§4.1 三视图的形成及其投影规律
一、三视图的形成
在绘制机械图样时，将机件向投影面投影所得的图形称为视图。如图4－1（a）所示，在三面投影体系中，把机件由前向后投影所得的图形（即正面投影）称为主视图。它通常反映机件形体的主要特征；把机件由上向下投影所得的图形（即水平投影）称为俯视图；把机件由左向右投影所得的图形（即侧面投影）称为左视图。
三视图的位置配置如图4－1（b）所示。在绘制工程图样时，一般不画出投影轴和投影连线。
（a）形成过程 （b）三视图的投影规律
图4－1 三视图
二、三视图的投影规律
对照图4－1（a）和（b）可以看出：主视图反映机件的左右，上下位置关系，即反映了机件的长和高；俯视图反映机件的左右、前后位置关系，即反映了机件的长和宽；左视图反映机件的上下、前后位置关系，即反映了机件的高和宽。
由此可得出三视图的投影规律： 主、俯视图——长对正； 主、左视图——高平齐； 俯、左视图——宽相等。
三视图投影规律是画图和读图所必须遵循的最基本的投影规律。要注意机件上下、左右和前后各部位与三视图的联系。一般说来，上下和左右方向容易掌握，但前后方向则容易搞错。应注意，在俯、左视图中远离主视图的一侧均表示机件的前方，靠近主视图的一侧均表示机件的后方。在量取宽相等时，切忌把俯视图的宽度方向尺寸量到左视图的高度方向上去。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\nce\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members andLearn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization§4.2 组合体的形体分析
一、形体分析与线面分析的基本概念
组合体按其形成方式，可分为叠加和切割两类。叠加包括叠合、相切和相交等情况。 如图4－2（a）所示的轴承盖，它是由具有圆柱通孔的形体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和经过切割凹槽后穿一小圆柱孔的形体Ⅳ，经过叠加组合形成的机件。
由上述的例子可以看出，将机件分解为若干基本体的叠加与切割，并分析这些基本体的相对位置，便可产生对整个机件形状的完整概念，这种方法称为形体分析法。形体分析法将复杂的问题化为简单问题来进行处理，在画图、读图和标注尺寸的过程中，常常要运用形体分析法。
在绘制和阅读组合体的视图时，对比较复杂的组合体通常在运用形体分析法的基础上，对不易表达或读懂的局部，还要结合线、面的投影分析，如分析物体的表面形状、物体上面与面的相对位置、物体的表面交线等，来帮助表达或读懂这些局部的形状，这种方法称为线面分析法。
（a） （b）
图4－2 三视图的形体分析
二、组合体的组合形式及其规律
基本形体经过各种不同方式的组合，形成为一个新的组合体，其表面会发生各种变化。读者应充分注意其画法的特点。
（1）．叠加
叠合是指两基本体的表面互相重合。值得注意的是：当两个基本体除叠合处外，没有公共的表面时，在视图中两个基本体之间有分界线，如图4－3（a）所示；当两个基本体具有互相连接的一个面（共平面或共曲面）时，它们之间没有分界线，在视图上也不可画出分界线，如图4－3（b）所示。
（a） （b）
图4－3 叠合
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization（2）相切
相切时指两个基本体的表面(平面与曲面或曲面与曲面)光滑过渡。如图4－4所示，相切处不存在轮廓线，在视图上一般不画轮廓线。
图4－4 相切
（3）相交
相交是指两基本体的表面相交所产生的交线（截交线或相贯线），应画出交线的投影，如图4－5所示。
图4－5 相交
2．切割与穿孔
当基本形体被切割或穿孔后，其表面也会产生各种形状的截交线或相贯线，如图4－6。截交线和相贯线的作法在前面章节中已介绍，这里不再作阐述。
图4－6 切割和穿孔
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
§4.3 画组合体视图
一、形体分析法
形体分析法是画组合体视图的基本方法，尤其对于叠加形体更为有效。下面以图4－7a所示的支架为例，说明形体分析法画图的方法和步骤，见图4－8。
1． 形体分析
该组合体可分析为由五个基本形体组成，见图4－7b。它们的基本组合方式都是叠加。其中左下方的底板的侧面与直立空心圆柱相切，肋板和右上方的搭子的侧面均与直立空心圆柱相交而产生交线，肋的左侧面与直立空心圆柱相交产生的交线是曲线（椭圆的一小部分），前方的水平空心圆柱与直立空心圆柱相贯，两孔接通，内外均产生相贯线。
（a） （b）
图4－7 形体分析
2．确定主视图
三视图中，主视图是最主要的视图，应能反映组合体的形状特征，并使其他视图中的不可见轮廓线尽可能地少，使画图读图方便清晰。
确定主视图时，首先要考虑组合体的安放位置。一般以自然位置，并考虑使组合体的主要表面平行投影面，主要轴线垂直投影面。其次选择投影方向，以能反映形状特征为主。
如图4－7所示的支架，通常将直立空心圆柱的轴线放成垂直位置，并把肋、底板、搭子的对称平面放成平行于投影面的位置。显然A方向作为主视图最好，因为组成该支架的各基本形体及它们间的相对位置关系在此方向表达最为清晰，因而最能反映该支架的结构形状特征。如选取B方向作为主视图的投影方向，则搭子全部变成虚线；底板、肋的形状以及它们与直立空心圆柱间的位置关系也没有像A方向那样清晰，故不应选取B方向的投影作为主视图。
3．画组合体视图 （1）定比例及图幅
根据组合体的大小，先选定适当的比例，大概算出三个视图所占图面的大小，包括视图间的适当间隔。然后选定标准的图幅。
（2）布置视图位置
固定好图纸后，根据各视图的大小和位置，画出各视图的定位线。一般以对称中心线、轴线、底平面和端面作为定位线，如图4－8（a）所示。
（3）绘制底稿
按形体分析法的分析，逐步画出组合体各部分形体的视图。画图时，应先画出主要形体，再画次要形体；先画主要轮廓，再画细节；先画其特征视图，再按三视图投影规律画其他视
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization图；先画实线，后画虚线。如图7—8（b）、（c）、（d）、（e）所示。
（4）检查加深 底稿画完之后，必须仔细检查，纠正错误，擦去多余图线，然后按国标规定的线型加深，如图7—8（f）所示。当有几种图线重合时，按粗实线、虚线、细点划线和细实线的顺序取舍。
（a）画出各视图的主要中心线或定位线 （b）画主要形体直立圆柱
（c）画水平空心圆柱 （d）画底板
（e）画肋和搭子 （f）检查并擦去多余线条，并按线型要求加深
图4－8组合体三视图的作图过程
二、线面分析法
对于切割体来说，其表面的交线较多，形体不完整，为此一般在形体分析的基础上，对某些线面作投影分析，从而完成切割体的三视图的绘制。下面以图4－9（a）为例说明作图步骤。
1．形体分析
如图4－9所示，对该组合体可进行形体分析。它可视作由上部形体Ⅰ与下部形体Ⅱ对齐叠加，然后被一个铅垂面同时切去前面一部分而形成。
2． 线面分析
由于铅垂面的截切，在组合体表面形成了一个新的D面，A、B、C面的形状也有所变
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization化。其中A、C面是水平面，它们在俯视图中反映实形，而在主、左视图中应积聚为水平方向的直线；B面为正垂面，正面投影应积聚成斜线，而在俯、左视图中应为其类似形；D面是铅垂面，在俯视图中积聚成斜线，而在主、左视图中应为其类似形。
（a） （b） （c）
图4－9组合体的线面分析法示例
3． 选择主视图
选择原则如前例所述，现选择箭头所示方向为主视图方向。 4． 选比例，定图幅，布图、画基准线，如图4－10（a）所示。
（a） （b） （c）
（d） （e）
图4－10用线面分析法画三视图
5． 逐个画出各基本形体的三视图，如图4－10（b）（c）。
6．用线面分析法作出D面的投影。根据前面的分析，D面为铅垂面，所以首先可作出D面的水平投影（积聚为一直线），与水平投影相对应的正面投影中的封闭线框为1＇2＇3＇4＇5＇6＇六边形，如图4－10（d）所示，由正面投影和水平投影可求出D的侧面投影 1＂2＂3＂4＂5＂6＂。
7．检查、描深、最后再全面检查
检查方法如前例所示。线面分析法中尤其要重点检查一些特殊面的投影是否正确、交线
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization是否正确、有无漏线等。如铅垂面D的投影，在俯视图中是斜线，在主、左视图中为类似形，均是正确的。又如正垂面B，在主视图中为一斜线，在俯、左视图中是类似形，亦正确无误等等。经校核、调整、修改，描深后，即完成全图。如图4－10（e）。
§4.4 读组合体视图
画图与读图是本课程的两个主要环节。前者是将空间形体用正投影的方法表达在平面的图纸上，而读图是由视图根据点、线、面、体的正投影特性以及多面正投影的投影规律想象出空间形体的形状和结构。所以，要能正确、迅速地读懂视图，必须掌握读图的基本要领和基本方法，培养空间想象能力和构思能力，通过不断实践，逐步提高读图能力。
一、读图的基本要领
1．将各个视图联系起来阅读
由投影规律可知，一个视图的两个方向尺寸不能确定空间物体的形状。如图4－11（a）所示，由这个视图至少可分别构思出如图中（b）～（h）所示的这些空间形体。
（a） （b） （c） （d）
（e） （f） （g） （h）
图4－11一个视图可确定各种不同形状的物体示例
除了已知一个视图之外，即使有时给出了两个视图也不能唯一地确定其空间形状，如图4－12所示。
图4－12两个视图可确定各种不同形状的物体示例
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization由此可见，在读图时，一般都要将各个视图联系起来阅读、分析、构思，才能想象出这组视图所表示的物体的形状。
2．应善于找出反映形体特征的视图
4－13 善于找形状特征视图 4－14 分析线框和图线
由于组合体组成部分地形体特征并不都集中在主视图上，因此要善于找出反映形状特征和位置特征的视图。如图4－13所示，不难看出反映底板特征的视图是俯视图，反映竖板特征的视图是左视图。根据特征视图，再结合其他视图，了解两块板之间的相等位置，就可想象出组合体的形状。
3．应明确视图中的线框和线条的含义
视图中的每一个封闭线框，一般说来都对应空间形体的某个表面（平面或曲面）或孔的投影，并且封闭线框与对应的空间表面一般具有投影类似性。这是对视图进行线面分析很重要的基本概念。如图4—14主视图中的三角形，其空间形状一定是个三边形表面（可能是平面，也可能是曲面），其对应的表面在其他视图中的投影一般讲也是个三边形。由长对正可知，其水平投影只能是如图所示的三角形。由此可确定该表面空间是个三角形平面。但也有特殊情况使表面的投影不具有投影类似性。当形体表面是投影面的垂直面或平行面，则该表面的投影有一个或两个投影积聚成线段。如图4－14主视图中形状为L的六边形线框，在长对正的范围内，俯视图中没有类似的六边形线框，只有一段圆弧线。由此可知，该六边形线框对应的空间表面是一个垂直于水平投影面的圆柱面。同理，俯视图中最前面的四边形线框对应的是一个水平面。此外，有些回转曲面（锥面、环面）的投影也有它的特殊性。如俯视图中的环形线框对应于主视图中时虚线梯形框。
视图中的每条线段除了可能是前面所述的某个表面的积聚性投影之外，还有可能是某个曲面投影的轮廓线（如主视图中最右边的那段直线，是圆柱面投影的外形轮廓线），或者是两个表面交线的投影。当对视图中的每一封闭线框都找到它对应的其他投影时，线段的投影分析也就包含在其中了。
4．善于构思物体的形状 为了提高读图的能力，应不断培养构思物体形状的能力，从而进一步丰富空间想象能力，达到能正确和迅速地读懂视图。
图4－15是由已知三视图的外轮廓构思空间形体的一个实例。图4－15（a）中主视图为一正方形，主视图轮廓为正方形的物体可以有正方体、圆柱体等；加上俯视图轮廓为圆，此物体必定是一圆柱体；结合左视图轮廓，可以想象出：用两个侧垂面切去圆柱体前后两块，那么切割后的物体左视图就是一三角形，而主、俯视图的轮廓仍分别为正方形和圆。但主视图上应添加上截交线的投影，俯视图上应添加两个截面交线的投影。最后，想象出物体的形状和三视图的形状。分析过程和结果如图4－15（b）～（e）所示。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（a） （b） （c）
（d） （e）
图4－15 形体构思
因此，读图一方面应将已知的几个视图联系起来分析、比较，构思出正确的空间形体；另一方面要熟悉、掌握各种基本形体及其截交、相贯后的形状及变化，是提高空间形体构思能力的重要环节。在这方面，只有通过多想、多练才能有所提高。
二、读组合体视图的方法
1．形体分析法
读图与画图一样，基本的方法也是形体分析法。一般首先从主视图入手分析，按照三视图的投影规律，划分线框、对投影，想象出组成组合体的各个基本形体，确定其组合形式及相对位置，然后综合想象出组合体的整体形状。
[例4－1] 如图4－16所示，读懂组合体的主、俯视图，想象出其空间形状，补画出左视图。
图4－16 例4－1题
[分析] 从主视图入手，把主视图和俯视图对应起来分析，可将视图可划分成三个主要的封闭线框1′、2′﹑和3′，根据投影规律，可在俯视图三找到对应的线框1、2和3。由此可知，形体Ⅰ水平长方形板，上面有一长腰圆形孔；形体Ⅱ是一竖立的长方形板；形体Ⅲ是—块半圆形耳板，上面有一小圆孔，且相同形状的板有两块。这样，对图4－16所示的组合体的整体形状有了一个初步的认识。
[作图] 补画左视图
按形体分析的情况，逐个画出三个基本形体的三视 图。想象出组合体的整体形状，对照检查已补画出的左视图，修正错误，擦去多余图线，按国标规定的线型加深。整个作图过程如图4－17所示。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（b）
（c） （d）
图4－17 例4－1作图过程
2．线面分析法
有一些组合体是在一些基本形体组合后又经过一些较为复杂的切割、穿孔后形成的。这样视图中的线框图线变得比较复杂，使读图困难。因此往往需要在形体分析的基础上，使用线面分析法。因为组合体也可以看成是由一些面所围成的。一般从主视图入手，分析形状特征，对照其他视图，划分线框、对投影，对组合体的各个表面进行形状、相对投影面的位置及表面之间相对位置的分析，就可对基本形体上切割、穿孔的情况有个清楚的认识，然后想象出组合体的整体形状。
[例4－2] 根据图4－18（a）所示压板主、俯视图，补画左视图。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（a） （b）
图4－18 例4－2题及读图分析
[分析] 对照主视图和俯视图初步分析，可以知道这个组合体是在长方体的形体上经过一些切割后形成的，因此其读图主要运用线面分析法。
从图4－18（a）俯视图可知，该压板前后是对称的。在图4－18（a）主视图中有三个封闭的线框a′、b′、c′，对应俯视图中压板前半部的三个平面A、B、C的积聚成直线的投影a、b、c。不难看出，A和C是正平面，B是铅垂面。再分析俯视图中两个封闭线框d和e，对应主视图中两个平面D和E的积聚成直线的投影d′和e′。显然，D是正垂面，E是水平面；而压板前半部在虚线之前的封闭线框f，对应主视图中平面F的积聚成直线的投影f′，也明显表示F是水平面。由上面的分析可知，压板是一长方体，其左端被三个平面截切（正垂面D，铅垂面B及其后方的对称面），底部则分别被前后对称的平面（前面是正平面C和水平面F）截切，如图4－18（b）所示。
[作图] 如图4－19所示，根据前面的分析，逐步补画出左视图。
（a） （b）
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（c） （d）
图4－19补画压板左视图的作图步骤
[例4－3] 如图4—21（a）所示的主，俯视图，补画左视图。
（a） （b）
图4－20 例4－1
[分析]从4－20（a）主、俯视图看出该组合体左右对称，组成组合体的三个基本形体中，形体Ⅰ的基本形状是半圆柱，左右两边和前上方均被切去一块，形体Ⅱ的基本形状为倒放的U形柱体，中间有与半圆柱面同轴线的圆孔（注意圆孔有一部分切入了形体Ⅰ上方），形体Ⅲ为左右对称的肋板。根据这三个基本形体及它们的相等位置，可以想象出组合体的形状如图4－20（b）所示。
[作图] 如图4－21所示，根据前面的分析，逐步补画出左视图。
（a）作形体Ⅰ的投影 （b）作形体Ⅱ的投影
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（c） 作形体Ⅲ的投影 （d）加深后的三视图
图4－21 例4－3解题过程
§4.5 组合体的尺寸标注
视图只能表示组合体的形状，而各形体的真实大小及其相互位置，则要靠尺寸来确定。标注组合体尺寸的基本要求是正确、完整和清晰。
一、尺寸标注要正确
所注尺寸应符合《机械制图》国家标准中有关尺寸注法的规定，这部分内容已在第一章中说明。
二、尺寸标注要完整
所注尺寸必须完全能确定组成机件的各形体的大小及相对位置，既不能遗漏，也不能重复，每一个尺寸在图中只标注一次。
图样上一般要标注三类尺寸：定形尺寸、定位尺寸和总体尺寸。
1． 定形尺寸——确定组合体各组成部分的长、宽、高三个方向的尺寸。
如图4－22（a）所示，标注组合体的尺寸，仍按形体分析法将组合体分解为若干基本形体，注出各基本形体的定形尺寸。
2． 定位尺寸——确定各组成部分相对位置的尺寸。
如图4－22（b）所示标注了底板上四个圆孔轴线在长度方向和宽度方向的定位尺寸，以及空心圆柱体前面的小圆孔的轴线在高度方向的定位尺寸。
由于定位尺寸是确定相对位置，所以在长、宽、高三个方向上，都应该有一个尺寸基准。如图4－22（b）中以通过圆柱体轴线的侧平面作为长度方向的尺寸基准，按左右对称标注底板上圆柱孔轴线在长度方向的定位尺寸28；以过圆柱体轴线的正平面作为宽度方向的尺寸基准，按前后对称标注底板上的小圆孔在宽度方向的定位尺寸12；以底板的底面为高度方向的尺寸基准，标注空心圆柱体前面小圆孔的轴线在高度上的定位尺寸17。
3． 总体尺寸——组合体外形的总长、总宽、总高尺寸。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（a）定形尺寸 （b）定位尺寸 （c）总体尺寸
图4－22 组合体的尺寸标注
如图4－22（c）所示，为了表示组合体外形的总体大小，标注总长40、总宽24和总高25。必须注意，如果组合体定形和定位尺寸已经标注完整，若再加注总体尺寸，就会出现多余尺寸或重复尺寸，这时就要对已标注的定形和定位尺寸作适当的调整。如图4－22（c）中主视图上的高度尺寸，若标注总高尺寸25，则应减去一个同方向的定形尺寸（图中是减去了在图4－22（a）中标注的圆柱体高度尺寸18）。
由于标注组合体的尺寸是按形体分析注出各基本形体的定形尺寸以及确定它们之间的相对位置的定位尺寸。因此，熟悉基本形体的尺寸注法很重要。图4－23列出了常见基本形体尺寸注法。若将回转体的直径尺寸标注在非圆的视图上，则可以省略其为圆的视图，如图4－23（c、d、e）中的俯视图可以省略。图4－24是被切割的不完整基本形体的尺寸标注示例，在图中应该注出截平面的定位尺寸不能标注截交线的尺寸。图4－25是一些不应标注底板总长尺寸的图例。
（a） （b） （c） （d） （e） （f）
图4－23基本形体的尺寸标注
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
图4－24带切口的基本形体的尺寸标注
图4－25 不注底板总长的尺寸标注示例
三、尺寸标注要清晰
标注尺寸时，为了便于读图，还要求标注得清晰，应从下面几个方面加以考虑： 1． 尺寸尽量标注在形状特征明显的视图上。
图4－26（a）表示相叠加的两个同轴圆柱体，并且穿通了一个同轴圆柱孔，直径尺寸宜标注在投影为非圆的视图上。
图4－26（b）和（c）中，半径尺寸都应注在投影为圆弧的视图上。 图4－26（d）表示缺口的尺寸应注在反映真形的的视图上。
（a） （b） （c） （d）
图4－26 标注形状特征尺寸示例
2． 同一基本形体的定形尺寸和有关系的定位尺寸尽量集中标注，并尽量布置在两个视
图之间，以便于读图，如图4－27所示。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（a） （b）
图4－27 集中标注示例
3． 标注尺寸排列要整齐，如图4－27（a）中主视图和俯视图右边的尺寸上下对齐。 三、标注组合体尺寸的步骤与方法
下面以图4－28（a）所示的组合体为例，说明组合体尺寸标注的步骤和方法。
（a）组合体 （b）定形尺寸分析 （c）定位尺寸分析
图4－28 尺寸标注的分析
1．形体分析，初步考虑各基本形体的定形尺寸，如图4－28（b）所示。 2．选定尺寸基准 由形体组合情况看，中间的圆筒是主要结构，故该组合体长度方向的尺寸基准为中间圆筒的轴线，高度方向的尺寸基准为圆筒与底板的公共底面，而宽度方向尺寸基准即为该组合体的前后对称面。
3．逐个标注基本体的定位和定形尺寸
如图4－28（c）表示了这些基本形体之间的五个定位尺寸。可以看到它们都与尺寸基准有关。一般来说，两形体之间在左右、上下、前后方向均应考虑是否有定位尺寸。但当形体之间为简单的叠加（如肋与底板的上下叠加）或有公共对称面（如直立空心圆柱与水平空心圆柱在主要方向对称）的情况下，在这些方向就不再需定位尺寸了。
4．标注总体尺寸。
有时当物体的端部为同轴线的圆柱和圆孔（如端部的左端、搭子的右端等的选择），则有了定位尺寸后，一般就不再标注总体尺寸。该组合体的总长和总宽就不再注出。
5．校核，校核的重点是：尺寸是否完整、清晰，有无遗漏或重复；在校核的基础上进行适当的调整；标注过程和结果如图4－29所示。
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, in the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\\"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \"two to learn a\" strengthening \"four Consciousnesses\" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \"red treasure\n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \"pedal\" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres \"success does not have to be me\" and \"the first to bear hardships, the last to\" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see \"stereotypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \"money,\" corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \"take, eat, card,\" undesirable and behaviour, \"cross, hard and cold, push\" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations \"two\" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \"loose, soft, loose\" problem, advance the party members and cadres, \"a gang working\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \"unqualified\" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres \"joining party of thought\" problem. \"Party building\" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \"rectification movement.\" Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \"Two\" should have three kinds of consciousness \"two\" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \"learning\" and \"do\" real unity, to form a \"learn-learn-do-do\" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization
（a）定形尺寸 （b）定位尺寸
（c）校核后的标注结果
图4－29 组合体的尺寸标注
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \"Learning\" and \"do\" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \"Learning\" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \" \"Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. \"Two\" education, \"\" lay the basis, going to \"do\" the key grip, so that the \"learning\" and \"doing\" back to standard, so that the majority of party members \"learn\" learning theory of nutrients, n the \"doing\" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \"Learning\" and \"do\" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \"Two\" learning education, we need to explore integrating \"learning\" in \"do\ \"do\" in \"Science\". To avoid the \"learning\" into simple room instruction, \"do\" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration \"learn\" in the has \"do\has \"learn\" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \"learn\" in the has \"do\" of achievements sense, in \"do\" in the has \"learn\" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \"two\" had to catch the long-term. \"Two\" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \"three-three\" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \"Two\" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \"two\" current, \"two\" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \"key minority\" is both a barometer and impetus. The \"two\" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \"two\" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \"lazy, casual, and decadent\" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \"two\" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and
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