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10.1126/science.1221806
PERSPECTIVE
taltothefeasibilityofreuseandrecyclingbecauseitdictatesthecostoffurtherprocessing.
TheChallengesofReusingMiningMiningandmineral-processingwastescon-sistofrocks,soils,oilsands,andloosesediments.andMineral-ProcessingWastes
Themineralogicalandchemicalcharacterizationsofminingwastesareusefulinforecastinggeo-technicalproperties(particlesizeandstructure,ZhengfuBian,1*XiexingMiao,2ShaogangLei,3Shen-enChen,4plasticity,bulkdensity,drydensity,shearstrength)WenfengWang,5SueStruthers6ofthewasteandtheleachabilityofpotentiallyharmfulcompounds.Themineralogicalcompo-sitionoftheprocessingwastescanbeheteroge-Miningandmineral-processingwastesareoneoftheworld’slargestchronicwasteconcerns.neousbecauseofthedepositionofwastesfromTheirreuseshouldbeincludedinfuturesustainabledevelopmentplans,butthepotentialtheprocessingofdifferentminesources,yieldingimpactsonanumberofenvironmentalprocessesarehighlyvariableandmustbethoroughlyarangeofphysicalandchemicalproperties.Forassessed.Thechemicalcompositionandgeotechnicalpropertiesofthesourcerockdetermineexample,themineralcompositionoftailingsfromwhichusesaremostappropriateandwhetherreuseiseconomicallyfeasible.Ifproperlyevaluated,metalandnonmetalminesinChinaisdividedminingwastecanbereusedtoreextractminerals,provideadditionalfuelforpowerplants,intoeightbroadtypes(7).
supplyconstructionmaterials,andrepairsurfaceandsubsurfacelandstructuresalteredbyminingThemostimportantmineralogicalconsidera-activitiesthemselves.
tionsarethosethatinfluencemineralrecovery,M
decontamination,acidrockdrainage,andpro-iningandmineral-processingwastes—(3).Forexample,NorthAmericaproducesmorecessesthataffectsedimentstrengthandcohesion.thesolidandliquidmaterialsgener-than10timesasmuchsolidminewasteasmu-Theconcentrationsoftoxicelementsandmetal-atedafterminingandoreprocessingat
nicipalsolidwastepercapita(4).Becausemin-loidssuchasCd,As,Hg,Cr,andPbarehighlyornearminesites(1)—havenocurrenteconomiceralproductioncontinuestobenecessaryforvariable,butifpresentinsufficientquantities,use.Anumberofenvironmentalproblemsareas-economicdevelopment,therecyclingandreusetheymayinhibitplantgrowthordegradewatersociatedwiththedisposalofthiswaste,includ-ofminingandmineral-processingwastesarequality(8,9).Methodssuchasmechanicalsep-ingcontaminationofstreamsandlakes(2)andimportantmanagementstrategiesnowandinthearation,chemicalcarbonation,andhydrothermalpronouncedlandscapetransformation(e.g.,stock-future(5).
mineralization(10)canremovesomeofthesepiledwasterockandtailings,subsidencebasins,Theoriginofminingandmineral-processingtoxicelements,butmayalsoinsomecasesmo-openpits,andremovalofoverburdenrockandwastesiscloselyrelatedtotheformationofthebilizemetalsingroundwaterandsurfacewaterstopsoil)(Fig.1).Despiteseveraleffortstoreducetargetresourceorminerals.Forexample,manythroughoxidation.
theamountofwasteproduced,solidmineralwastescoaldepositsexistinsubsidedregionsresultingThereuseofminingandmineral-processingremainoneoftheworld’slargestwastestreams
frommountainformation;hence,theoverlaysofwastesmayminimizetheenvironmentalimpactscoalresourcesaregenerallynotverythickandrelatedtodisposal;however,somereuseandre-consistofrelativelyinactivesedimentaryrocks.cyclingmeasuresmayactuallycausenewand1InstituteforLandResources,ChinaUniversityofMiningandIn2010,worldwidetotalcoalproductionwasseriousenvironmentalproblems.Theoverallenvi-Technology,Xuzhou,JiangsuProvince221116,China.2StateKeyabout7273.3milliontonnes(Mt),withanesti-ronmentalcostscanbedeterminedbyvariousap-LaboratoryforGeomechanicsandDeepUndergroundEngineer-ing,ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology,Xuzhou,Jiangsumatedwasteofabout1454.7Mtduetocoalpro-proachessuchasecologicalriskassessment,lifeProvince221116,China.3JiangsuKeyLaboratoryforResourcesduction(6).Ofthiswaste,upto100%(totalwastecycleassessment,sustainabilityoperationsassess-andEnvironmentalInformationEngineering,ChinaUniversitywithnoproductionofprospectiveminerals)ment,andecologicalfootprintestimates(3,11,12).ofMining4andTechnology,Xuzhou,JiangsuProvince221116,maybeduetotheminingorextractionmethod.Economiccost-benefitanalysis,however,istheChina.DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,Uni-versityofNorthCarolina,Charlotte,NC28223,USA.5SchoolofWastesproducedduringcoalpreparation(remov-ultimatedriverintermsofthefeasibilityofaspe-ResourceandEarthScience,ChinaUniversityofMiningandalofundesiredmaterialsfromcoalthroughcoalcificreusetechnology.IfthecostsoffinaltargetTechnology,Xuzhou,JiangsuProvince221116,China.6Skapawashing,crushing,screening,anddewatering)materialextractionorminewastereusemethodareMiningServicesLtd.,Hillbanks,Burray,OrkneyKW172SX,UK.mayreach10to30%ofrawcoal;mostoftheseeconomicallyprohibitive,theneventhemosteco-*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.E-mail:wastesareinslurryformasaresultofthewashingfriendlyprocessmethodswillbedifficulttoimple-zfbian@cumt.edu.cn
process.Thefinalformofwastecanbedetrimen-mentwithoutregulationorgovernmentsubsidies.
70210AUGUST2012VOL337
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Oneapproachtominimizecostistoimprovewastepro-cessingefficiency,whichde-pendsontheoptimizationoftheresourceallocationtomin-Crushing
imizeenvironmentaleffectsSurface mining
Grindingwhilemaximizingthequantity
Overburden,
ofwastesprocessedandtheopen-pit stopeOre separationTailingsassociatedbenefits.Avoiding
Ore processingwasteinthefirstplaceistheWaste waterConcentrationWaste rock
Land subsidencedewateringmostfavoredmeansofincreasing
wasteprocessingefficiencybe-Ore concentratefor further processingcauseithastheleastenviron-mentalimpactandpossiblyRock fractures
Underground mininginvolvestheleastenergyspent
onwastedisposal;however,itisalsothemostdifficulttoaccomplish.TheuseofsolidCollapsed rock filling the mined areaminingwasteasbackfillandstabilizationmaterialinunder-groundcoalminingispoten-tiallyagoodwaytoincreaseFig.1.Wastegeneratedandenvironmentaleffectsduringdifferentminingstages.efficiency,butthetrade-offisnotstraightforwardbecauseof
7.J.R.Zhang,W.Z.Wang,F.P.Li,A.D.Wang,theenergycostsrelatedtoadditionaltunnelop-practiceinChinabutnotintheUnitedStates.
ComprehensiveUtilizationandResourcesofMetalMineerationstomovethematerial,aswellastheneedWasterockandtailingshavealsobeenusedas
Tailings(MetallurgicalIndustryPress,Beijing,2002).
tocreateopenspacefortemporarywastestor-auxiliarysourcematerialsforproducingbuild-8.M.A.Armientaetal.,Appl.Geochem.(2012).
ingmaterialssuchascement,hollowbricks,ageandmanagement(13).9.G.Geise,E.LeGalley,M.S.Krekeler,Environ.EarthSci.
Residualminingwastesafterreuseorre-concrete,andglass(17,19–21).Groundsub-62,185(2011).10.G.T.Goodman,M.J.Chadwick,Eds.,sourcerecoveryaretypicallydiscardedatspe-sidencebasinsinducedbymininghavealso
EnvironmentalManagementofMineralWastescificsitessuchastailingponds.Ifwastesarebeenfilledwithwasterockandcoveredwith
(Sijthoff&Noordhoff,AlphenaandenRijn,Netherlands,
notdisposedofproperly,wastewaters,especial-topsoil.Therepairedlandcanthenbereclaimed1978).lyfromhydrocarbonwastes,canenterstreamsasfarmland,grassland,orconstructionland(11).11.Z.Bian,D.Jin,J.Dong,S.Mu,J.MiningSafetyEng.24,
132(2007).andpotablesupplywells.TheprimarygoalforThewasterockortailingscanalsobecrushed
12.A.Golev,G.D.Corder,Miner.Eng.29,58(2012).disposalofminingandmineral-processingwastesandmixedwithflyashandcementasbackfillin
13.X.Miao,J.Zhang,G.Guo,MethodandTechnologyofshouldbetoensurethatthewasteremainsphys-minedcavities,whichhasthepotentialtoreduce
Fully-MechanizedCoalMiningwithSolidWasteFilling
ically,geographically,chemically,andradio-surfacesubsidenceandisapromisingmethodfor(ChinaUniv.ofMiningandTechnologyPress,Xuzhou,logicallystableandinert,andifthisisnotlargeamountsofwastereuse(22).China,2010).
14.D.M.Franks,D.V.Boger,C.M.Côte,D.R.Mulligan,possible,thewastesmustbeisolatedandpre-Itisdifficulttoassignauniversalmethodto
Resour.Policy36,114(2011).ventedfrominteractingwiththeecosystemreuseallkindsofminingandmineral-processing
15.M.L.Smith,R.E.Williams,Eng.Geol.43,11
(14).Reuseofdiscardedminewaste,referredwastes.Eachkindofwastehasitsownappro-(1996).
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17.ASTM,StandardSpecificationforSteelSlagAggregatescanmaximizetargetmineralefficiency(15).proximitytodrinkingwater,depthofminingac-forBituminousPavingMixtures,D5106-08Forexample,wasterockorcoalslimegener-tivity).Inanysituationwhereminingandmineral-(2008).
atedafterwashingprocessesmaycontaincar-processingwastesarereintroducedbacktothe
18.K.M.Skarżyńska,WasteManag.15,83(1995).
bonwithcalorificvaluesof3350to6280kJ/kg,subsurface,effortsmustbemadetoensurethat19.Y.Chen,Y.Zhang,T.Chen,Y.Zhao,S.Bao,Construct.whichcanberemixedwithcoalforadditionalnopollutantstransferfromminingwastestoBuild.Mater.25,2107(2011).
20.M.Frías,M.I.SanchezdeRojas,R.García,powergeneration(16).Asabove,thereuseoffoodorwatersupplies.Appropriateenviron-A.J.Valdés,C.Medina,CementConcr.Compos.34,minetailingsorcoalslimesalsomayhavepo-mentalmonitoringandassessmentstudiesshould
678(2012).
tentialnegativeenvironmentalimpacts,suchasalwaysbeincludedinthereusedesign.
21.J.J.M.Heynen,H.N.J.A.Bolk,G.J.Senden,
increasedemissionsofnitrogendioxideandsul-P.J.Tummers,inWasteMaterialsinConstruction,
furdioxide.J.J.J.M.Goumans,H.A.vanderSloot,
T.G.Aalbers,Eds.(Elsevier,Amsterdam,1994),Consideringthefactorsthatdictatewhen
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