您的当前位置:首页正文

英语专业四级语法

2022-12-27 来源:步旅网
Test One

集体名词作主语主谓一致 1)通常作复数的集体名词

集体名词,如:police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等, 通常作复数,用复数动词。如:

Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. 2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词

有些集体名词,如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。例如:All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词

集体名词,如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等,既可作单数,也可作复数用。

The city council is meeting to set its agenda. 4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词

如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单数。例如:

A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. 近义词辨析

tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, wornout 这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。 tired

可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息,还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。

Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫,一到家就上床睡觉去了。 exhausted

表达的疲惫程度最强,指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。 The exhausted engineer fell asleep on the bus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。 fatigued

所表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强,表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏,不能再继续下去 He felt fatigued and didn’t want to say a single word.他疲惫不堪,不想说一句话。 weary

语气比tired强,指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。

After a long and weary wait, the plane finally came to take them back.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后,飞机终于来接他们回去了。 wornout

这个词不太正式,多用于口语。

The troops were wornout after winning the battle.战后,部队疲惫不堪。 Test Two

关于used to的意义和用法

used to (只有过去时形式,没有现在时形式)表示过去习 惯动作或状态,这种情况现已不复存在。例如:

He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.

在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中,用didn’t use to或usedn’t to均可: He didn’t use to smoke cigarettes.

He usedn’t to smoke cigarettes. 

Didn’t Maria use to be interested in the theatre? Usedn’t Maria to be interested in the theatre?  在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式:

Used you to go to the same school as Edward?

Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?  近义词辨析

use, apply, avail, employ, utilize 这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。 use

强调利用人或物作为工具。

He used up all his resources in experimenting with the new paint.他为实验新的涂料,花光了一切钱财。 apply

指把某物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。

We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.我们不仅要知道理论,还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。 avail

指使用就近的或他人给予的东西,或使别人为自己提供服务。

I don’t think complaints will avail you much.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。

We avail ourselves of every opportunity to speak English.我们利用一切机会讲英语。 employ

指使用未被利用的东西;用于人时表示雇用。

He doesn’t know how to employ his energy and time.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。 utilize

指充分发挥某物的作用,使无用的东西变有用,或使人或物有新用途。

She hopes to utilize her artistic talents in the job.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。

Test Three 关于dare的意义和用法 作为情态动词表示“胆敢”,dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如: I dare not go there.

How dare he say such rude things about me?

dare作为情态助动词没有过去式形式,其否定式为daren’t,既可指现在时间,也可指过去时间。例如:

Tom wanted to come, but he daren’t.

dare还可用主动词,随后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如: He does not dare (to) answer.

Does she dare (to) go there alone?

近义词辨析besides, but, except, except for 这组词均含有“除„外”的意思。 besides

“除„外,还有„”,指更进一步的拥有,包括所“除”事物在内。

Have you got any clothes besides these?除了这些衣服你还有别的吗? but

不包括所引事物在内,多与nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, all, anybody等连用。

He has nobody but himself to blame for that.那件事他没法指责别人,只能怪他自己。except

不包括所引事物。常与no, none, nothing等否定词或all,everyone, everything等连用,但不可用于句首。

They all went to the Summer Palace except one.除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。 except for

常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外,整体情况尚属理想,被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。

The roads were clear except for a few cars.除几辆小汽车外,路面很空旷。 Test Four 定语从句中关系代词 that的用法

1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。例如:

They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited. 2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如: He is the best student that I have ever met.

3)在以“It is...”,“It was...”等开头的强调句中,和相应的疑问句中。如: What is it that he wants? 4)在only, all, little的后面 This is all that I know.

5)在no, every, some和any等词后面,也包括在它们的复合词在内。如: There is no person that is always in the right. Is there anything that I can do for you? 近义词辨析

beautiful, goodlooking, handsome, lovely, pretty 这组词均含有“美丽”、“漂亮”、“可爱”的意思。 beautiful

指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐,而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦,在同类词中层次最高。

She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。 goodlookingl

不如handsome, pretty意思强烈,指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。

That goodlooking young man visited the house once or twice a week.那个长相不错的年轻人一星期光顾一两次。 handsome

〖FK(F+18mm。102mmZQ〗 通常是一种客观的不带感情色彩的评价。一个人如被形容为handsome,是指此人外貌符合观察者的要求,但不激发更深层的感受。

He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西装显得非常英俊。 lovely

比感官的快乐更进一步,是强调纯粹情感上的愉悦,指觉得某人或某物“可爱”。

Mary has two lovely daughters.玛丽有两个可爱的女儿。 pretty

〖FK(F+18mm。102mmZQ〗 也是“漂亮、可爱”的意思。很少形容大而有影响力的事物,多形容事物不以其优秀、完美而以小巧、优雅、精致见长,使人容易接受并喜爱。 Her boyfriend believes that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友觉得 她是镇上最漂亮的女孩。 be+不定式结构

表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如: There’s to be an investigation.

I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.

这一结构常见于报纸和广播,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例如: The Queen is to visit Japan next year. 二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如:

You are to stand here. Do you understand? Tell her she’s not to be back late. 一般现在时也可表达将来时间,常见于条件状 语和时间状语从句。例如:

If she comes, I’ll tell her all about it. Wait here till the meeting is over.

It won’t be long before the rain stops. 近义词辨析

begin, commence, initiate, launch, start 这组词均含有“开始”的意思。 begin

在这组词中最常用,泛指开始做某事。但口语中近年来start用得较多。  The band began to play joyful music.乐队开始演奏欢快的音乐。 commence

比begin用法正式。在宗教或其它仪式及军事用语中人们倾向用commence.

The officer ordered the soldiers to commence the attack.军官命令士兵开始进攻。 initiate

指进程中的第一步,与何时停止或结束没有关系。

The government has initiated a new reform program.政府启动了新的改革方案。 launch

指开始或着手一项活动、计划等大规模或声势浩大的行动,行动前或行动中有一定的宣传鼓动。

The company will launch an advertising compaign to introduce its new product.那个公司要发起广告攻势推出自己的新产品。 Start

与stop构成反义用法,指从一特定地点出发,由静止或等待状态开始做某事。在口语中常可代替begin。

They started operations at once.他们马上开始行动 Test Six 有关否定

1)通常作复数的集体名词

1)双重否定最常见的形式有: no(not)...but...没有„„不„„

no(not)...without...没有„„不,除„„不 no(not)...unless没有„„就不„„ not...until直到„„才„„

例如:There is no one but knows it.没有一个人不知道此事。

2)can not与副词too,enough, sufficiently, over, too much等词连用时,意为“无 论怎样也不过分”,“越„越”。例如:

You cannot be too careful.你越仔细越好。

We cannot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。 近义词辨析

break, crack, crush, shatter,break, smash 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。 break

是这组词中最常用的,指使某件东西破碎。

If you break that vase, you’ll have to pay for it.如果打破了那只花瓶,你就 得赔偿。 crack

指打裂某物,但不一定打碎,因而通常不会成为碎片。

You may crack these nuts with a hammer.你可以用锤子把这些坚果敲开。 crush

强调挤压或踩的动作,毁坏程度取决于被压物的组织结构,或变形,或成小块,或可恢复原状。

To make wine, you first crush the grapes.若要造酒,需先将葡萄压碎。 shatter

打破某物,力大到使碎片飞出很远,常指整件东西完全被毁。

The explosion shattered most of the windows in the building.爆炸震碎了那座大楼的大部分窗玻璃。 smash

突出暴力,击打时动作较猛,被击打的东西往往完全报废。 He smashed the window with a brick.他用砖块击碎窗玻璃。 Test Seven

形容词层迭修饰时的顺序

几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时,其词序一般按下列顺序排列:限定词→表示说话人评价的形容词→表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词→表示颜色的形容词→表示国别、来源、材料的形容词→表示用途或目的的形容词→名词中心词。例如: the town’s charming old English church a wellknown German medical school

the man’s first two interesting little red French oil paintings

近义词辨析

bother, disturb, trouble, worry

这组词均含有“不停地烦扰他人或搞得某人心神不宁”的意思。 bother

〖FK(F+18mm。102mmZQ〗 和disturb常用于主动和被动两种形式中。用于被动时,bother指常受到时有时无的小事的烦扰。用于主动时,bother的意思比disturb强,带有故意打扰他人的意思。

If you return me the book, I will stop bothering you.你归还我的书后, 我就不打扰你了。 disturb

〖FK(F+18mm。102mmZQ〗 用于被动形式时,意思比bother强烈,有时甚至可指精神错乱。用在主动形式时,意思最弱,指某人无意中打扰他人,这种打扰行为并非存心冲着他人去的。

The man was mentally disturbed.这个人精神错乱了。 trouble

和worry主要用于被动,指被某事搞得心神不宁。

trouble比worry稍正式些,指麻烦别人一件事而影响他人舒适、方便、效率、健康或心境的平静等。

May I trouble you for the book?麻烦您把书递给我好吗? worry

主要指因对某事的结果没有把握而焦虑不安,还可指某人沉浸在软弱无助的情绪或思虑中。

Worrying about your health can make you sick.经常担心你的健康,会使你生病的。 Test Eight

It is the first time +that分句 在“It is/was/will be the first time+that分句”结构中,当主句动词为is/will be时,that分句动词一律用现在完成体,引导词that可以省略。例如: It is the first time I’ve been here.

Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public. 当主句动词为was时,that分句动词通常用过去完成体。例如:

It was the first time she’d been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.

近义词辨析fast, hasty, quick, rapid, speedy, swift 这组词均含有“迅速的”,“快捷的”的意思。 fast

强调速度快,且保持不变;又指钟表的时间超过准确的时间。 We took a fast train to Beijing.我们坐快车来北京。 hasty

指匆忙、急促,涉及因此而引起的慌乱、疏漏。

Don’t arrive at hasty conclusions.别匆忙下结论。 quick

强调动作、行为发生得突然且持续时间短。指人时,暗示聪明、领悟快。 The tiger took a quick leap at the sheep.老虎猛地向羊扑去。 rapid

指就整个过程来讲速度快,但并不一定指这一过程的速度始终均匀不变。

The growth of the economy has been rapid in recent years.近年来,经济增长速度很

快。 speedy

指人处理问题迅速或物体运转速度快。

His accusations brought a speedy denial.他的指控马上遭到了否认。 swift

与fast和quick同义,但带有文学色彩。 Eagles are swift in flight.鹰飞得很快 Test Nine

动词后接不定式或动名词

有些动词或词组如admit, appreciate, avoid, consale, defer, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, mention, mind, miss, quit, postpone, practise, resist, risk, (can’t) stand, suggest, give up, put off等后面只能接动名词。例如: I enjoy playing football.

I don’t mind sleeping with the door open.

有些动词如stop, remember, forget, try, mean等接不定式或动名词做宾语,意思各不相同。

try doing sth试试看(没有付诸的行动) try to do尽力去做(已有行动) mean doing sth意味着 mean to do sth打算 近义词辨析

change, alter, convert, modify, vary 这组词均含有“变化”的意思。 change

最常用,指任何一种变化过程,但多用于指某人或某物发生根本性转变,失去了原来的身份特征,前后完全不同。

Years of hard work had changed her a great deal.多年辛苦劳作使她变了很多。 alter

指对人或事物的某些特征进行某种程度的更改,但并没有使人或事物的性质发生根本改变。

She had to ask the dressmaker to alter the dress for her.她不得不请裁缝把衣服改一下。 convert

指使事物的条件、性质、功能等发生重要改变、转换、或转化。

Scientists are trying to find cheaper ways to convert salt water to fresh water.科学家在努力寻找将海水淡化的更廉价的方法。 modify

指在较小的范围内进行形式上的修改或调整。

They have to modify the terms of their lease.他们不得不修改租赁条款。 vary

可以指仅仅改变事物的外观,也可指使事物的内在性质发生变化,通常是在同一组事物中将一种情形改变为另一种情形。

She varies the program each month to make it more attractive.每个月她都对节目做些变动,使它更吸引人。

Test Ten 有关反意疑问句

1)“am I”的否定形式是“aren’t I”,而不是“am not I”或“amn’t I”。例如: I am right, aren’t I?

2)everything和nothing作为陈述句的主语时是单数,因此反意疑问句中的主语要用 “it”。注意,nothing作为主语时,反意疑问句中的动词要用肯定形式。例如: Nothing is wrong, is it?

3)陈述句中的主语为everyone, everybody, anyone, nobody或no one时,反意疑问句 中的主语用they。注意,nobody和no one是否定词,因此反意疑问句应该用肯定的。例如:

Nobody knows it, do they?

4)如果陈述句部分有no, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom等词,那么,陈述句本身就是否定的,所以要接一个肯定的反意疑问句。例如: He has never been there, has he?

5)如果陈述句中的动词是“wish”,那么反意疑问句中要用“may”。例如: I wish to go there with you, may I?

6)包括听话人在内时“let’s”的反意疑问句要用“shal l we”。反之,反意疑问句中要用“will you”。例如: Let’s go, shall we? Let us go, will you? 

Test Eleven 不定式不带to的问题

1)在情态成语之后,即在would rather/would sooner/would(just) as soon(宁愿),may/might as well(不妨),cannot but/cannot help but之后。例如: You can’t help but respect them.

Since it’s a fine day we might as well walk.

2)在“使役动词+宾语”之后,即在let, have, make之后。例如: Let there be an end of this misunderstanding. He won’t have us criticize his work. Abby made him stay to tea.

3)在“感觉动词+宾语”之后,即在see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch之后。例如:

We feel the house shake. I didn’t hear you say that. 4)在介词except/but之后

如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式,其后通常用不带to的不定式,否则带to。例如:

They did nothing except work. There’s no choice but to wait. Test Twelve

虚拟条件句中的一些非常规现象

a)省略连词if,把were, had, should移到主语前。例如: Were they here now, they would give us some advice.

Had it not been for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded.

b)用介词或介词短语without, but for, in the absence of, under...

Without the leadership of the Party, we could not live a happy life. But for the atmosphere we would die. c)if only结构,表示“但愿„”,“要是„”,例如:

If only I had more time, I could go to watch the performance. If only I knew where he lives. gather, assemble, collect

这组词均含有“召集或聚集成小组、一群或团体”的意思。 gather

指把很分散的或分布很广的东西聚集到一起,或指自发地形成一组。 The pupils are gathered into the auditorium.学生们被召集在大礼堂。 assemble

指人或组织为了某种共同的或特殊的目的集合或聚集在一起。

The football fans assembled on the square to celebrate the victory of their team.球迷们聚集在广场上庆祝他们球队的胜利。 collect

指有选择地进行收集或采集。

They collected some precious butterfly specimens on the mountains.他们在山上收集了一些珍贵的蝴蝶标本。 est Thirteen 引起倒装的前置状语

当句首状语为否定词或带否定意义的词语时,一般引起局部倒装。这些词语常见的有:never, not for one minute, no longer, on no account, no mo

re, nowhere else, at no time, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not for nothing等。例如 :

Never have I found him in such a good mood. 句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分句”构成,也可引起局 部倒装。例如:

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 以关联连词not only(but also)和so(...that)开头的句子,通常引起局部倒装。例如: So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. 近义词辨析

gaze, glare, gape, peer, stare

这组词均含有“注意地或专注地看”的意思。 gaze

指长时间目不转晴地看或凝视,常用于表达惊奇、羡慕或心不在焉的心情。

We gazed at the rough sea lost in thought.我们凝视波涛汹涌的大海,陷入沉思。 glare

指怒目而视,敌视或仇视。

People glared at the man who had assassinated their premier.人们愤怒地瞪着刺杀了他们总理的凶手。 gape

指目瞪口呆地凝视,常有发呆的意味。

Tourists gaped at the animal keeper feeding meat to the lions.游客们目不转晴地看着饲养员给狮子喂肉。 peer

指眯起眼睛窥视。

The detective peered into the room through his binoculars.侦探用望远镜向屋内窥视。WebdingsUAp[] stare

指睁大眼睛看,带有好奇、猜疑或傲慢等含义。

The girl stared at the beggar instead of giving him some money.小女孩冷冷地盯着乞丐,没给他钱。

Test Fourteen

名词+不定式与名词+介词+ing分词

有些名词如attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, reason, necessity, opportunity, time, way等,在其后用不定式或介词+ing分词均可,意义无甚区别。例如:

The doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the child’s life.

有些名词如ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, mind, obligation, pe rmission, refusal, tendency, wish等,在其后通常带不定式,而不带介词+ing分词。 例如:

Our ability to think and speak separates us from other mammals.

还有些名词如aptitude, experience, hope, method, possibility, difficulty, interes t, plan, habit, passion, genius等,其后通常带介词+ing分词,而不带不定式。例如:

There is no hope of winning the game.

近义词辨析

strange, eccentric, odd, peculiar, queer, unique 这组词均含有“不平常的”或“奇怪的”的意思。 strange

词义最广。指非一般的、不平常的、费解的或与预期不同的,还强调陌生,不熟悉。 With so many strange faces around her, she felt a bit nervous.身边尽是陌生的面孔,她感到有点紧张。 eccentric

指行为偏离常规,特别是显得古怪或可笑。

You’ll be considered eccentric if you go to the banquet in your tennis shoes.如果穿着网球鞋去参加宴会,别人会认为你很古怪。 odd

强调有异于正常,表示不标准、不正规、不符合规律等,暗示这种奇异令人困惑不解。 Einstein was considered an odd man by the neighbours’ kids.邻居的孩子们认为爱因斯坦是个古怪的人。 peculiar

强调具有明显的奇异特征或令人不快的怪异特性。

We can identify the drug by its peculiar smell.我们可以通过其古怪的气味来辨认那种毒品。

、queer

比odd更强调古怪性,指古怪得令人难以置信或离奇可笑。该词是个比较陈旧过时的词。曾被用于指男子同性恋者,宜慎用。

He had a queer expression on his face.他的面部表情古怪。 unique

可指在某一方面不同寻常、特别,有较强的“独一无二”的意思。 His calligraphic style is unique.他的书法风格很独特。 Test Fifteen 名词性分句中的虚拟语气

虚拟式常用于出现在wish, would rather, suppose, imagine之后的that分句中,表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的)情况。例如: I wish it were spring all the year round.

I’d rather I were not at the site of the accident.

在“It’s time + that分句”结构中,that分句中应使用一般过去时。例如: It’s time that I went.

在If I were you 这一分句中,were不能换成was,应当特殊对待。例如: Were I to do it (If I were to do it), I should rely on you. 近义词辨析

surprise, amaze, astonish, astound 这组词均含有“使人惊奇、惊异”的意思。 surprise

指因出乎意料的、突然的事或前所未有的人或特殊的事而感到惊讶。

It doesn’t surprise me that his parents did not allow him to marry beneath him.他的父母不允许他同地位比他低的女子结婚,这并不使我感到惊讶。 amaze

强调对意外的事感到迷惑,或表示惊叹之情。

He’s amazed that she should get promoted over his head.他对她得以迈过他而提升感到惊异。 astonish

指对很不平常的事大为吃惊,难以置信。

It astonished him that his son had been caught cheating in the exams.他的儿子考试作弊被抓住了,这使他大为吃惊。 astound

强调完全出乎意料,用以往经验知识无法解释,其惊讶程度很强。

The enormous changes in the quality of life of the inhabitants astounded us.城镇居民生活质量的巨大变化令我们惊愕。 Test Sixteen 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 1)由介词短语引起:

But for their help ,we wouldn’t have succeeded.

His progress wouldn’t have been made without arduous work. 2)由表示转折语气的词语引起:

I was too busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have been here to see you. 3)根据上下文判断:

Anyone in his position would have done the same. 近义词辨析

purpose, aim, goal, end

这组词均含有“目的,目标”的意思。 purpose

是一般用语,强调实现目标的决心。 aim

常指具体的近期奋斗目标或计划。 goal

强调个人精心选定的,含有不达目的誓不罢休的意思,也有足球“球门”之意,又引申为经过艰苦努力才可达到的目标。 end

比较正式,指心目中怀有的目的。

例如:He went to new York City for the mere purpose of seeing 42nd avenue.他去纽约只是为了看看四十二大道。

Her aim is to marry a westerner and live abroad.她的目标是嫁给西方人,住到国外。

We have been fighting for one common goal.我们一直为了一个共同的目标奋斗。 He never achieved his end.他从未达到目的。 Test Seventeen

表示建议、命令等意义的虚拟语气 这种虚拟式用在suggest, demand, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, require, request等动词之后的that分句中。例如:

In many countries, the law requires that everyone carry an identification card a t all times.

The dean recommended that she be assigned to do the most complicated job. She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday.

近义词辨析

anger, rage, fury, indignation, resentment, wrath 这组词均含有“愤怒,气恼”的意思。 anger

为这组中最普通用词。 rage

是一种无法克制失去自制能力的一种怒火的发作。 fury

语气更强,指使人失去常态和理智的愤怒,甚至会作出伤害人的举动。 indignation

较正式,表示撇开个人利益的、含蔑视心理的愤怒,引起这种愤怒的原因常常是不道德的野蛮行为。 resentment

指由于受侮辱或自尊受伤害而产生的愤怒,是正式用语。 wrath

一般用于诗歌、修辞或戏谑中。

She reproached her husband in great anger.她十分气愤地责骂丈夫。 He broke the flower pot in his rage.他一怒之下摔碎了花盆。

She flew into a fury when nobody would lend her any money.没人肯借她钱,她便勃然大怒。

The news roused great public indignation.这条消息激怒了公众。

I was full of hatred and resentment for the severe criticism.我对所受的严厉批评 感到愤恨和不满。

The Grapes of Wrath was written by John Steinbeck.《愤怒的葡萄》一书是约翰·斯坦贝克写的。

主语从句中的虚拟语气

1)It is(was)+suggested+that+(should)+动词原形。如:

It is proposed that more selective courses be offered next year.

It has been decided that a special committee be formed to supervise the work. 2)It is(was)+形容词+that+(should)+动词原形。 该句式中的形容词一般包括:advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, important, imperative, necessary, impossible等。例如:

It is important that the students take brief notes while listening to the lecture.

It is essential that all the facts be examined first. 近义词辨析

obvious, apparent, evident, clear 这组词均含有“明显的”的意思。 obvious

指被觉察的东西具有显著特点,不需费力就可觉察到,常用于一目了然的事物。 apparent

意为表面看起来很明显,而实际情况未必如此。 evident

指有证据作出合理判断,考虑到各种事实、条件后而显得明显。 clear

指不存在使人迷惑或使问题复杂化的因素。

It was an obvious mistake for him to have gone alone.他独自一人去,这是一个明显的错误。

It was becoming increasingly apparent that he disliked me.他不喜欢我这一点变得越来越明显。

The applause made it evident that the play was a hit.掌声明显地表明这部剧引起了轰动。

The situation is clear to everyone.局势大家都清楚。 Test Nineteen 表语从句中的虚拟语气

如果句中主语的中心名词是suggestion, proposal, order, request, recommendation等,那么后面的表语从句一般要使用虚拟语气,其谓语形式为:(should)+动词原形。 His motion is that we should hold another session to discuss the problem.

My proposal was that we cancel the examination and assign the students to write term

papers instead. 近义词辨析

beam, shine, glitter, flash, glow 这组词均含有“亮光”的意思。 beam

指由灯塔,日月等发出的“光束,光柱”,又可比喻高兴的表情或微笑。 shine

表示通过磨擦等手段达到的“光亮”。 glitter

指辉煌或灿烂的“光辉”,其光源主要为星、剑、黄金等闪光物体。 flash

表示突然而明亮的“闪光”,光源为电、火药、炮火等。 glow

指由余烬或萤火等发出的闪烁的“光辉”,通常指无焰的燃烧。

如:Look, there’s a beam of light coming through the thick fog.瞧,浓雾里 射出了一道光线。

Give your shoes a good shine.把你的鞋擦亮点儿。

We were attracted by the glitter of the Christmas tree decorations.我们被圣诞树 上闪闪发光的装饰物所吸引。

His first novel was a flash in the pan.他的第一部小说只是昙花一现。 The glow from the embers warmed us.火红的余烬使我们感到暖洋洋的。

Test Twenty 近义词辨析

endure, bear, stand, tolerate, put up with 这组词都有“忍受,忍耐”之意。 endure

比较正式,尤指忍受大的、持久的困难、痛苦、灾祸,常用于否定意义的句子中。 bear

强调忍受者的坚韧。 stand

意为“忍受,顶住”,多用于口语中,常用于否定句中,若用于肯定句,则意为“不屈不挠,经受得起”。 tolerate

意为“容忍”,语气较前几个词弱。 put up with

与tolerate意义相近,有“不计较,将就”之意,多用于口语。

如:He quietly endures the pain of a loveless marriage.他默默地忍受着没有爱情的婚姻的煎熬。

The sorrrow was almost more than she could bear.她几乎忍受不了那种悲伤。 I can’t stand hot weather.我受不了热天。

A government that refuses to tolerate opposition cannot last long.一个不听取反对 意见的政府是不会长久的。

It’s hard for people to put up with that kind of treatment.人们很难忍受那种待遇

basis, base, foundation 这组词均含有“基础”的意思。

在表示意见或判断的基础时,多用basis。在表示具体事物的基础或底部时,可用base或foundation,但不能用basis。base既可用于大物体也可用于小物体,而foundation只用于大物体,且多描述在地下的比较宏伟坚固的地基。如:

We reached this conclusion on the basis of many experiments.在多次实验的基础上,我们作出了这个结论。

I found a small leaf at the base of the flower.我在那朵花的底部发现一片小叶。 The workmen are laying the foundation of the new lecture building.工人们正在为新教学楼打地基。

Test TwentyOne 近义词辨析

beat, win, conquer, defeat, overcome 这组词均有“获胜,征服,击败”之意。 beat

指在战争、竞赛或其他方面最终彻底战胜对方,对象可以是人,也可以是物。 win

指在竞赛或战斗中击败对方,其对象一般应是物,如battle, race, victory等。 conquer

既可指靠武力或精神道方面的力量使对方屈服,又可指在排除障碍和阻力后取得胜利。 defeat

意为“击败”,强调的是暂时的胜利。 overcome

既可指在战斗和竞赛中战胜对方,也可指在感情、习惯等方面压倒,胜过。 如:We can easily beat you at baseball.打垒球我们可以轻易地击败你们。 The Chinese team won in the end.最后中国队赢了。

The Normans conquered England in 1066.1066年,诺曼底人征服了英格兰。 He defeated his opponents in this election.在这次竞选中,他击败了对手。 He made efforts to overcome every difficulty.他努力克服每一个困难。 award, reward

这组词均含有“授予,给予”的意思。 award

意为“授予,给予”,通常指官方或法院根据规定把钱财等奖给或判给某人。 reward

意为“酬劳,奖赏”,通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到的报答或酬谢。 如:

He was awarded a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.由于对科学作出了杰出贡献,他被授予一枚奖章。

He rewarded me with 30 dollars for taking him to the airport.我把他送到机场,他 给了我30美元作酬金。 Test TwentyTwo 近义词辨析

edge, border, rim, verge 这组词皆有“边,边缘”之意。

edge

通常指某物一边的边线、两个平面的交界线以及各种界线,其引申含义表示两个处于不同性质或状态之间的明显界线,特指处在不利状态下的边缘。 border

意为“边界,边境,国境”,也可以指装饰周边的“边”。 rim

意思是“边,边缘”,尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。 verge

特指道路、花坛等长着草的“边缘”。

verge常用于on the verge of 这一固定搭配中。如:

This is the north edge of the field.这是这块地的北边线。 The plane flew across the border.飞机飞越了边境。

He wears a pair of spectacles with gold rims.他戴一副金丝边眼镜。

She was on the verge of speaking out the secret.她差点儿把秘密说出来。 brief, concise, condensed, short 这组词均含有“简明,简洁”的意思。 brief和short

同义,往往就时间、事件、写作、说话而言,表示暂时的、简短的、简洁的。” concise

指某人的言语或文体只用少量文字传达了大量信息。 condensed

有“凝炼”之意,即被压缩的。 short

是最普通的词,既可指时间,也可指空间。 如:

I left him a brief note.我给他留了一个便条。

Most of Bacon’s essays are concise.培根的多数小品文都很简洁。 This news story is condensed.这篇新闻报道被压缩了。 His answer was short and to the point.他的回答简明扼要。 Test TwentyThree 近义词辨析

intelligent, clever, bright, wise, smart 这组词均含“聪明”之意。 intelligent

强调有学识、理解力或推理能力并能运用智力。 clever

为普通用词,表示敏于学习和理解,思想、手段灵敏,但是缺乏深度和广度。 bright

常用来形容年轻人或小孩,多用于口语。 wise

是正式用语,用于人,表示智力发达,明辨是非,有健全的判断力,知识渊博,经验丰富。smart

常用于通俗口语,表示“机灵,精明,潇洒”之意。

When the water pipe burst, she was intelligent enough to turn off the water at the

main.水管爆裂时,她的聪明才智使得她能够立刻切断主管道水源。

It’s really clever of you to find your way back here.你能找到回来的路,真聪明。

The girl is bright beyond her years.这个女孩年龄不大却很聪明。 It’s easy to be wise after the event.事后聪明容易。

The students look smart in their new school uniforms.这些学生穿着新校服很帅气。capable, able, competent 这组词均含有“有能力”的意思。 capable

强调有适合做某事的才能,如适应能力、应变能力,尤指处理实际工作的能力,常用于be capable of这一词组中。 able

指具有明显地超出平均水平的能力,常用于be able to do结构中。 competent

意为“胜任的,称职的”,指具有满足专门行业要求的能力。 如:

He is capable of leadership.他有领导才能。

Tom is the ablest man I’ve ever met in England.汤姆是我在英国遇见的最有能力的人。 She was very competent at her work.她很胜任自己的工作。 Test TwentyFour

character, personality, nature, temperament, individuality 这组词都表示人的“脾气,性格”。 character

意为“天性,性情,性格,个性;品格”,侧重人格、品质,特指道义方面的邪、正、强、弱等,也可笼统表示性格全貌。另外character还有“特点,人物”等多种意义。 personality

意为“人格,个性,为人”,是在私下和社交场合体现的能影响他人对自己的印象或看法的性情、举止等。personality也有“人物、名人”之意。 nature

意为“本性,天性,性质”,指天生的,无法改变的品质或性格。 temperament

意为“性情,脾气,气质”,主要指影响人的思想、感情及行为的性情、气质或人易激动、易怒等特点。 individuality

意为“个性、特征”,指与他人不同的、有显著特色的性格特征。 She is a woman of strong character. 她是个性格坚强的女人。

Love had to be a giveandtake, each respecting the other’s personality.爱既包含奉献也包含索取,彼此应尊重对方的人格。

It’s not her nature to be rude; she’s polite by nature.她的天性不是粗鲁无礼,而是彬彬有礼。

Many actors have excitable temperament.许多演员性情容易激动。 Dress expresses the wearer’s individuality.衣着反映人的个性。 Test TwentyFive 近义词辨析

source, origin, root, resource

这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。

source和origin

都表示某事的“起源,开端”。source原指河流的源头,其引申义可用来指某事物的最初来源或出处,在指非物质或无形的事物时尤其如此。source还常指消息等的“来源,出 origin 常译为“起源,发源,起因”,指导致某事物最后出现或形成的因素,或某事物在遥远的空间以外或久远的年代以前的最初形态,常表示某种历史文化现象、风俗习惯的“起源”,有时可译为“起因”。 root

的意义是“根源,起因”,它强调导致某事物最终出现的最初的、最根本的、最重要的原因,由此所产生的现象或事物常成为一种外观的产物。 resource

主要指一个国家或地区可以取用的“资源,财力,资产”,一般以复数形式出现。resource也可指人在处理问题时所表现出的“才智,机敏”,此时resource为不可数名词。

Literature is a source of endless pleasure to many thousands.文学是很多人快乐的无尽源泉。

Do you know the origin of the custom of giving presents at Christmas?你知道 在圣诞节互赠礼品这一风俗的来源吗?

The root of the question lay in the seizure of the land of Ireland by the Englis h ruling class.这个问题的根源在于英国统治阶级对爱尔兰土地的攫取。

The mortgage is a drain on our financial resources.偿还抵押贷款是我们财务上的一大负担。

ordinary, mediocre, commonplace 这组词均含有“平常的,普通的”的意思。 ordinary

意为“普通的,通常的”,使用范围较广,也有“平淡”之意,但不含贬义。 mediocre

意思是“平常,平庸的”,表示事物既不很好,也不很坏,但比所期望的差,隐含“二流”之意。如放在副词only或just后,则加重其贬义。 commonplace

意为“平常的,平凡的”,强调期望与事实差距悬殊,常用作贬义。 It is an ordinary summer day.这是个平常的夏日。 He is a person of mediocre abilities.他是平庸之才。

He’s not at all exciting. In fact, he’s really rather commonplace.他毫不出奇, 实际上平庸得很。

Test TwentySix 近义词辨析

range, reach, scope, compass, scale

这是一组表示“范围”的名词,其侧重点各有不同。 range

代表的是一个可以测量的范围,在这个范围内包括一系列可变化的数量。range还特指视力、听力所能达到的距离和枪炮的射程。 reach

特指伸手可达到的距离或非常近的距离,其比喻含义指能力、权力、影响等可达到的范围 scope

指人们所处理、研究的事物的“范围”以及所掌握、控制的“面积”。scope的比喻含义指的是所掌握的知识的宽度,即“眼界,见识”。 compass

在意义上与scope相同,是正式用语,表示活动、兴趣、能力的“界限,范围”。 scale

特指刻度、标度的范围,也指品级、级别的规模和大小的范围: The bird now came within my range of vision.那只小鸟飞入了我的视野。

Keep the pills out of the reach of the children!把药放到孩子们够不到的地方! Is Romanticism in the scope of your book?你的书涉及到浪漫主义吗?

Construction is not within the compass of the department.工程建设不属这个部门管辖。

This thermometer has two scales marked on it, one in Fahrenheit and the o ther in Centigrade.温度计上有两种刻度,一种是华氏,另一种是摄氏。 scarce, rare

这组词均含有“稀少的,少有的”的意思。 rare

强调某种东西是很少见到的,或某种现象是很少发生的,具有珍贵、贵重的意味。它的反义词是 common。 scarce

形容的事物不一定有珍贵之意,而是指有些东西(通常为日用品)因匮乏或难以得到而变得稀少或缺少。它的反义词是plentiful或abundant。此外,修饰时间表示频率时,则只能用rare,而不能用scarce,此时rare的含义是“不经常发生的”

The panda is one of the rare animals in the world.熊猫是世界上稀有动物之一。 Water is scarce in Sahara.撒哈拉沙漠上缺水。 Test TwentySeven 近义词辨析

recall, remember, remind, recollect 这组词都有“(使„)想起”之意。 recall

意为“想起”,强调有意识地去“回忆,回想”,常与can, could等词连用,强调一次性回忆。 remember

表示“想起”,指事物自然地在记忆中出现,不强调努力或意志。 remind

表示“使„想起”,指人受到一定媒介的启发或提醒而慢慢地唤起对往事的记忆,常用在remind sb. of sth.的结构中。 recollect

意为“回想”,指把已经遗忘的事情重新想起,强调回忆过程。 I can’t recall having met him before.我记不起以前曾见到过他。

I suddenly remembered I had left the book in the library.我突然想起我把书忘在图 书馆了。

Your telling me that story reminds me of another.你给我讲的故事使我想起了另一个

故事。

She thought back and tried to recollect the exact wording of the letter.她回忆着,试图回想起那封信的准确字眼。 shift, move, remove, transfer 这组词均含有“移动,转移”的意思。 shift

含有“轻易地更动”或出于不正当的动机把罪过“转”到他人身上的意思。 move

应用范围很广,其中主要意思是“从一处移到另一处”。 remove

意为“拿开,移动,消除”,强调离开原来的、正常的地方或职位等做一种新的、有时是暂时的安排或改变。该词还含有把不利的东西“取消”的意思。 transfer

意为“调动,移交”,强调从一处转到另一处。

It’s no use trying to shift the blame to anybody else.想把过错推到别人身上是没用的。

Please help me move the desk to the corner.请帮我把桌子搬到墙角。

The obstacle has been removed; the two countries continued their dialogue.障碍 已经排除,两国又继续对话。

The head office of the company has been transferred to New York.该公司总部已迁至纽约。

Test TwentyEight 近义词辨析

shake, tremble, quake, shiver, quaver 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。 shake

适用范围广,可用于人也可用于物。该词所表示的动作的方向既可以是水平的也可以是垂直的。 tremble

专门用于表示人体轻微、迅速地振动,特别是当人激动、怯懦、寒冷、疲惫时不自觉地发抖。 quake

可用来代替tremble,常表示剧裂震动,如地震等,也可表示人因天气寒冷发抖或因愤怒等强烈情绪而内心震动。 shiver

意为“颤抖,哆嗦”,特指因寒冷或恐惧而打寒战,多用于人。 quaver

有时表示不规则的震动或波动,尤其表示某些具有扰乱结果的震动或波动,它常常强调颤抖,特别是激动的情感对声音与言辞的影响。

To be shaken before taking.(药瓶标签用语)服前摇匀。

Her hands trembled with eagerness as she opened the letter.她拆信时,急得双手发抖。

His accusing hand stiffly extended, quaking in mute condemnation.他那控诉的手僵硬地伸出去,在无声的谴责中颤抖。

She is shivering with cold so that her teeth are chattering.她冷得直哆嗦,

牙齿咯咯作响。

The breeze set the flames of the street lamps quavering.街灯在微风中摇曳着。 subject, name, title, topic subject

意为“题目,主题”,既可以指文章、谈话、演讲等的“主要内容,主要涉及对象”,又可以指文章或演讲等的“具体名称,标题”。subject还可指学科、科目。 name

意为“名字,姓名,名称”,一般只用于人、动物或地方。 title

意为“名称,标题”,一般用于具体印发的作品、书籍。另外,一篇文章的题目如果是印出来了,那么既可以用subject又可以用title,如果在印发之前,就不能用title而要用subject,另外,title还可以作“称号,头衔”讲。 topic

一般译为“话题”,多为谈话、辩论、演讲、作文的题目。

The subject of their conversation was the war. 他们谈话的主要内容是战争。 What’s the name of the film?电影的名字是什么?

The title of the article is In Search of Silence.文章的题目是“寻寂”。 Here are some topics for discussion.下面是一些讨论题目。 Test TwentyNine 近义词辨析

energy, force, power, strength, vigor, might、 这组词都有“力”的意思。 energy

有“力,力量,精力”之意,原是物理学用语,其含义是“能”的意思,用于人时,指人的能力、精力。 force

有“力,力量”和“势力,武力”之意,指运用或发挥出来的力量,着重“力”产生的效果,即使人或物克服阻力,按要求的方向运动,达到一定目的。 power

有“力量,能力,权力”之意,含义广泛,可指内存的或外来的、具体的或抽象的力,可引申为“势力,政权”。 strength

有“力量,体力”之意,指人或物内部存在的力量,除指人身体的力气外,还可指感情、意志、记忆、判断等能力,指物时可指法律、风俗、文笔以及舆论等的力量。该词一般做不可数名词。 vigor

有“活力,力量”之意,侧重生命的活力或生命本身内在的力量,可指“精力,干劲”等,是不可数名词。 might

有“力量,威力”之意,指强有力的、强大的、超人的力量,是不可数名词。 The work took me a lot of energy.这工作花费了我很多精力。

The old man pulled the wagon with all his force.老人用尽全力拉货车。 The man has strong desire for power.这人渴望拥有权力。 These two boys are equal in strength.这两个男孩力气相等。

It is patriotism that gives the vigor of her writings.是爱国主义精神使她的作品充 满生命力。

She worked with all her might.她竭尽全力地工作。 arouse, rouse

这组词均含有“唤醒,引起”的意思,两者往往可以通用。 rouse

一般作及物动词,有时也可用作不及物动词 arouse

只作及物动词:

The fire roused the people from their sleep.大火把人们从睡梦中惊醒。

We must arouse them to fight for their own emancipation.我们必须唤醒他们起来为自己的解放而斗争。 Test Thirty 近义词辨析

choose, select, pick out 这组词皆有“选择”之意。 choose

在这三个词中是最常用的,可以表示进行一般的“选择”,有时也可以表示“决择”,它较侧重意志和判断。 select和pickout

而select和pick out通常指在三者或三者以上中作出选择。select比 pick out 更为正式,select通常指经过慎重考虑而作出的选择 select和choose

有时可以通用,主要不同在于:choose往往指以个人 的好恶或对个人是否合适为标准来“选择”,而select则更加强调被“选择”的事物在客观 上的优劣。choose有“选定之后就要坚持从事”的意思,而select则没有此意,例如在选择

一生的职业、事业及爱人等时,只能用choose而不能用select。choose一般指在两者之间 作出选择,有时也可指在三者之间作出选择。

The samples are for you to choose from.这些样品供你挑选。

Most of the delegates to the conference are selected from model worker s.出席大会的大多数人是从工人模范中挑选出来的。

The couples decide to choose gardening as their profession.这对夫妇决定选择园艺作为他们的职业。

Mary spent three hours picking out a red skirt at the store.玛丽花了三个小时在店 里挑了一条红裙子。 Test ThirtyOne 近义词辨析

embarrass, puzzle, perplex, confuse, bewilder

这组词皆有“使„困惑”的意思,都可作及物动词,常以无生命的词作主语;以有生命的词作主语时,常用被动语态。 embarrass

指“使„困惑,使„窘迫,使„为难”,含有令人不快、为难和内心混乱的意味。 puzzle

意为“使„迷惑”,指某一复杂的事件或困难难于被理解。 perplex

指“使„疑惑”,和puzzle同义,但比puzzle更为庄重,还含有“使„杂乱,使„疑虑,使„不安,使„不知如何决定”的意思。 confuse

指“使„混乱,使„糊涂”,强调使人因混淆而不知所措。 bewilder

“使„混乱,使„着慌,使„发愣”,语气最重,表示糊涂到无法思考的地步。

It embarrasses me even to think about my foolish behavior.哪怕是想一想我愚蠢的行为,我都感到困窘不安。

Her illness has puzzled all the doctors.她的病把所有的医生都难住了。

I have been puzzling my brains about this question for weeks now.对这个问题我已 经苦苦思索了几个星期了。

His strange behavior had greatly perplexed her.他奇怪的行为使她大为困惑。

We were perplexed to learn of your decision.我们听说了你们的决定,感到困惑不解。 

They asked so many questions that they confused me (that I got confused).他们问 了我很多问题,把我都给弄糊涂了。

Don’t confuse Austria with (and) Australia.不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混了。 She was bewildered to find them gone.发现他们已经离去,她愣住了。

Test ThirtyTwo

近义词辨析

refuse, reject, decline, deny, repel 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。

refuse

是表示“拒绝”这一概念的最普通的用词,语气比decline强,含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意味。refuse作及物动词时,后面常常接名词或代词表示被拒绝的对象,跟不定式表示拒绝做某事。作不及物动词时,refuse可单独使用。

reject

意为“拒不接受,不采纳”,语气比refuse更强,强调抛弃、丢弃,有时可翻译为“抵制,驳回”。该词还常常表示由于客观条件不符合规定的标准而遭到拒绝。reject后通常只接名词或代词。

decline

常常翻译为“辞谢,婉言谢绝”,指有礼貌地、语气委婉地拒绝,主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或请求等。 deny

常常作“否认,否定”讲,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或that从句。另外,deny也可作“拒绝给予”讲,这时多接双宾语,即用在deny sb. sth.结构中,并且可以与refuse互换,不过语气要比refuse更坚决。

repel

指“拒绝接受”,甚至含“抵制”的意思,语气比reject强。

It is the stupid who refuse to be taught by mistake.只有蠢人才拒绝从错误中吸取教训。 The patient’s body rejected the heart transplant.病人的身体对心脏移植有排斥反应。

She declined to have lunch with us, saying that she wasn’t feeling well.她说身体不适而婉言谢绝与我们共进午餐。

He doesn’t dare to deny the charges, does he?他不敢否认这些指控。 Fire repels wild animals.火使野兽不敢靠近。

Test ThirtyThree 近义词辨析

trust, believe, believe in, confide 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。 trust

是“信任”的意思,指信任某人的内在品质、人格、能力等,也可指“信赖”事物。trust后面接不定式的复合结构(trust sb. to do sth.),表示“放心让某人做某事,相信某人会”。另外,trust后面常跟介词in,也表示“相信,信赖”之意。 believe

后面常接名词、代词或that从句,接that从句时常表示“认为”的意思。 believe in

是“信任,信仰”的意思,常指相信某一理论或信仰某一宗教等,也指相信某事物或某人的更为本质的、内在的东西,或相信某事物的存在。 confide

是指信赖某人以致可以与之倾吐心腹话或内心的秘密。confide作及物动词时,常用在“confide sth. to sb.”;作不及物动词时,后面常与介词in连用,表示信赖某人,对某人讲真话。

A forgetful man should not trust his memory, but should write things down in a notebook.一个健忘的人不应相信自己的记忆力,而该把事情记在记事本上。 You can’t trust him to do anything right.你什么事也别指望他能做好。

She didn’t trust in her son’s ability to look after himself.她不相信儿子有能力

照顾自己。

I find it impossible to believe a single word you say.我发现你的每句话都难以置 信。

Is he really coming? I can hardly believe my ears.他真的要来吗?我简直不敢相信我 的耳朵。

I don’t believe in his honesty.我不相信他诚实。 They don’t believe in ghosts.他们不相信有鬼神。

She confided her trouble to her friend.她把自己的烦恼告诉了朋友。 Test ThirtyFour 近义词辨析

roughly, approximately, about, around

这组词都可表示在距离、时间、数量等方面“接近,大约”。 roughly

意为“粗略,大约”,经常用来代替approximately或about。该词常含有随便、草率的意味。

approximately

作“近于,接近”讲,表示精确程度非常接近某一标准,其误差极小甚至可忽略不计。 about

作“大约”讲,可与approximately互相使用,但它不如前者那样强调对精确度的接近,但它后面的数或量都是明确的,没有“多少不定”的意思,如,不可说“about more than two”。 around

意为“大约”,有时用于非正式场合,可以代替about或approximately

Roughly speaking, I think we are heading for the depression.大体说来,我认为我们正走向萧条。

It was approximately 100°F in the shade.在荫凉处温度约为华氏100度。 There are about 60 people in the room.这房间里大约有60个人。 He went to bed around midnight.他大约半夜才去睡觉。 accumulate, amass

这组词均含有“累积,积聚”的含义。 accumulate

强调一点一点地连续积累,从而积聚成堆。 amass

往往用于价高或量大的积聚。

The accumulated evidence isn’t enough to ensure his conviction.已收集到的证据还不足以给他定罪。

My savings are accumulating interest.我的储蓄不断生息。

Fat will be accumulated in your body if you stop doing sports.如果你停止运动,脂肪就会积聚于体内。

A speculator may try to amass great wealth.投机商会想方设法积聚钱财。 assemble, collect, gather

这组词均含有“收集,聚集”的意思。 assemble

指为了一定目的把即将分散的人或物集合为一个整体。 gather

是一般用语,指将分散的东西聚集在一起。用于人时表示“聚集,集中”之意。 collect

与gather通用,指按计划进行收集整理,其对象一般是物,偶尔也用于人,意为“集合 Assemble your papers and put them in this file.把你的论文收集起来,放在这个文件夹里。

You must gather the students to your side.你必须把学生团结到你这一边来。

People gathered in crowds on the street waiting for the news of victory.人们成群 结队地聚集在街上,等待着胜利的消息。

My son likes collecting stamps.我儿子喜欢集邮。 Test ThirtyFive 近义词辨析

prohibit, forbid, ban

这三个词皆为及物动词,表示“禁止”。 prohibit

意为“(通过法律、法令、公告、严正警告)禁止某些事情”,该词应用范围比其他两个词广,其常用结构为prohibit sb. from doing sth.。 forbid

意为“禁止”,是这三个词中最普通的词。如果我们指一般意义上的“禁止某人做某事”,就要用forbid sb. to do sth.。 ban 意为“禁止”,在这三个词中语气最强,指权威机关“正式禁止”,这种禁止可以是正面的,也可以是反面的。ban只以物作宾语,而不能以人作宾语。

The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children.法律禁止烟草商卖给儿童香烟。

She had been strictly forbidden to drink beer.严禁她喝啤酒。

Bicycles are banned from the new motorway.自行车禁止通行于新建的快车道。

foretell, foresee, forecast, predict 这组词均含有“预言,预测”的意思 foretell

意为“预言,预料”,着重宣布未来的事,而不表明所预言的事情是否正确。 foresee

强调“预见,预知”,与foretell基本同义。 forecast

强调“预报”,指通过分析一些相关的信息、数据来预测。predict

常指根据已知的事实或自然规律推断出未来的事情,可用于各种不同的场合。predict所作的预言有一定的科学性。

The Gypsy foretold that the boy would become a king.那个吉普赛人预言这个男孩将会成为国王。

The difficulties could not have been foreseen.这些困难是无法预料的。

Who can forecast what the outcome of election will be?谁能预测出选举结果? Economists are predicting a fall in interest rate.经济专家预言利率会下降。 Test ThirtySix 近义词辨析

long, wish, desire, hope, expect 这组词都含有“希望”之意。 long

意为“渴望,盼望”,常与for搭配使用,有较强的感情色彩,表示对某一事物抱有热切的“希望”或强烈的“向往”。 wish

作“希望,渴望”讲,是一般用语,常用于表达过去的遗憾,对不可能达到的目标的渴求,此时常为虚拟语气。另外,还可指对别人的祝愿。 desire

意为“希望,渴望”,是正式用语,语气强于wish,指怀着急切的心情,强烈地盼望着达到某种目的,而这种殷切的希望经多方努力是可以实现的。 hope

作“希望,盼望”讲,指人期待或渴望有一定指望的事物,这种期待可能实现也可能实现不了,但常含有充满信心之意。 expect

表示“希望,期待”,指有一定的把握认为某人会做某事并期待着这种可能性的实现。 She longed to go back to the laboratory.她渴望能回到实验室。

What I like is chewing gum. I wish I had some now.我喜欢的是口香糖,真希望我现在有些口香糖。

Have you got everything that your heart desired?你一心向往的东西都有了吗?

He hoped that his extra effort on the essay would bring him a higher mark.他希望 他在论文上作出的特殊努力将会使他得高分。

If I tell you to come, I expect you to come.如果我让你来,我就希望你来。result, consequence, effect, outcome

这组词均含有“结果”的意思,指事物最后呈现的一种局面。

result是最普通的用词,用途最广,指很多效果、后果的综合,带有“最后结果”的意味。consequence这个词带有贬义,一般表示一种不好的结局,常译为“后果”。 effect与cause(原因,起因)相对,强调由某种原因直接或立即产生的结果,可译为“效果,效力,作用,影响”。

outcome常译为“结果,结局”,常指某项活动、比赛或者悬而未决的事情最后见分晓、见输赢。

The net result of our discussions was that she agreed to take this job.我们反复商量的最终结果是她同意接受这份工作。

The high level of unemployment has produced harmful social consequences.高失业率 已经造成了不良的社会后果。

The advertising campaign didn’t have much effect on sales.这次广告运动对销售未能

起到多大的作用。

There were not many people who dared predict the outcome of the general electi on.没有人敢预测大选的结果。 Test ThirtySeven

complete, entire, total, whole 这组词都可作“完全的,全部的”讲。 complete

意为“完全的,完善的”,强调所需要的正常的部分都已具备,达到完备、无可增加的程度。entire

意为“完全的,完整的”,可用于具体或抽象的概念,用来形容完整的、未被破坏或切割的统一体。其含义侧重物体或概念的本身,强调既不能增加,也不能减少,保持原有完整的意义。该词常用作定语。 total

意为“完全的,全部的”。强调没有任何例外,一切都被统计在内,指金钱、数量、程度等的全部,在表示抽象意义时,可与complete换用,有时也可和entire换用。 whole

意为“整个的,整体的”,强调完整、没有被忽略、遗漏或减少,此时该词和entire语义相似,只是语气稍弱,且多在口语中使用,一般多用作定语。

They own a house complete with furniture.他们拥有一幢家具齐全的房子。 The Complete Works of Tolstoy is on the shelf.《托尔斯泰全集》在书架上。

It took us an entire week to finish the work.完成这项工作花费我们整整一周时间。 He was in entire ignorance of the matter.他对这件事一无所知。 What is the total cost of the new furniture?新家具总共花了多少钱?

The new manager has a total control of the business.新任经理完全掌握公司的控制权。 The different parts were joined to form a whole group.不同的部分连接起来形成一个 整体。

The whole book is on how to appreciate poetry.整个书都是关于诗歌欣赏的。 aggression, invasion

这组词均含有“入侵”的意思。 aggression

主要指对别国的入侵。 invasion

指持有挑衅、敌对的企图而进行的侵占、入侵、侵犯。 如:

The Chinese government protested strongly against such barbarous aggression.中国 政府强烈抗议这种野蛮的侵略行为。

The illegal search was an invasion of their civil liberties.那次非法搜查是对他们 公民自由权的侵犯。 Test ThirtyEight

repair, mend, fix, remedy 这组词都有“修理”的意思。 repair

意为“修理,修复”,指修理已破旧或损坏的东西,使其恢复原有的良好状况。此外,repair还可引申为“纠正,弥补,治愈”。 mend

意为“修理,修补”,是普通用语,仅指修补磨损的、破裂的、撕毁的小东西,很少用于大件物品。该词可引申为“改善,弥补,恢复健康”。 fix意为“修理,修复”,和repair同义,两者经常换用,fix常用于美国英语中,口语色彩较浓。 remedy

意为“补救,弥补”,指对已经出现的过失及不满意的现状采取弥补措施,加以补救。

He doesn’t know how to repair the error.他不知道怎样弥补这个过失。 It’s never too late to mend.改过不嫌迟。

He tried to fix the leaking tap.他试图修漏水的水龙头。

Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied.你的发音毛病是可以矫正的。 adequate, enough, sufficient 这组词均含有“足够”的意思。 adequate

强调符合一个客观要求或标准,这个要求或标准可能不太高或不太严格。 enough

侧重份量和数量的足够。是三个词中最普通的。 sufficient

一般用于正式书面语中,且只能放在所修饰的名词前。 如:

His income is not adequate to his family’s needs.他的收入满足不了家庭需求。 Do we have enough time for a drink?我们有没有足够的时间喝点什么? The rain is not sufficient to do any harm.这场雨不足为害。 Test ThirtyNine 近义词辨析

flaw, defect, fault, mistake, error 这组词都表示“错误,缺陷”。 flaw

〖FK(F+18mm。102mmZQ〗 原意为“裂缝,裂隙”,引申为“缺点,漏洞,瑕疵”,表示存在的或出现的某种破坏了完好统一体的因素,强调对完美性或有效性的损害。 defect

意思是“欠缺,不足”,指缺乏达到完善或发挥效用所需要的东西,也常指一般的缺陷。 fault

意思是“缺点,毛病;错误,过错,责任”,一般指性格上的弱点或行为上的过失及责任 mistake

指由于认识上的缺点而无心犯下的错误。 error

常指违反一定标准而犯的错误。mistake和error虽然常常通用,但在习惯搭配中不能互换。 如:

I can’t detect any flaw in his ingenious theory.在他的精妙理论中我找不到任何漏洞。

No one is without defects.人无完人。

She always finds fault with me.她总挑我的毛病。 I took her gloves by mistake.我错拿了她的手套。 Every man is liable to err.人人都难免犯错误。、 freedom, liberty

这组词均含有“自由”的意思。 freedom

强调不受外界任何限制和约束,或者可以完全按照自己的意愿行事。 liberty

侧重于从所受的压制或压迫下解放出来。

如:

In some countries, there is no freedom of the press.在一些国家里没有新闻自由。 All the prisoners in the concentration camp wanted their liberty.集中营里所有囚 犯都想得到自由。 Test Fourty 近义词辨析

glimpse, look, sight, view 这组词都有“看,瞥见”的意思。 glance

指看一下或瞥一眼(有意识的)。

His glance silenced the audience, and he began to speak.他环视了一下,听众都不说话了,他便开始讲话。 glimpse

一般指看一眼或一瞥(无意识的)。

She caught a glimpse of her friend in the supermarket.她在超级市场里瞥见了她的朋友。

look一般用语,表示直接用眼睛看。

Her intent look showed how much she had missed her sister.她的专心的目光说明她是多么想念她的姐姐。

sight 此词与视力和视觉有关,意指察看或视野。 She has lost sight of her dog.她看不见那条狗了。 view 常指视野,视域景色和眼界。

The tower commands a good view of the beautiful city.从这个塔上可以清楚地看到这座美丽城市的景色。

huge, enormous, immense, giant, gigantic, vast 这组词均含有“很大的”的意思。

huge指体积和数量大得超过一定的标准,可用来形容物体,距离,程度和声音等。 They spent a huge amount of money on that villa.他们花巨款买下了那幢别墅。 enormous着重指体积庞大,常指硕大无比,令人咋舌的事物。多用来形容形体、数量和程度,有时含有严重、紧急的意思。

The dinosaurs were enormous animals which lived on the earth long ago.恐龙是很久以前生存在地球上的巨型动物。

giant 常指身体,体积,或力量的巨大。

They took giant strides forward.他们大踏步前进。

gigantic多用于夸张手法,强调某种事物程度的巨大、重大或极为严重,常用于隐喻。 The economy of the country has taken a gigantic leap forward.这个国家的经济有很大的飞跃。

immense 有大到不能计算的意味,常用于形容空间,也可形容程度。

This book was about the early explorers who got lost in the immense Atlantic.这本书讲的是迷失在浩瀚大西洋中的早期探险家的故事。

vast着重指面积极为开阔,用作比喻时指阅历广、花费大等。

The lion used to live in vast areas of Africa.狮子过去生活在非洲广袤的地区。

因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容