Unit 4 History and traditions
带你了解世界著名大学——都柏林圣三一学院的历史与它的传统文化。
Founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, Trinity College in Dublin stands alongside Oxbridge among the seven ancient universities in Britain and Ireland. The academic complex is infusedwith serenity, despite being located at the centre of the capital just across the street from the Irish
Houses of Parliament. The campus, spanning 190,000 square metres, features a mix of old collegiate architecture on the west side, and modern establishments on the east. It was ranked by Forbes as one of the 15 most beautiful college grounds in the world in 2010.
Up your game at the library of Trinity College, the largest research library in Ireland. Being a legal deposit library, it is legally entitled to a copy of every book published in Britain and Ireland, accounting for its staggering volume of six million printed materials including an extensive collection of manuscripts, music scores and maps.
The Old Library, a masterpiece of Irish architect Thomas Burgh within the library complex, houses the precious Book of Kells and has become one of the most frequented tourist attractions in the country. A 65－metre－long main chamber is adorned with marble busts of philosophers and writers under a luxurious barrel－vaulted ceiling.
【注】 ①infuse v. 使具有，注入(某特性) ②collegiate adj. 学院的 ③entitle
④
③
②①
v. 使享有权利；使符合资格 ④adorn v. 装饰；装扮
【立德树人】 历史的美丽在于其经久不衰的底蕴和内涵(The beauty of history lies in its enduring cultural essence and connotation)，作为学生的我们，在未来的学习道路上也要取历史之长，继往开来(carry forward the cause pioneered by our predecessors and forge ahead into the future)!
UNIT 4 HISTORY AND TRADITIONS Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking
基础知识 预习自检
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．Confucius n. 孔子→Temple of Confucius 孔庙→Kong Family Mansion 孔府→Cemetery of Confucius 孔林
2．philosophy n. 哲学 →philosopher n. 哲学家
3．individual adj. 单独的；个别的 n. 个人→individually adv. 单独地；个别地 4．Achilles'_heel (喻)(希腊神话)阿喀琉斯的脚跟，致命的弱点
5．pull_one's_leg 开玩笑；开某人的玩笑 6．fish_out_of_water 如鱼离水，浑身不自在 Ⅱ.教材原句
1．Confucius is one of his ________________ (最喜欢的哲学家)． 答案：favourite philosophers
2．As one of Confucius' descendants，Xiao Kong's name is recorded in the ________________ (家谱)．
答案：family tree
3．Xiao Kong is doing research project on ______________ (孔子哲学)． 答案：Confucius philosophy
4．Dacheng Hall is the ________________ (最高的建筑物) in Qufu. 答案：tallest building
5．There are no tall buildings ________________ (在他的家乡)． 答案：in his hometown
6．Both places have a famous person who ________________ (出生在那里)． 答案：was born there
重点知识 合作探究
1 Confucius n. 孔子(教材P38) Temple of Confucius 孔庙； 夫子庙 Kong Family Mansion 孔府 归纳 拓展 Cemetery of Confucius 孔林 Confucius Institute 孔子学院(非营利性公益机构) Confucius culture 孔子文化 Confucius philosophy 孔子哲学 ①Confucius is considered the greatest of the ancient Chinese sages. 孔子被认为是古代中国最伟大的圣人。
②The_Confucius_Temple is located 400 meters to the southwest of Yonghegong Station.
孔庙位于永和宫站西南400米处。
单句写作
①孔子被认为是著名的哲学家。
________________ a great philosopher.
②孔子学院给外国人提供了学习普通话的地方。
________________ provide the place for foreigners to learn mandarin. 答案：①Confucius is known as ②Confucius institutes
As one of Confucius' descendants，Xiao Kong's name is recorded 2 in the family tree.(教材P38) 作为孔子的后代之一，小孔的名字被记载在家谱上。 剖析 本句中as为介词，意为“作为”。 as作为连词引导从句的用法： (1)引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时，随着……”。 (2)引导方式状语从句，意为“以……方式”。 (3)引导原因状语从句，意为“由于”。 归纳 拓展 (4)引导比较状语从句，多用于as ... as ...或not so/as ... as ...结构，前一个as是副词，后一个as是连词，它所引导的比较状语从句多使用省略形式。 (5)引导让步状语从句，从句必须用倒装的形式，倒装时将表语(单数可数名词作表语时要省略冠词)、状语、谓语动词提前。 另外：as也可用作关系代词引导定语从句，意为“正如，如同”。 ①As you're not feeling well，you may stay at home. 由于你身体不好，你可以留在家里。
②As_time_went_by,_she became more and more worried. 随着时间的流逝，她越来越担心。 ③You must do everything as_I_do. 你必须照我做的样子去做所有事。
④I don't speak English so/as_well_as he (does)． 我讲英语没有他讲得那么好。
⑤Child_as_he_was,_he knew what was the right thing to do. 尽管他是个孩子，他却知道什么是该做的事情。
⑥As_was_expected,_he succeeded in passing the exam. 正如所预料的那样，他成功通过了考试。
结合as的用法完成句子
①我们最好快一点，因为天要黑了。 We had better hurry, ________________.
②尽管我很尊敬他，我不能同意他对情况的分析。
Much _____________， I can't agree with his analysis of the situation. ③据调查50%的病人没有遵照指示服药。
It is surveyed that 50 percent of the patients do not take drugs __________. ④随着时间的流逝，我母亲的头发变灰白了。
________________， my mother's hair has turned grey.
答案：①as it is getting dark ②as I respect him ③as (they are) directed ④As time goes on
His hometown doesn't allow_other_buildings_to_be more 3 noticeable than the historic buildings. (教材P38) 他的家乡不允许其他建筑比这座历史建筑更引人注目。 归纳 拓展 (1)allow ... to do ... 允许……做…… (2)allow for sb./sth. 考虑到；估计到；把……计算在内 (3)allow of sth. 容许；使有可能 ①You never allow personal problems to affect your performance. 绝不要让个人问题影响你的表现。
②The children are not_allowed_to_watch violent TV programmes. 儿童不准收看含暴力内容的电视节目。 ③How much must we allow_for the shrink? 要留多少缩水长度？
④The facts allow_of only one explanation. 这些事实只可能有一种解释。
(1)单句语法填空
①If you won't let me pay for a taxi, then at least allow me ________ (lend) you something.
②We must allow ________ the train being late. 答案：①to lend ②for (2)单句写作
他的父母不会允许他在外面待得很晚。 His parents won't ________________ late. 答案：allow him to stay out
4 individual adj. 单独的；个别的 n. 个人(教材P39)
(1)individual resume 个人简介； 个人简历 归纳 拓展 individual account 个人账户 individual character 独特性；个性；个性人物 (2)individually adv. 单独地；个别地 ①(2019·北京高考)Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals.
大多数人认为组建一支优秀的团队的最好方法是聚集一群最有才华的人。 ②The competition is open to both teams and individuals. 团队和个人均可参加比赛。
③You can open one individual_account. 你可以开一个个人账户。
④We'd better go in a group, not individually. 我们最好集体去，不要单个儿去。
单句写作
①每个人的学习方式都不一样。 ________________ learns differently. ②我们采访了社区中的每个成员。
We interviewed each ________________ of the community. ③这家旅馆有100个设计各不相同的房间。 The hotel has 100 ________________________.
答案：①Every individual ②individual member ③individually designed rooms
学习效果 随堂演练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．This is the right ________ (后跟) height for you. 答案：heel
2．He was a ________ (子孙) of a Spanish soldier. 答案：descendant
3．Her ________ (哲学) of life is to take every opportunity that presents itself. 答案：philosophy
4．My father lies in the small ________ (公墓) a few miles up this road. 答案：cemetery
5．Every ________ (个人) has rights which must never be taken away.
答案：individual Ⅱ.阅读理解
If Confucius were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He'd need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them outP1.
While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It's nothing personal. Most Americans don't even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes.
But this doesn't mean that Americans don't care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.
In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy. Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up forP2 the drawbacksW of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States.
Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.
So the old thinker's ideas are still alive and well.
Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.
As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，阐述了西方人学习中国文化的现象。 1．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to ________. A．provide some key facts about Confucius B．attract the readers' interest in the subject C．show great respect for the ancient thinker
D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations
答案：B 推理判断题。第一段提到如果孔子仍然活着并能庆祝生日的话将会有很多的蜡
烛，他需要一个风扇或很大的风才能吹灭。这是为了引起读者的兴趣，让读者继续读下去。故选B。
2．We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students ________. A．have a great interest in studying Chinese B．take an active part in Chinese competitions C．try to get high scores in Chinese exams D．fight for a chance to learn Chinese
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities.”和“racing to learn Chinese”可推知，美国学生对学习汉语有很大的兴趣，故选A。
3．What is the best title for the passage? A．Forgotten Wisdom in America B．Huge Fans of the Chinese Language C．Chinese Culture for Westerners D．Old Thinker with a Big Future
答案：C 标题判断题。本文主要向我们介绍了西方人学习中国文化的现象，故选C。 4．The passage is likely to appear in ________. A．a biography C．a newspaper
B．a history paper D．a philosophy textbook
答案：C 推理判断题。本文以通俗的语言阐明一种社会现象，结合其内容和写作风格可推断，更像是在报纸上看到的，而不是在传记、历史论文或哲学课本上看到的，故选C。
W重点单词
drawback n. 缺点；不利条件 P重点短语
1．put ... out 熄灭 2.make up for 弥补
课后课时作业
Ⅰ 完形填空
I have learnt a lot about Chinese life and culture while teaching in China and found them very interesting. First, family life is quite __1__ in China from that in the USA. In the USA, many young people __2__ home after they finish their education and start working. However, in China, it is __3__ for people to live with their parents until they get married. __4__， many of my Chinese friends told me that their __5__
lived with them and helped take care of them when they were children. It seems that Americans think independence is more important __6__ the Chinese think family relationships are more important.
Bargaining (讨价还价) is another __7__ that I have tried to learn. In the USA, prices are __8__ and you can't ask for a lower price. However in some small Chinese stores and tourist places, you are __9__ to bargain. My Chinese friends taught me to ask for 40 percent or 50 percent __10__ the original price. If the salesperson doesn't agree to my price, I should __11__ to leave and he might let me come back and sell me the item. It is a skill that you have to __12__ if you live in China.
Tipping hasn't been easier to __13__. In the USA, many people in the service __14__ want to get __15__ money for serving customers. Tipping is not a part of Chinese culture. __16__ I tried to tip a taxi driver. He looked a little __17__ and refused to take the money.
In dinners, perhaps what surprises an American visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their __18__. Actually, this is a __19__ of true friendship and politeness. My Chinese friends told me if I didn't want to eat it. I should just __20__ the food in the plate.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，从一个在中国工作的外籍教师的视角介绍了中国和美国在文化方面的差异。
1．A.unique C．private
B．different D．harmonious
答案：B 指中国家庭生活的方式和美国人是不同的(different)。 be different from “与……不同”。故选B。
2．A.come C．leave
B．build D．abandon
答案：C 在美国，年轻人完成学业开始工作以后就离开(leave)家独立生活。故选C。 3．A.regular C．common
B．true D．usual
答案：C 在中国年轻人和父母生活在一起直到结婚是很常见的(common)。 故选C。 4．A.Also C．Therefore
B．However D．Although
答案：A 本句与上句为递进关系，故用副词also，意为“此外；而且”。故选A。 5．A.parents C．babysitters
B．relatives D．grandparents
答案：D 此处表示他们不但和父母住在一起，而且小时候他们的祖父母(grandparents)还和他们生活在一起照顾他们。故选D。
6．A.while C．when
B．since D．as
答案：A while这里作“然而”讲，表示转折或表两种情况的对照。美国人认为独立很重要，而中国人认为家庭关系更重要。故选A。
7．A.way C．method
B．custom D．habit
答案：B 讨价还价也是中国的一个风俗(custom)。故选B。 8．A.made C．charged
B．agreed D．set
答案：D set the price “设定价格”。此处表示在美国价格被设定以后就不能改变。故选D。
9．A.expected C．suggested
B．taught D．required
答案：A 在中国别人会认为你会讨价还价的。sb. be expected to do sth. “预期某人会做某事”，符合语境。故选A。
10．A.up C．off
B．away D．on
答案：C off表示从原有价格上减去/扣掉一部分。 故选C。 11．A.promise C．decide
B．pretend D．hope
答案：B 根据常识可知，你假装(pretend)离开，卖东西的人会把你叫住再把东西卖给你。故选B。
12．A.tolerate C．practise
B．understand D．consider
答案：C 如果你在中国生活，这是一种你要练习(practise)的技能。故选C。 13．A.adjust to C．refer to
B．turn to D．stick to
答案：A adjust to “适应”；turn to “求助”；refer to “参考”；stick to “坚持”。此处指在中国给小费是不容易适应的，因为中国人不习惯接受小费。故选A。
14．A.area C．branch
B．department D．industry
答案：D 此处指service industry “服务业”，故选D。
15．A.easy C．pocket
B．extra D．prize
答案：B 在美国服务业工作的很多人都希望得到小费，也就是额外的(extra)钱。故选B。 16．A.Often C．Sometimes
B．Once D．Before
答案：B 此处是作者举例说明中国人不习惯接受小费，所以此处表示我曾经(once)给出租车司机小费。故选B。
17．A.excited C．frightened
B．satisfied D．confused
答案：D 因为不习惯接受小费，所以司机看上去很困惑(confused)，拒绝接受。故选D。 18．A.own C．neighbors
B．children D．guests
答案：D 指在中国主人会给客人(guests)的碗里添食物。故选D。 19．A.signal C．sign
B．mark D．feature
答案：C signal “信号”；mark “痕迹”；sign “征兆，迹象”；feature “特点”；中国人认为给别人添食物是礼貌的标志。 故选C。
20．A.leave C．put
B．remain D．taste
答案：A 如果你不想吃，就把食物留(leave)在盘里，也没关系。故选A。 Ⅱ 阅读理解
A
Kong zi, also called Confucius (551BC－479BC), and Socrates (469BC－399BC) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.
Neither philosopher lived in times of peace, though there were more wars in Greece
than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudalW1， while the Greek city－states were small and urban. The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical (激进的) than Confucius. Unlike Confucius, Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively. Thus, Socrates was able to be more
idealisticW2， focusing on issues like freedom, and knowledge for its own sakeP1.
Confucius, on the other hand, advised those in government service, and many of his students went out to government service.
Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potentialW3 than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apartP2. Socrates focused on the individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes.
For Socrates, the family was of no importanceP3， and the community of little concern. For Confucius, however the family was the center of the society, with family relations considered much more important than political relations.
Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要对比了中西古代两个著名的哲学家，孔子和苏格拉底的差异和共同点以及他们在人类历史上的影响。
1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Socrates and Confucius had much in common. B．Confucius had much influence on Socrates' ideas.
C．The societies were influenced by the philosophers' ideas. D．There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies”可推知，他们的观念无疑对社会有着很大影响，故选C。
2．What made some people different from others according to Confucius? A．Family. C．Knowledge.
B．Potential. D．Community.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“that it was knowledge that set men apart”可知，知识使人产生差异。故选C。
3．Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that ________. A．all men were equal when they were born
B．the lower classes should be ruled by the upper class C．the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdom
D．people should not ask others to do what they did not want to
答案：B 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段最后一句“Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes.”可知，他们都认为上层阶级应该统治下层阶级。故选B。
4．This passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A．time and events
B．definition and classification C．cause and effect D．comparison and contrast
答案：D 推理判断题。纵观全文可见，文章的每一段都是通过对比来说明他们生活背景，思想观念等各个方面的。故选D。
W重点单词
1．feudal adj. 封建的
2．idealistic adj. 理想主义的；空想的
3．potential n. 潜力；潜能 adj. 潜在的；可能的 P重点短语
1．for one's own sake 为某事本身的缘故 2．set ... apart 区别；使分离 3．be of no importance 不重要的
B
Hundreds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots, a brave people, love their country. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland. But there were too many of the Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win.
One night, the leader of the Scots marchedW1 his soldiers to the top of a hill.
“We will rest here tonight, my men，” he said, “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win, or we will die.”
They were all very tired. So they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty, but they were very tired, too, and one by one, they fell asleep.
The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gatheredW2 at the foot of the hill. Slowly they went up the hill. Closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more the war would be over. Suddenly, one of them put his foot on a thistle (蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a minute they were on their feetP1 and ready for a battle. The fighting was hard, but it did not last long. The Scots wiped outP2 the Romans and saved Scotland.
The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needlesW3 all over it. Few people liked it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their
national flowerP3.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了一种叫蓟的植物成为苏格兰国花的由来。 5．Hundreds of years ago, the Romans ________.
A．came from the north through England to make war on Scotland B．came from the south through England to make war on Scotland C．came from the north of England to fight the Scots
D．came to the north from the south of Britain to fight the Scots
答案：B 细节理解题。从文章第一段第一句“Hundreds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland.”可知，几百年前，一支罗马军队自南向北穿过英格兰对苏格兰发动战争，故选B。
6．The Scots were waken because ________. A．they were too tired to sleep well B．one of the guards pretended to sleep
C．one of the Romans stepped on a thistle and let out a cry D．the Romans got too close and they discovered them
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“one of them put his foot on a thistle (蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots”可知，一个罗马士兵踩在了蓟上。他喊出声来，他突然的喊声惊醒了苏格兰人。故选C。
7．The Scots made thistle their national flower because thistle ________. A．is lovely, though not beautiful B．gives them happiness
C．is a kind of useful plant
D．helped the Scots to win the battle against the Romans
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第四段可知，因为蓟的缘故苏格兰人最终打败了罗马人，所以他们把蓟定为国花。故选D。
W重点单词
1．march v. 行进 2.gather v. 聚集；集合 3．needle n. 针叶；针 P重点短语
1．be on one's feet 站立，站起来 2．wipe out 消灭；彻底摧毁 3．national flower 国花
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