隐含着一种结构上的精密，以致于很容易打碎。如a fragile china teacup。brittle隐含着一种僵硬性、无弹性，以致于在重压和打击之下很容易破碎。如：The bones of the body become brittle with age．
3.mix隐含着一种多种事物相}昆合，以致于在其形成的新事物中，不管单个的元素组成部分能否互相区别开来，它们都协调地结合在一起。如to mix paints。mingle通常隐含着在这种结合中，各个单个的元素组成部分能互相区别开来。如mingled feelings of joy and sorrow。merge强调在这种结合过程中单个元素组成部分的差别消失，或者指一种事物完全为另一事物所吸收。如：The companies merged to form a large corporation．
4．common用来形容在一个组织或者在一个机构等单位中，为所有的人或者大多数人所能共享的、或者是人们经常碰见的事物，而且还隐含着一种通常性、广泛性，或者一种贬义，一 种劣质性。如a common belief，a common car。general隐含着一个类别、一个种类、一个组织中的所有的或者大多数的事物的相互连接，强调一种广泛性。如general unrest among the people。popular隐含着在通常公众的场合或者在人民大众之中的一种广泛流行的时尚，为人所接受和喜爱。如a popular song。
Ⅹ．1．Hollywood：U．S．motion picture industry or its life
2．Tin Pan Alley：the publishers，writers，and promoters of popular music：center of popular music 3．Madison Avenue：the advertising industry，its practices， influence，etc． 4．Fifth Avenue：fashionable shopping center
5. Broadway: the New York commercial theatre or entertainment industry 6. Greenwich Village: center for artists, writers, etc. , in New York
7. Disneyland : (after an amusement center near Los Angeles, created by Walt Disney) a place or condition of unreality, fantasy, incongruity, etc.
8. Wall street: the U. S. money market or the U. S. financiers and their power, influence, policies, etc
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