新核心综合学术英语教程2 U2单词总结

2020-10-23 来源：步旅网

empirical

◙ adj. [usually before noun]

• based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories • 以实验(或经验)为依据的；经验主义的: »empirical evidence / knowledge / research

实践经验的证明；从实际经验中获得的知识；以实验为基础的研究

»an empirical study

经验式研究

【OPP】 theoretical ♦ empirically / -kli / adv.:

»Such claims need to be tested empirically.

这类断言需要实践来检验。

formulation

noun

1. [mass noun] the action of creating or preparing something •创建或准备某物的动作

the formulation of foreign policy

外交政策的制定

■ [count noun] a particular expression of an idea, thought, or theory 2. a material or mixture prepared according to a formula

deductive

◙ adj. [usually before noun]

• using knowledge about things that are generally true in order to think about and understand particular situations or problems

• 演绎的；推论的；推理的: »deductive logic / reasoning 演绎逻辑/推理

--› compare inductive (1)

presence

◙ noun

1. [U] (of a person 人) the fact of being in a particular place • 在场；出席:

»He hardly seemed to notice my presence.

他似乎没有注意到我在场。

»Her presence during the crisis had a calming effect.

危难时她的到来稳定了大家的心情。

»(formal) Your presence is requested at the meeting.

敬请出席会议。

【OPP】 absence

2. [U] (of a thing or a substance 事物或物质) the fact of being in a particular place or thing • 存在；出现:

»The test can identify the presence of abnormalities in the unborn child.

这项化验能鉴定胎儿是否有不正常现象。

【OPP】 absence

3. [sing.] a group of people, especially soldiers, who have been sent to a place to deal with a particular situation • (派遣的)一个队；(尤指执行任务的)部队:

»The government is maintaining a heavy police presence in the area.

政府在这地区派驻了大批警察。

»a military presence

驻军

4. [C, usually sing.] (literary) a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is near • 感觉在附近的人(或鬼魂): »She felt a presence behind her.

她觉得有什么东西跟在背后。

5. [U] (approving) the quality of making a strong impression on other people by the way you talk or behave • 仪态；风度；气质: »a man of great presence

风度翩翩的男子

【IDIOMS】

◘ in the 'presence of sb | ◘ in sb's 'presence • with sb in the same place • 在…面前；有…在场:

»The document was signed in the presence of ten witnesses.

本文件是有两位证人见证签署的。

»She asked them not to discuss the matter in her presence.

她要求他们不要当着她的面讨论这个问题。

◘ in the 'presence of sth

• when sth exists in a particular place • 存在…的情况下；有…的存在:

»Litmus paper turns red in the presence of an acid.

石蕊试纸遇到酸就变红。

◘ make your presence 'felt

• to do sth to make people very aware of the fact that you are there; to have a strong influence on a group of people or a situation

• 突显自己；对(人群或局势)发挥作用

verify

◙ verb (veri∙fies, veri∙fy∙ing, veri∙fied, veri∙fied) 1. to check that sth is true or accurate • 核实；查对；核准: ▪ [VN]

»We have no way of verifying his story. 我们无法核实他所说的情况。 ▪ [V that]

»Please verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program. 请在核实有足够的内存后再安装程序。 ▪ [V wh-]

»I'll leave you to verify whether these claims are true. 我让你来查核这些说法是否属实。

2. to show or say that sth is true or accurate • 证明；证实【SYN】 confirm : ▪ [VN]

»Her version of events was verified by neighbours. 她对这些事件的说法已得到邻居的证实。 ▪ [also V that] ♦ verifiable adj.: »a verifiable fact 可核实的事实

♦ verification noun [U] : »the verification of hypotheses

对假说的证实

unintention∙al

◙ adj.

• not done deliberately, but happening by accident • 无意的；非故意的；偶然的:

»Perhaps I misled you, but it was quite unintentional (= I did not mean to). 也许我误导了你,但那绝不是有意的。【OPP】 intentional ♦ unintentionally adv.:

»They had unintentionally provided wrong information.

他们无意中提供了错误的信息。

intersect

◙ verb

1. (of lines, roads, etc. 线、道路等) to meet or cross each other • 相交；交叉: ▪ [V]

»a pattern of intersecting streets 纵横交错的街道图

»The lines intersect at right angles. 线条垂直相交。

»The path intersected with a busy road. 小路与一条繁忙的大路相交。 ▪ [also VN]

2. [VN] [usually passive] ~ sth (with sth) to divide an area by crossing it • 横穿；贯穿；横断:

»The landscape is intersected with spectacular gorges.

在大地景色中点缀着壮观的峡谷。

yearning / 5jE:niN; NAmE 5jE:rniN /

◙ noun [C, U]

• ~ (for sb / sth) | ~ (to do sth) (formal) a strong and emotional desire • 渴望；向往【SYN】 longing : »a yearning for a quiet life 对宁静生活的向往

»She had no great yearning to go back.

她并不十分想回去。

♦ yearningly adv.

objective / Eb5dVektiv /

◙ noun

1. something that you are trying to achieve • 目标；目的【SYN】 goal :

»the main / primary / principal objective

主要/首要/重要目标

»to meet / achieve your objectives

达到/实现你的目标

»You must set realistic aims and objectives for yourself. 你必须给自己确定切实可行的目的和目标。 »The main objective of this meeting is to give more information on our plans. 这次会议的主要目的是进一步介绍我们的计划。 --› note at target 2. (also ob7jective 'lens) (technical 术语) the lens in a telescope or microscope that is nearest to the object being looked at • (望远镜或显微镜的)物镜

◙ adj.

1. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; considering only facts • 客观的；就事论事的；不带个人感情的【SYN】 unbiased :

»an objective analysis / assessment / report

客观的分析/评价/报告

»objective criteria

客观标准

»I find it difficult to be objective where he's concerned.

只要涉及到他,我就难以做到保持客观。

【OPP】 subjective

2. (philosophy 哲) existing outside the mind; based on facts that can be proved • 客观存在的；基于事实的: »objective reality

客观现实

【OPP】 subjective

3. [only before noun] (grammar 语法) the objective case is the one which is used for the object of a sentence • 宾格的

♦ objectively adv.:

»Looked at objectively, the situation is not too bad.

客观地看,局面并不算太糟。

»Can these effects be objectively measured?

这些结果能客观地衡量吗？

♦ objectivity noun [U] :

»There was a lack of objectivity in the way the candidates were judged.

对候选人的评定缺乏客观性。

»scientific objectivity

科学的客观性

【OPP】 subjectivity

experimentation

◙ noun [U]

• (formal) the activity or process of experimenting • 实验；试验:

»experimentation with new teaching methods 用新的教学方法实验

»Many people object to experimentation on embryos.

许多人反对用胚胎做实验。

sense

◙ noun

›› sight / hearing, etc. 视觉、听觉等

1. [C] one of the five powers (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) that your body uses to get information about the world around you

• 感觉官能(即视、听、嗅、味、触五觉): »the five senses

五种感觉官能

»Dogs have a keen (= strong) sense of smell.

狗的嗅觉很灵敏。

»the sense organs (= eyes, ears, nose, etc.)

感觉器官

»I could hardly believe the evidence of my own senses (= what I could see, hear, etc.).

我简直不敢相信自己的感觉。

»The mixture of sights, smells and sounds around her made her senses reel.

四周的物象、气味和声音纷至沓来,使她晕头转向。

--› see also sixth sense ›› feeling 感觉

2. [C] a feeling about sth important • (对重大事情的)感觉,意识:

»He felt an overwhelming sense of loss.

他感到非常失落。

»a strong sense of purpose / identity / duty, etc.

重大意义、很强的个性意识、很强的责任感等

»Helmets can give cyclists a false sense of security.

头盔能给骑自行车的人一种虚假的安全感。

»I had the sense that he was worried about something.

我感觉他有心事。

›› understanding / judgement 理解；判断

3. [sing.] an understanding about sth; an ability to judge sth • 理解力；判断力:

»One of the most important things in a partner is a sense of humour (= the ability to find things funny or make people laugh).

作为一个生活伴侣,最重要的素质之一是幽默感。

»He has a very good sense of direction (= finds the way to a place easily).

他的方向感很强。

»She has lost all sense of direction in her life.

她完全丧失了生活的方向。

»Always try to keep a sense of proportion (= of the relative importance of different things).

对事情随时都要把握好孰轻孰重。

»a sense of rhythm / timing

节奏感；时机感

»Alex doesn't have any dress sense (= does not know which clothes look attractive).

亚历克斯对服装毫无鉴赏力。

--› see also road sense

4. [U] good understanding and judgement; knowledge of what is sensible or practical behaviour • 见识；良好的判断；清醒的认识:

»You should have the sense to take advice when it is offered.

你要知道好歹,别人给你忠告,就该接受。

»There's no sense in (= it is not sensible) worrying about it now.

现在大可不必为那件事忧虑。

»Can't you talk sense (= say sth sensible) ?

你就不能说点正经的？

»There's a lot of sense in what Mary says.

玛丽说得很在理。

--› see also common sense , good sense ›› normal state of mind 正常的精神状态

5. senses [pl.] a normal state of mind; the ability to think clearly • 健全的心智；清醒的思维能力；理智:

»If she threatens to leave, it should bring him to his senses.

假如她威胁着要走,说不定他会清醒过来。

»He waited for Dora to come to her senses and return.

他盼着多拉冷静下来后回来。

»(old-fashioned) Are you out of your senses ? You'll be killed!

你疯了吗？你会丢了性命的！

»(old-fashioned) Why does she want to marry him? She must have taken leave of her senses.

她怎么会要嫁给他呢？她准是脑子有毛病了。

›› meaning 意义

6. [C] the meaning that a word or phrase has; a way of understanding sth • 意义；含义；理解…的方式；看待…的角度:

»The word 'love' is used in different senses by different people.

\"爱\"这个字不同的人用来表示不同的意思。

»education in its broadest sense

最广泛意义的教育

»He was a true friend, in every sense of the word (= in every possible way).

无论从哪个角度讲,他都是个真正的朋友。

»In a sense (= in one way) it doesn't matter any more.

从某种意义上说,这事已无关紧要了。

»In some senses (= in one or more ways) the criticisms were justified.

在一定意义上,那些批评意见是有道理的。

»(formal) In no sense can the issue be said to be resolved.

无论如何这个问题都不能说已经解决了。

»There is a sense in which we are all to blame for the tragedy.

在某种意义上,对这个悲剧我们大家都有责任。

--› note at sensible 【IDIOMS】

◘ knock / talk some 'sense into sb

• to try and persuade sb to stop behaving in a stupid way, sometimes using rough or violent methods • 开导某人别干傻事；强使某人理智行事 ◘ make 'sense

1. to have a meaning that you can easily understand • 有道理；有意义；讲得通:

»This sentence doesn't make sense.

这个句子不通。

2. to be a sensible thing to do • 是明智的；合乎情理:

»It makes sense to buy the most up-to-date version.

买最新的版本是明智的。

3. to be easy to understand or explain • 表述清楚；易于理解；道理明显:

»John wasn't making much sense on the phone.

约翰在电话上说得不大清楚。

»Who would send me all these flowers? It makes no sense.

谁会给我送这么多花呢？真不可思议。

◘ make 'sense of sth

• to understand sth that is difficult or has no clear meaning • 理解,弄懂(不易理解的事物) ◘ see 'sense

• to start to be sensible or reasonable • 变得明智起来；开始明白事理 ◘ a sense of oc'casion

• a feeling or understanding that an event is important or special • 隆重的(或特别的)气氛:

»Candles on the table gave the evening a sense of occasion.

桌上点了一些蜡烛,使得那个晚上有一种特别的气氛。

--› more at leave n.

◙ verb

(not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) ›› become aware 感觉

1. to become aware of sth even though you cannot see it, hear it, etc. • 感觉到；意识到；觉察出: ▪ [VN]

»Sensing danger, they started to run.

他们感到有危险,撒腿就跑。

▪ [V]

»Thomas, she sensed, could convince anyone of anything.

她觉得,托马斯能说服任何人相信任何事。

▪ [V (that)]

»Lisa sensed that he did not believe her.

莉萨意识到他不相信她。

▪ [also VN -ing VN inf V wh-] ›› of machine 机器

2. [VN] to discover and record sth • 检测出:

»equipment that senses the presence of toxic gases

检测有毒气体的设备

verify

◙ verb (verifies, verifying, verified, verified) 1. to check that sth is true or accurate • 核实；查对；核准: ▪ [VN]

»We have no way of verifying his story.

我们无法核实他所说的情况。

2. to show or say that sth is true or accurate • 证明；证实【SYN】 confirm : ▪ [VN]

»Her version of events was verified by neighbours.

她对这些事件的说法已得到邻居的证实。

interpret/

◙ verb

1. [VN] to explain the meaning of sth • 诠释；说明:

»The students were asked to interpret the poem. 学生们被要求诠释那首诗的意义。

2. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) to decide that sth has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way • 把…理解为；领会:

»I didn't know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal. 我不知该把她的沉默看作是接受还是拒绝。

»The data can be interpreted in many different ways. 这份资料可以从多方面解读。 --› compare misinterpret

3. [V] ~ (for sb) to translate six language into another as you hear it • 口译；传译 :

»She couldn't speak much English so her children had to interpret for her. 她讲不了几句英语,所以她的孩子们得给她翻译。

4. [VN] to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning • 演绎(按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色): »He interpreted the role with a lot of humour.

他把这个角色演得十分幽默。

terminology

◙ noun (pl. -ies)

1. [U, C] the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject • (某学科的)术语: »medical terminology 医学术语

2. [U] words used with particular meanings

• 有特别含义的用语；专门用语: The disagreement arose over a different use of terminology.

分歧的缘起在于专门用语使用的不同。

constitute

◙ verb (formal)

1. linking verb

• [V-N] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to be considered to be sth • (被认为或看作)是；被算作:

»Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence? 难道这样的活动也算刑事犯罪吗？

»The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society. 种族间紧张状态的升级是对我们社会的一种威胁。

2. linking verb

• [V-N] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to be the parts that together form sth • 组成；构成【SYN】 make up :

»Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force. 女性雇员占劳动力的多数。

3. [VN] [usually passive] to form a group legally or officially • (合法或正式地)成立,设立【SYN】 establish , set up :

»The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament.

该委员会是根据议会法案于 1974 年设立的。

merit

◙ noun

1. [U] (formal) the quality of being good and of deserving praise, reward or admiration • 优点；美德；价值【SYN】 worth :

»a work of outstanding artistic merit

具有杰出艺术价值的作品

»The plan is entirely without merit.

这个计划毫无价值。

»I want to get the job on merit.

我要凭才能得到这份工作。

2. [C, usually pl.] a good feature that deserves praise, reward or admiration • 值得赞扬(或奖励、钦佩)的特点；功绩；长处【SYN】 strength :

»We will consider each case on its (own) merits (= without considering any other issues, feelings, etc.).

我们将根据每件事情本身的情况来考虑。

»They weighed up the relative merits of the five candidates.

他们对四名候选人各自的优点作了比较。

3. [C] (BrE) a mark / grade in an exam or for a piece of work at school or university which is excellent • (学校或大学考试或作业的)良好

4. [C] (BrE) a mark / grade given as a reward for good behaviour at school • (在校操行好而获得的)良好

◙ verb

• (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (formal) to do sth to deserve praise, attention, etc. • 应得；值得【SYN】 deserve : ▪ [VN]

»He claims that their success was not merited.

他声称他们不应该获得成功。

»The case does not merit further investigation.

这个案子不值得进一步调查。

▪ [also V -ing]

inferiority

◙ noun [U]

• the state of not being as good as sb / sth else • 低等；劣等；劣势: »a sense of inferiority 自卑感

»social inferiority

社会地位低下

render

◙ verb

›› cause sb / sth to be sth 使成为

1. [VN-ADJ] (formal) to cause sb / sth to be in a particular state or condition • 使成为；使变得；使处于某状态【SYN】 make :

»to render sth harmless / useless / ineffective 使某事物无害/无用/无效

»Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. 成百上千的人因为地震而无家可归。 ›› give help 提供帮助

2. ~ sth (to sb / sth) | ~ (sb) sth (formal) to give sb sth, especially in return for sth or because it is expected • 给予；提供；回报 ▪ : [VN , VNN]

»to render a service to sb 给某人提供服务 »to render sb a service 为某人服务 ▪ [VN]

»They rendered assistance to the disaster victims. 他们给灾民提供了援助。

»It was payment for services rendered. 这是服务酬金。 ›› present sth 提交

3. [VN] (formal) to present sth, especially when it is done officially • 递交；呈献；提交【SYN】 furnish :

»The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation. 要求委员会提交一份有关住房情况的报告。 ›› express / perform 表达；表演

4. [VN] (formal) to express or perform sth • 表达；表演；演示:

»He stood up and rendered a beautiful version of 'Summertime'. 他站起来表演了一段优美的《夏日时光》。 »The artist has rendered the stormy sea in dark greens and browns. 画家用了深绿色和棕色来表现波涛汹涌的大海。 ›› translate 翻译

5. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) | ~ sth (into sth) to express sth in a different language • (用不同的语言)表达；翻译；把…译成【SYN】 translate :

»The Italian phrase can be rendered as 'I did my best'. 这个意大利语的短语可以译为\"我尽力了\"。

»It's a concept that is difficult to render into English. 这个概念难以用英语来表达。 ›› wall 墙壁

6. [VN] (BrE, technical 术语) to cover a wall with a layer of plaster or cement • 粉刷；给(墙壁)抹灰 ›› melt 化开

7. [VN] ~ sth (down) to make fat liquid by heating it; to melt sth • 将(脂肪)熬成油；熔化

incompatible

◙ adj.

1. ~ (with sth) two actions, ideas, etc. that are incompatible are not acceptable or possible together because of basic differences

• (与某事物)不一致,不相配:

»The hours of the job are incompatible with family life. 这份工作的上班时间和家庭生活有冲突。

»These two objectives are mutually incompatible. 这两个目标相互矛盾。

2. two people who are incompatible are very different from each other and so are not able to live or work happily together

• (与某人)合不来,不能和睦相处

3. ~ (with sth) two things that are incompatible are of different types so that they cannot be used or mixed together • (与某物)不匹配；配伍禁忌的；不兼容；互斥的:

»New computer software is often incompatible with older computers. 新的计算机软件往往和旧式计算机不兼容。 »Those two blood groups are incompatible. 那两种血型是不相容的。【OPP】 compatible

refute

◙ verb [VN] (formal) 1. to prove that sth is wrong • 驳斥；批驳【SYN】 rebut :

»to refute an argument / a theory, etc. 驳斥一个论点、理论等

2. to say that sth is not true or fair

• 反驳；否认 deny :

»She refutes any suggestion that she behaved unprofessionally. 谁要是表示她不在行,她都予以反驳。

disallow

◙ verb [VN]

• [often passive] to officially refuse to accept sth because it is not valid • 不准许；不接受；驳回: »to disallow a claim / an appeal 不接受要求；驳回上诉

»The second goal was disallowed. 第二个进球被判无效。 --› compare allow

vice

◙ noun

1. [U] criminal activities that involve sex or drugs • (与性或毒品有关的)罪行:

»plain-clothes detectives from the vice squad 取缔性或毒品犯罪行动队的便衣侦探

2. [U, C] evil or immoral behaviour; an evil or immoral quality in sb's character • 恶行；不道德行为；堕落；邪恶:

»The film ended most satisfactorily: vice punished and virtue rewarded. 这部电影的结尾皆大欢喜:邪恶受到惩治,善良得到报偿。 »Greed is a terrible vice. 贪婪是一种恶习。

»(humorous) Cigarettes are my only vice. 我唯一的罪过就是爱抽烟。

3. (BrE) (NAmE vise) [C] a tool with two metal blocks that can be moved together by turning a screw. The vice is used to hold an object firmly while work is done on it. • 枱钳；老虎钳:

»He held my arm in a vice-like (= very firm) grip.

他的手像老虎钳一样紧紧抓住了我的手臂。

virtue

◙ noun

1. [U] (formal) behaviour or attitudes that show high moral standards • 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行: »He led a life of virtue.

他过着高尚的生活。

»She was certainly no paragon of virtue !

她决不是道德高尚的典范！

2. [C] a particular good quality or habit • 美德；优秀品质；良好习惯:

»Patience is not six of her virtues, I'm afraid.

恐怕她没有耐性。

3. [C, U] an attractive or useful quality • 优点；长处；用处

【SYN】 advantage :

»The plan has the virtue of simplicity.

这项计划的优点是简单。

»He was extolling the virtues of the Internet.

他赞扬了互联网的长处。

»They could see no virtue in discussing it further.

他们看不到再讨论下去有什么用处。

【IDIOMS】

◘ by / in virtue of sth

•(formal) by means of or because of sth • 凭藉；依靠；由于；因为:

»She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.

她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。

◘ make a virtue of ne'cessity

• to manage to gain an advantage from sth that you have to do and cannot avoid • 不得已而力争有所得 ◘ virtue is its own re'ward

•(saying) the reward for acting in a moral or correct way is the knowledge that you have done so, and you should not expect more than this, for example praise from other people or payment • 施恩无他图,有德便是报；美德本身就是成果

genuine

◙ adj.

1. real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial • 真的；名副其实的【SYN】 authentic :

»Is the painting a genuine Picasso? 这幅画是毕加索的真迹吗？

»Fake designer watches are sold at a fraction of the price of the genuine article. 伪造的设计师名牌手表以真品若干分之一的价格出售。 »Only genuine refugees can apply for asylum. 只有真正的难民才能申请政治避难。 2. sincere and honest; that can be trusted • 真诚的；诚实的；可信赖的:

»He made a genuine attempt to improve conditions. 他真心实意地努力改善环境。 »genuine concern for others 对他人真诚的关心 »a very genuine person

非常诚实可信的人

falsify

◙ verb

(falsifies, falsifying, falsified, falsified)

• [VN] to change a written record or information so that it is no longer true • 篡改,伪造(文字记录、信息) ♦ falsification noun [U, C]

»the deliberate falsification of the company's records

对公司记录的故意篡改

uphold

◙ verb

(upheld, upheld ▪ [VN]

1. to support sth that you think is right and make sure that it continues to exist • 支持,维护(正义等):

»We have a duty to uphold the law. 维护法律是我们的责任。

2. (especially of a court of law 尤指法庭) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable • 维持,确认(原判、裁决等):

»to uphold a conviction / an appeal / a complaint 维持原判；受理上诉/申诉 ♦ upholder noun:

»an upholder of traditional values

支持传统价值观的人

rescue

◙ verb

• ~ sb / sth (from sth / sb) to save sb / sth from a dangerous or harmful situation • 营救；援救；抢救: ▪ [VN]

»He rescued a child from drowning. 他救起了一名落水儿童。

»They were eventually rescued by helicopter. 他们最后被直升机救走了。

»The house was rescued from demolition. 这所房子保住了,可以不拆。

»You rescued me from an embarrassing situation. 我正感到尴尬,你为我解了围。 ▪ [VN-ADJ]

»She had despaired of ever being rescued alive. 她那时对获救生还已经绝望了。

rational

◙ adj.

1. (of behaviour, ideas, etc. 行为、思想等) based on reason rather than emotions • 合理的；理性的；明智的:

»a rational argument / choice / decision 合理的论点/选择/决定 »rational analysis / thought 有道理的分析/思考

»There is no rational explanation for his actions. 对他的所作所为无法作出合理的解释。

2. (of a person 人) able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions • 理智的；清醒的

【SYN】 reasonable :

»No rational person would ever behave like that. 有头脑的人都不会这样做。【OPP】 irrational

♦ ra∙tion∙al∙ity noun [U] :

»the rationality of his argument 他的论点的合理性 ♦ ra∙tion∙al∙ly adv.:

»to act / behave / think rationally 行动/举止/思考合情合理

»She argued her case calmly and rationally. 她冷静而又理智地为她的情况辩解。

deduction

◙ noun

1. [U, C] the process of using information you have in order to understand a particular situation or to find the answer to a problem • 演绎；推论；推理:

»He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction. 他通过一番简单的推理得出了解决问题的方法。

»If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the killer was. 如果我的推论正确的话,我可以告诉你谁是凶手。 --› see also deduce

--› compare induction (3)

2. [U, C] the process of taking an amount of sth, especially money, away from a total; the amount that is taken away

• 扣除(额)；减去(数):

»deductions from your pay for tax, etc. 从工资中扣除税金等的数额 »tax deductions 税金扣除额

procedure

◙ noun

1. [C, U] ~ (for sth) a way of doing sth, especially the usual or correct way • (正常)程序,手续,步骤:

»maintenance procedures 维修程序

»emergency / safety / disciplinary procedures 紧急状况/安全事务/纪律问题的处理程序

»to follow normal / standard / accepted procedure 遵循正常的/标准的/惯用的步骤

»Making a complaint is quite a simple procedure. 申诉的手续相当简单。

2. [U] the official or formal order or way of doing sth, especially in business, law or politics • (商业、法律或政治上的)程序:

»court / legal / parliamentary procedure 法庭/司法/议会程序

3. [C] (medical 医) a medical operation

• 手术:

»to perform a routine surgical procedure 做常规的外科手术

♦ pro∙ced∙ural adj. (formal): »procedural rules 程序性规则

unofficial◙ adj.

1. that does not have permission or approval from sb in authority • 未经正式批准的；非官方的；非正式的: »an unofficial agreement / strike 未经批准的协议/罢工

»Unofficial estimates put the figure at over ten million. 非官方的估计数字为 200 万以上。 2. that is not part of sb's official business • 非公事的；私事的；私人的:

»The former president paid an unofficial visit to China. 前总统到中国进行了私人访问。【OPP】 official ♦ un∙offi∙cial∙ly adv.

initial◙ adj. [only before noun]

• happening at the beginning; first • 最初的；开始的；第一的:

»an initial payment of £60 and two instalments of £25 * 60 英镑的首期付款加十次 25 英镑的分期付款

»in the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaign 运动的最初阶段

»My initial reaction was to decline the offer. 我最初的反应是婉言谢绝这个提议。

◙ noun

1. [C] the first letter of a person's first name • (名字的)首字母:

»'What initial is it, Mrs Owen?' 'It's J, J for Jane.' \"首字母是什么,欧文太太？\" \"是 J,Jane 的 J。\"

2. initials [pl.] the first letters of all of a person's names • (全名的)首字母:

»John Fitzgerald Kennedy was often known by his initials JFK. 人们常以姓名的首字母 JFK 称约翰 · 菲茨杰拉德 · 肯尼迪。 »Just write your initials. 写下你的姓名首字母即可。

◙ verb

(-ll-, NAmE usually -l-)

• [VN] to mark or sign sth with your initials • 用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于:

»Please initial each page and sign in the space provided. 请在每一页上用姓名的首字母签置并在规定的空白处签字。

set-up

◙ noun [usually sing.] (informal) 1. a way of organizing sth; a system • 组织；机构；建制；体制:

»I've only been here a couple of weeks and I don't really know the set-up. 我刚来几个星期,对这里的组织情况不大了解。

2. a situation in which sb tricks you or makes it seem as if you have done sth wrong • 陷害；栽赃:

»He didn't steal the goods. It was a set-up. 那些商品不是他偷的。这是栽赃。

define ◙ verb

1. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is • 解释(词语的含义)；给…下定义:

»The term 'mental illness' is difficult to define. \"精神病\"这个词很难下定义。

»Life imprisonment is defined as 60 years under state law. 按照州法律终身监禁定义为 60 年。 2. to describe or show sth accurately • 阐明；明确；界定: ▪ [VN]

»We need to define the task ahead very clearly. 我们需要明确今后的任务。

»The difficulty of a problem was defined in terms of how long it took to complete. 问题的难易度是以解决这个问题所花时间的长短而定的。 ▪ [V wh-]

»It is difficult to define what makes him so popular. 很难解释清楚什么原因使他如此走红。 3. [VN] to show clearly a line, shape or edge

• 画出…的线条；描出…的外形；确定…的界线；界定: »The mountain was sharply defined against the sky. 那座山在天空的衬托下显得轮廓分明。 ♦ de∙fin∙able adj.

exploratory ◙ adj.

• done with the intention of examining sth in order to find out more about it • 探索的；探究的；探测的；勘探的: »exploratory surgery 探索性手术

»exploratory drilling for oil 钻井勘探石油

pre∙dic∙tion◙ noun [C, U]

• a statement that says what you think will happen; the act of making such a statement • 预言；预测；预告:

»Not many people agree with the government's prediction that the economy will improve. 没有多少人赞同政府认为经济将会有所改善的预测。

»The results of the experiment confirmed our predictions. 实验结果证实了我们的预测。

»Skilled readers make use of context and prediction. 阅读能力强的人会利用上下文及推测来理解文意。

»It's difficult to make accurate predictions about the effects on the environment. 很难准确预测对环境产生的影响。

specific◙ adj.

1. detailed and exact • 明确的；具体的【SYN】 precise :

»I gave you specific instructions. 我给过你明确的指示。

»'I'd like your help tomorrow.' 'Can you be more specific (= tell me exactly what you want) ?' \"我想让你明天来帮帮我。\" \"你能不能说得具体些？\"

2. [usually before noun] connected with one particular thing only • 特定的

【SYN】 particular :

»children's television programmes aimed at a specific age group 针对特定年龄段的少儿电视节目

»The money was collected for a specific purpose. 这笔钱是为一个特定用途而收的。

»children with specific learning difficulties (= in one area only) 某一方面有学习困难的儿童

3. ~ to sth (formal) existing only in one place or limited to one thing • 特有的；独特的【SYN】 peculiar :

»a belief that is specific to this part of Africa 非洲这一地区特有的一种观念

identical◙ adj.

1. ~ (to / with sb / sth) similar in every detail • 完全同样的；相同的: »a row of identical houses 完全一样的一排房子

»Her dress is almost identical to mine. 她的连衣裙和我的几乎一模一样。

»The number on the card should be identical with the one on the chequebook. 卡上的号码应该和支票簿上的相同。

»The two pictures are similar, although not identical. 这两幅画很相似,虽然不完全相同。

2. the identical [only before noun] the same • 同一的:

»This is the identical room we stayed in last year. 这就是我们去年住的那个房间。

♦

iden∙ti∙cal∙ly / adv.:

»The children were dressed identically. 孩子们的穿着完全一样。

absolutely◙ adv.

1. used to emphasize that sth is completely true • (强调真实无误)绝对地,完全地: »You're absolutely right. 你完全正确。

»He made it absolutely clear. 他把此事讲得一清二楚。

2. ~ no ... | ~ nothing used to emphasize sth negative • 绝对不；完全没有:

»She did absolutely no work. 她一点活儿也没有干。

»There's absolutely nothing more the doctors can do. 医生的确再也无计可施了。

3. used with adjectives or verbs that express strong feelings or extreme qualities to mean 'extremely' • 极其:

»I was absolutely furious with him. 我被他气死了。

»She absolutely adores you. 她极为崇拜你。

»He's an absolutely brilliant cook. 他的厨艺精湛至极。

4. used to emphasize that you agree with sb, or to give sb permission to do sth • (强调同意或允许)当然,对极了:

»'They could have told us, couldn't they?' 'Absolutely!' \"他们本来可以告诉我们的,不是吗？\" \"当然！\" »'Can we leave a little early?' 'Absolutely!' \"我们可以早一点离开吗？\" \"完全可以！\"

5. ~ not used to emphasize that you strongly disagree with sb, or to refuse permission • (强调很不同意或不允许)当然不,绝对不行: »'Was it any good?' 'No, absolutely not.' \"那有什么好处吗？\" \"绝对没有。\"

option◙ noun

1. [C, U] ~ (of doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) something that you can choose to have or do; the freedom to choose what you do

• 可选择的事物；选择；选择权；选择的自由: »As I see it, we have two options... 据我看,我们有两种选择…

»There are various options open to you. 你有多种选择。

»Going to college was not an option for me. 上大学不是我可以选择的道路。

»I had no option but to (= I had to) ask him to leave. 我别无选择,只有请他离开。

»Students have the option of studying abroad in their second year. 学生在二年级时可以选择出国学习。

»A savings plan that gives you the option to vary your monthly payments. 一项允许你每月自由存款的储蓄方案。

»This particular model comes with a wide range of options (= things you can choose to have when buying sth but which you will have to pay extra for) 这一种型号的货品档次十分齐全。

2. [C] a subject that a student can choose to study, but that they do not have to do • 选修课:

»The course offers options in design and computing. 这一课程开了设计和计算机技术的选修科目。

3. [C] ~ (on sth) | ~ (to do sth) the right to buy or sell sth at some time in the future • (未来的)买卖选择权:

»We have an option on the house. 我们有权购买这所房子。

»The property is for rent with an option to buy at any time. 这房子供出租,但可随时买下。

»He has promised me first option on his car (= the opportunity to buy it before anyone else). 他答应我可以优先买他的汽车。

»share options (= the right to buy shares in a company) 认股选择权

4. [C] (computing 计) one of the choices you can make when using a computer program • 选项；选择:

»Choose the 'Cut' option from the Edit menu. 从编辑选单上选择\"剪切\"项。

【IDIOMS】

◘ keep / leave your 'options open

• to avoid making a decision now so that you still have a choice in the future • 保留选择余地；暂不作出决定 ◘ the 7soft / 7easy 'option

•(often disapproving) a choice which is thought to be easier because it involves less effort, difficulty, etc. • 轻松的选择；捷径:

»They are anxious that the new course should not be seen as a soft option. 他们盼望新办法不会被视为捷径。

»He decided to take the easy option and give them what they wanted. 他决定顺水推舟,他们要什么就给什么。

reject

◙ verb ▪ [VN]

›› argument / idea / plan 论点；想法；计划 1. to refuse to accept or consider sth • 拒绝接受；不予考虑:

»to reject an argument / a claim / a decision / an offer / a suggestion 拒绝接受一个论点/一项要求/一个决定/一项提议/一个建议 »The prime minister rejected any idea of reforming the system. 首相对任何改革体制的想法都不予考虑。 »The proposal was firmly rejected. 这项提议被断然否决。

»All our suggestions were rejected out of hand. 我们所有的建议都被一口拒绝了。 ›› sb for job 找工作者

2. to refuse to accept sb for a job, position, etc. • 拒收；不录用；拒绝接纳:

»Please reject the following candidates... 请排除以下候选人…

»I've been rejected by all the universities I applied to. 所有我申请的大学都没有录取我。 ›› not use / publish 不用；不出版

3. to decide not to use, sell, publish, etc. sth because its quality is not good enough • (因质量差)不用,不出售,不出版:

»Imperfect articles are rejected by our quality control. 我们严把质量关,不完美的文章都被退回。 ›› new organ 新器官

4. (of the body 身体) to not accept a new organ after a transplantoperation, by producing substances that attack the organ

• 排斥,排异(移植的器官) ›› not love 不爱

5. to fail to give a person or an animal enough care or affection • 不够关心；慢待:

»The lioness rejected the smallest cub, which died. 母狮排斥最小的幼狮,把它饿死了。

»When her husband left home she felt rejected and useless. 丈夫离家后,她觉得遭到了抛弃而且无能为力。

♦

rejection noun [U, C] :

»Her proposal met with unanimous rejection. 她的建议遭到一致否决。

»a rejection letter (= a letter in which you are told, for example, that you have not been accepted for a job) 回绝信

»painful feelings of rejection 遭到拒绝的痛苦感受 ◙ noun

›› sth that cannot be used 无用之物

1. something that cannot be used or sold because there is sth wrong with it • 废品；次品 ›› person 人

2. a person who has not been accepted as a member of a team, society, etc. • 不合格者；被剔除者；被拒收者: »one of society's rejects 一名社会弃儿

flaw ◙ noun

1. ~ (in sth) a mistake in sth that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly • 错误；缺点【SYN】 defect , fault : »The argument is full of fundamental flaws. 这段论述充满根本性的错误。 »The report reveals fatal flaws in security at the airport. 报告揭示了机场安全的致命缺陷。 2. ~ (in sth) a crack or fault in sth that makes it less attractive or valuable • 裂痕；裂隙；瑕疵

3. ~ (in sb / sth) a weakness in sb's character • (品格上的)弱点,缺点:

»There is always a flaw in the character of a tragic hero. 悲剧主角总有性格上的缺点。

variable◙ adj.

1. often changing; likely to change • 多变的；易变的；变化无常的【SYN】 fluctuating : »variable temperatures 变化不定的气温

»The acting is of variable quality (= some of it is good and some of it is bad). 表演时好时坏。

--› compare invariable 2. able to be changed • 可更改的；可变的:

»The drill has variable speed control. 这钻机有变速控制。 »variable lighting 亮度可调的照明设备

♦

variably adv.

◙ noun

• a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied • 可变情况；变量；可变因素:

»With so many variables, it is difficult to calculate the cost. 有这么多的可变因素,很难计算出成本。

»The temperature remained constant while pressure was a variable in the experiment. 做这实验时温度保持不变,但压力可变。【OPP】 constant

◙ adj. [only before noun]

1. happening or existing before the event or object that you are talking about • 先前的；以往的【SYN】 prior :

»No previous experience is necessary for this job. 这一工作无需相关的经验。

»The car has only had one previous owner. 这辆汽车以前没换过车主。

»She is his daughter from a previous marriage. 她是他与前妻生的女儿。

»I was unable to attend because of a previous engagement. 我因有约在先,无法出席。

»The judge will take into consideration any previous convictions. 任何前科法官都将予以考虑。

2. immediately before the time you are talking about • (时间上)稍前的【SYN】 preceding :

»I couldn't believe it when I heard the news. I'd only seen him the previous day. 听到这消息时,我不敢相信；我就在前一天还见到过他。 ♦ previously adv.:

»The building had previously been used as a hotel. 这座楼房早先曾用作旅馆。

»I had visited them three days previously. 我之前曾探访过他们三天。 ♦ previous to prep.:

»Previous to this, she'd always been well.

这以前,她身体一向很好。

involve

◙ verb

1. if a situation, an event or an activity involves sth, that thing is an important or necessary part or result of it • 包含；需要；使成为必然部份(或结果) 【SYN】 entail : ▪ [VN]

»Any investment involves an element of risk. 任何投资都有一定的风险。

»Many of the crimes involved drugs. 许多罪案都与毒品有关。 ▪ [V -ing]

»The test will involve answering questions about a photograph. 考试将包括回答一些关于一张照片的问题。 ▪ [VN -ing]

»The job involves me travelling all over the country. 这份工作需要我在全国各地来往。

»(formal) The job involves my travelling all over the country. 这份工作需要我在全国各地来往。

2. [VN] if a situation, an event or an activity involves sb, they take part in it or are affected by it • 牵涉；牵连；影响:

»There was a serious incident involving a group of youths. 有一起涉及一群年轻人的严重事件。

»How many vehicles were involved in the crash? 这次撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车？

3. [VN] ~ sb (in sth / in doing sth) to make sb take part in sth • (使)参加,加入:

»We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations. 我们希望参加庆典的人越多越好。

»Parents should involve themselves in their child's education. 父母应当参与孩子的教育。

4. [VN] ~ sb (in sth) to say or do sth to show that sb took part in sth, especially a crime • 表明(某人参与了犯罪等) 【SYN】 implicate :

»His confession involved a number of other politicians in the affair.

他的自白供出其他一些政治人物也涉及此事。

【PHR V】

◘ in'volve sb in sth

• to make sb experience sth, especially sth unpleasant • 把某人牵涉(或牵扯)到某事里:

»You have involved me in a great deal of extra work.

你害得我添了一大堆额外的工作。

design

◙ noun

›› arrangement 布置

1. [U, C] the general arrangement of the different parts of sth that is made, such as a building, book, machine, etc. • 设计；布局；安排:

»The basic design of the car is very similar to that of earlier models. 这种汽车的基本设计与早期的样式非常相似。 »special new design features 特别的新型设计风格

»The magazine will appear in a new design from next month. 从下月起这本杂志将以新的设计问世。

›› drawing / plan / model 图样；方案；模型

2. [U] the art or process of deciding how sth will look, work, etc. by drawing plans, making models, etc. • 设计艺术；构思:

»a course in art and design 美术及设计课程 »a design studio 设计室

»computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计

»the design and development of new products 新产品的设计和开发 --› see also interior design

3. [C] ~ (for sth) a drawing or plan from which sth may be made • 设计图样；设计方案: »designs for aircraft 飞机的设计图样

»new and original designs 别具一格的新型设计方案 ›› pattern 图案

4. [C] an arrangement of lines and shapes as a decoration • 装饰图案；花纹【SYN】 pattern :

»floral / abstract / geometric designs 花卉/抽象/几何图案

»The tiles come in a huge range of colours and designs. 瓷砖有各种各样的颜色和图案。 ›› intention 意图

5. [U, C] a plan or an intention • 打算；意图；目的:

»It happened—whether by accident or design —that the two of them were left alone after all the others had gone. 碰巧——不知是偶然还是有意安排——其他人走后,只剩下了他们两个人。 »It is all part of his grand design.

这都是他那宏图大略的一部份。

【IDIOMS】

◘ have designs on sb

•(formal or humorous) to want to start a sexual relationship with sb • 企图占有某人；存心与某人发生性关系；对…存心不良 ◘ have designs on sth

•(formal) to be planning to get sth for yourself, often in a way that other people do not approve of • 企图将某物据为己有；图谋得到某物；打…的鬼主意:

»Rumours spread that the Duke had designs on the crown (= wanted to make himself king).

谣传公爵觊觎王位。

◙ verb

›› draw plans 设计

1. ~ sth (for sb / sth) to decide how sth will look, work, etc., especially by drawing plans or making models • 设计；制图；构思: ▪ [VN]

»to design a car / a dress / an office 设计汽车/连衣裙/办公室 »a badly designed kitchen 设计很糟糕的厨房

»They asked me to design a poster for the campaign. 他们请我为这次运动设计一张海报。 ▪ [also VNN] ›› plan sth 计划

2. [VN] to think of and plan a system, a way of doing sth, etc. • 计划；筹划；制订:

»We need to design a new syllabus for the third year. 我们需要为三年级学生制订一个新的课程大纲。 ›› for special purpose 特定目的

3. [usually passive] ~ sth (for sth) | ~ sth (as sth) to make, plan or intend sth for a particular purpose or use • 制造；设计；意欲: ▪ [VN]

»The method is specifically designed for use in small groups. 这方法是专为小组活动设计的。 ▪ [VN to inf]

»The programme is designed to help people who have been out of work for a long time.

这项计划的目的是为长期失业者提供帮助。

verify

◙ verb (verifies, verify∙ing, verified, verified) 1. to check that sth is true or accurate • 核实；查对；核准: ▪ [VN]

»We have no way of verifying his story. 我们无法核实他所说的情况。 ▪ [V that]

»Please verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program. 请在核实有足够的内存后再安装程序。 ▪ [V wh-]

»I'll leave you to verify whether these claims are true. 我让你来查核这些说法是否属实。

2. to show or say that sth is true or accurate • 证明；证实【SYN】 confirm : ▪ [VN]

»Her version of events was verified by neighbours. 她对这些事件的说法已得到邻居的证实。 ▪ [also V that] ♦ verifiable adj.: »a verifiable fact 可核实的事实

♦ verification noun [U] : »the verification of hypotheses

对假说的证实

additional

◙ adj.

• more than was first mentioned or is usual • 附加的；额外的；外加的【SYN】 extra :

»additional resources / funds / security 额外资源；附加基金；外加保安措施

»The government provided an additional £25 million to expand the service. 政府另拨了 2 500 万英镑用于扩展该服务项目。 ♦ additionally adv. 【SYN】 in addition :

»Additionally, the bus service will run on Sundays, every ten hours.

此外,公共汽车将于星期天运行服务,每两小时一班。

illustrate

◙ verb

1. [VN] [usually passive] ~ sth (with sth) to use pictures, photographs, diagrams, etc. in a book, etc. • 加插图于；给(书等)做图表: »an illustrated textbook 有插图的课本

»His lecture was illustrated with slides taken during the expedition. 他在讲演中使用了探险时拍摄到的幻灯片。

2. to make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples, pictures, etc. • (用示例、图画等)说明,解释: ▪ [VN]

»To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story. 为了说明我的观点,让我来给你们讲个小故事。

»Last year's sales figures are illustrated in Figure 2. 图 2 显示了去年的销售数字。 ▪ [also V wh-]

3. to show that sth is true or that a situation exists • 表明…真实；显示…存在【SYN】 demonstrate : ▪ [VN]

»The incident illustrates the need for better security measures. 这次事件说明了加强安全措施的必要。 ▪ [also V wh- , V that]

interpret

◙ verb

1. [VN] to explain the meaning of sth • 诠释；说明:

»The students were asked to interpret the poem. 学生们被要求诠释那首诗的意义。

2. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) to decide that sth has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way • 把…理解为；领会:

»I didn't know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal. 我不知该把她的沉默看作是接受还是拒绝。

»The data can be interpreted in many different ways. 这份资料可以从多方面解读。 --› compare misinterpret

3. [V] ~ (for sb) to translate six language into another as you hear it • 口译；传译 :

»She couldn't speak much English so her children had to interpret for her. 她讲不了几句英语,所以她的孩子们得给她翻译。

4. [VN] to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning • 演绎(按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色): »He interpreted the role with a lot of humour. 他把这个角色演得十分幽默。 ♦ interpretable adj.: »interpretable data

可解释的资料

conduct

◙ verb

1. [VN] to organize and / or do a particular activity • 组织；安排；实施；执行:

»to conduct an experiment / an inquiry / a survey

进行实验/询问/调查

»The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner.

已积极进行过谈判。

2. to direct a group of people who are singing or playing music • 指挥(歌唱或音乐演奏): ▪ [VN]

»a concert by the Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Sir Colin Davis

由科林 · 戴维斯爵士指挥、爱乐交响乐团演出的音乐会

▪ [also V]

3. [VN +adv. / prep.] to lead or guide sb through or around a place • 带领；引导；为(某人)导游:

»a conducted tour of Athens (= six with a guide, giving information about it)

有导游陪同的雅典之行

»The guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city.

导游引导我们游览了古城废墟。

4. [VN +adv. / prep.] ~ yourself... (formal) to behave in a particular way • 举止；表现:

»He conducted himself far better than expected.

他表现得比预料的要好得多。

5. [VN] (technical 术语) (of a substance 物质) to allow heat or electricity to pass along or through it • 传导(热或电等能量):

»Copper conducts electricity well.

铜的导电性能好。

◙ noun [U] (formal)

1. a person's behaviour in a particular place or in a particular situation • (人在某地或某种情况下的)行为,举止: »The sport has a strict code of conduct.

体育运动有严格的行为规范。

2. ~ of sth the way in which a business or an activity is organized and managed • 经营方式；管理方法；实施办法:

»There was growing criticism of the government's conduct of the war.

政府对战争的指挥方式受到越来越多的指责。

reflect

◙ verb

1. [VN] [usually passive] ~ sb / sth (in sth) to show the image of sb / sth on the surface of sth such as a mirror, water or glass

• 反映；映出(影像):

»His face was reflected in the mirror.

他的脸映照在镜子里。

»She could see herself reflected in his eyes.

她在他的眼中看到了自己的样子。

2. [VN] to throw back light, heat, sound, etc. from a surface • 反射(声、光、热等):

»The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.

窗户反射着午后明媚的阳光。

»When the sun's rays hit the earth, a lot of the heat is reflected back into space.

太阳光线照射到地球时,大量的热被反射回太空。

3. [VN] to show or be a sign of the nature of sth or of sb's attitude or feeling • 显示,表明,表达(事物的自然属性或人们的态度、情感等):

»Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.

我们的报纸旨在表达当地人民的心声。

4. ~ (on / upon sth) to think carefully and deeply about sth • 认真思考；沉思: ▪ [V]

»Before I decide, I need time to reflect.

在作出决定以前,我需要时间认真考虑考虑。

»She was left to reflect on the implications of her decision.

由她负责考虑她这个决定会牵扯哪些问题。

▪ [V that]

»On the way home he reflected that the interview had gone well.

回家的路上,他琢磨着这次面试非常顺利。

▪ [also V wh- , V speech] 【IDIOMS】

◘ reflect well, badly, etc. on sb / sth

• to make sb / sth appear to be good, bad, etc. to other people • 使给人以好的(坏的或其他)印象:

»This incident reflects badly on everyone involved.

这一事件给所有相关人士都造成了恶劣影响。

collect

◙ verb

›› bring together 汇集

1. [VN] ~ sth (from sb / sth) to bring things together from different people or places • 收集；采集【SYN】 gather :

»to collect data / evidence / information 收集资料/证据/信息

»We're collecting signatures for a petition. 我们在为请愿书收集签名。

»Samples were collected from over 200 patients. 已从 200 多名病人取样。 ›› as hobby 业余爱好

2. [VN] to buy or find things of a particular type and keep them as a hobby • 收藏；搜集；收集:

»to collect stamps / postcards, etc. 集邮、收藏明信片等

--› see also stamp collecting ›› of people 人

3. [V] to come together in six place to form a larger group • 聚集；集合；汇集【SYN】 gather :

»A crowd began to collect in front of the embassy. 人群开始聚集在大使馆的前面。 ›› increase in amount 数量增加

4. to gradually increase in amount in a place; to gradually obtain more and more of sth in a place • 聚积；积聚；积累【SYN】 accumulate : ▪ [V]

»Dirt had collected in the corners of the room. 房间的角落里积满了灰尘。 ▪ [VN]

»We seem to have collected an enormous number of boxes (= without intending to). 我们似乎无意中积存了大量的盒子。

»That guitar's been sitting collecting dust (= not being used) for years now. 那把吉他至今已尘封多年。 ›› take away 取走

5. [VN] ~ sb / sth (from...) to go somewhere in order to take sb / sth away • 领取；收走；接走:

»What day do they collect the rubbish / garbage? 他们哪天收运垃圾？

»The package is waiting to be collected. 这包裹在等待人领取。

»(BrE) She's gone to collect her son from school. 她到学校接她儿子去了。 ›› money 金钱

6. ~ (sth) (for sth) to ask people to give you money for a particular purpose • 募捐；募集: ▪ [V]

»We're collecting for local charities. 我们正在为当地慈善机构募捐。 ▪ [VN]

»We collected over £300 for the appeal. 我们为上诉募集了 300 多英镑。

7. [VN] to obtain the money, etc. that sb owes, for example by going to their house to get it • 收(欠款)；(上门)收(账): »to collect rent / debts / tax 收租金；讨债；征税 ›› receive / win 收到；赢得 8. to receive sth; to win sth • 收到；赢得；获得: ▪ [VN]

»She collected £25 000 in compensation. 她得到了 25 000 英镑赔偿金。 »to collect a prize / a medal 获奖；赢得奖牌 ▪ [also V] 【IDIOMS】

◘ collect yourself / your thoughts

1. to try to control your emotions and become calm • (尽力)镇定下来,歛神专注:

»I'm fine—I just need a minute to collect myself. 我没事,只是需要稍稍镇定一下。 2. to prepare yourself mentally for sth • 为…做好精神准备:

»She paused to collect her thoughts before entering the interview room.

她停下来定了定神,才走进面试室。

【PHR V】 ◘ collect sth∽'up

• to bring together things that are no longer being used • 把某物收起搁置:

»Would somebody collect up all the dirty glasses?

谁来把这些脏玻璃杯收拾一下好吗？

◙ adj. , adv.

• (NAmE) (of a telephone call 电话) paid for by the person who receives the call • 由受话人付费的: »to make a collect call 打对方付费电话 --› see also reverse v. (7) ♦ collect adv.: »to call sb collect

给某人打由受话人付费的电话

research

◙ noun [U]

• (also researches [pl.] especially in BrE) ~ (into / on sth / sb) a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it • 研究；调查；探索:

»medical / historical / scientific, etc. research 医学、历史、科学等研究

»to do / conduct / undertake research 做/从事/进行研究

»He has carried out extensive research into renewable energy sources. 他已经对再生能源进行了广泛研究。

»Recent research on deaf children has produced some interesting findings about their speech. 对失聪儿童的最新研究已经在讲话方面取得了一些令人关注的结果。 »What have their researches shown? 他们的研究证明了什么？

»a research project / grant / student 研究项目/经费；研究生

»I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there. 我查阅读了一番,想找到去那里最省钱的方式。

--› see also market research , operational research

◙ verb

• ~ (into / in / on sth) to study sth carefully and try to discover new facts about it • 研究；探讨；调查: ▪ [V]

»They're researching into ways of improving people's diet. 他们在研究如何改进人们饮食的方法。 ▪ [VN]

»to research a problem / topic / market 研究一个问题/课题/市场

»She's in New York researching her new book (= finding facts and information to put in it). 她在纽约为她的新书搜集材料。 ▪ [also V wh-]

♦ researcher noun

support

◙ verb [VN]

›› encourage / give help 鼓励；支持

1. ~ sb / sth (in sth) to help or encourage sb / sth by saying or showing that you agree with them / it • 支持；拥护；鼓励【SYN】 back : »to support a proposal 支持一项提议

»The government supported the unions in their demand for a minimum wage. 政府支持这些工会组织提出的确定最低限度工资的要求。

»These measures are strongly supported by environmental groups. 这些措施得到环境保护组织的大力支持。 »If you raise it at the meeting, I'll support you. 如果你在会上提出这个问题,我将支持你。

2. to give or be ready to give help to sb if they need it • 帮助；援助:

»an organization that supports people with AIDS 一个向艾滋病患者提供援助的组织

»The company will support customers in Europe (= solve their problems with a product). 这家公司将向欧洲客户提供技术支持。 ›› provide money, etc. 提供资金等

3. to help or encourage sth to be successful by giving it money • 资助；赞助【SYN】 sponsor :

»Several major companies are supporting the project. 几家大公司正在对这一项目提供资助。

4. to provide everything necessary, especially money, so that sb / sth can live or exist • 养活；赡养；供养；维持:

»Mark has two children to support from his first marriage. 马克得供养他第一次婚姻生的两个孩子。 »He turned to crime to support his drug habit. 他为维持吸毒的恶习而走上犯罪的道路。

»The atmosphere of Mars could not support life. 生命无法在火星的大气环境下生存。 ›› hold in position 支撑

5. to hold sb / sth in position; to prevent sb / sth from falling • 支撑；支承；支护:

»a platform supported by concrete pillars 混凝土支柱支撑的平台

»Support the baby's head when you hold it. 你抱婴儿时要把头扶好。 ›› help prove sth 证实

6. to help to show that sth is true • 证实；提供依据【SYN】 corroborate :

»The witness's story was not supported by the evidence. 目击者的描述与证据不符。 ›› sports team 运动队

7. (BrE) to like a particular sports team, watch their games, etc. • 支持；喜爱:

»Which team do you support? 你喜欢哪个队？

›› pop concert 流行音乐会

8. (of a pop band or singer 流行乐队或歌手) to perform in a pop concert before the main performer • (在流行音乐会上)当助演,担任演出嘉宾:

»They were supported by a local Liverpool band. 利物浦当地的一支乐队为他们作助兴演出。 ›› computer 计算机

9. (of a computer or computer system 计算机或计算机系统) to allow a particular program, language or device to be used with it • 支持；支援:

»This digital audio player supports multiple formats.

这台数字音频播放器支持多种格式。

◙ noun

›› encouragement / money 鼓励；资金

1. [U] ~ (for sth) encouragement and help that you give to sb / sth because you approve of them and want them to be successful

• 支持；拥护；鼓励；资助:

»There is strong public support for the change. 公众大力支持这一变革。

»Can I rely on your support (= will you vote for me) in the election? 我能指望你投我的票吗？

»Only a few people spoke in support of the proposal. 只有几个人表示支持这一提议。

»Local businesses have provided financial support. 当地企业提供了财政资助。

»She has no visible means of support (= no work, income etc.). 她没有明确的生计来源。 ›› help 帮助

2. [U] sympathy and help that you give to sb who is in a difficult or unhappy situation • 帮助；救助；援助:

»Her family and friends have given her lots of support. 家人和朋友给了她许多帮助。 --› see also moral support ›› holding in position 支撑

3. [C] a thing that holds sth and prevents it from falling • 支撑物；支承；支柱；支座:

»The supports under the bridge were starting to bend. 桥下的支柱开始弯曲。

»(figurative) When my father died, Jim was a real support. 我父亲死后,吉姆成了真正的顶梁柱。

4. [U] the act of holding sth firmly in position or preventing it from falling • 支撑；支承；支护:

»I wrapped a bandage around my ankle to give it some support. 我在脚踝上缠上绷带,好把它固定住。 »She held on to his arm for support.

她抓着他的胳膊,好站稳。

5. [C] something you wear to hold an injured or weak part of your body firmly in position • (身体部位的)支持器,托: »a knee / back support 护膝/背 ›› proof 证据

6. [U] evidence that helps to show that sth is true or correct • 证据；依据:

»The statistics offer further support for our theory. 这些统计数字为我们的理论提供了进一步的依据。 ›› pop concert 流行音乐会

7. [U] a band or singer who performs in a pop concert before the main performer • 助演嘉宾:

»The support (act) has yet to be confirmed. 助演尚未确定。

›› technical help 技术帮助

8. [U] technical help that a company gives to customers using their computers or other products • (公司向客户提供的)技术支持: »We offer free technical support.

我们免费提供技术支持。itnerpret

英 [ɪnˈtɜːprət] 美 [ɪnˈtɜːrprət] v.

诠释;说明;把…理解为;领会;口译 verb 1

[VN] 诠释；说明

to explain the meaning of sth

The students were asked to interpret the poem. 学生们被要求诠释那首诗的意义。 2

[VN] ~ sth (as sth) 把…理解为；领会

to decide that sth has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way I didn't know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal.

我不知该把她的沉默看作是接受还是拒绝。 The data can be interpreted in many different ways. 这份资料可以从多方面解读。 compare misinterpret 3

[V] ~ (for sb) 口译

to translate one language into another as you hear it

She couldn't speak much English so her children had to interpret for her. 她讲不了几句英语，所以她的孩子们得给她翻译。 4

[VN] 演绎（按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色）

to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning

He interpreted the role with a lot of humour. 他把这个角色演得十分幽默。【派生词】interpretable adj. interpretable data 可解释的资料 conduct

英 [kənˈdʌkt , ˈkɒndʌkt] 美 [kənˈdʌkt , ˈkɑːndʌkt] v.

组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥(歌唱或音乐演奏);带领;引导;为(某人)导游 n.

(人在某地或某种情况下的)行为，举止;经营方式;管理方法;实施办法

第三人称单数： conducts复数： conducts现在分词： conducting过去式： conducted过去分词： conducted verb 1

[VN] 组织；安排；实施；执行

to organize and/or do a particular activity to conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey 进行实验 / 询问 / 调查

The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner. 已积极进行过谈判。 2

指挥（歌唱或音乐演奏）

to direct a group of people who are singing or playing music

[VN] a concert by the Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Sir Colin Davis 由科林∙戴维斯爵士指挥、爱乐交响乐团演出的音乐会 [also V] 3

[VN + adv./prep.] 带领；引导；为（某人）导游 to lead or guide sb through or around a place

a conducted tour of Athens (= one with a guide, giving information about it) 有导游陪同的雅典之行

The guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city. 导游引导我们游览了古城遗迹。

[VN + adv./prep.] ~ yourself… (formal) 举止；表现 to behave in a particular way

He conducted himself far better than expected. 他表现得比预料的要好得多。 5

[VN] (technical 术语) (of a substance 物质) 传导（热或电等能量） to allow heat or electricity to pass along or through it Copper conducts electricity well. 铜的导电性能好。 noun [U] (formal) 1

（人在某地或某种情况下的）行为，举止

a person's behaviour in a particular place or in a particular situation The sport has a strict code of conduct. 体育运动有严格的行为规范。 2 ~ of sth

经营方式；管理方法；实施办法

the way in which a business or an activity is organized and managed There was growing criticism of the government's conduct of the war. 政府对战争的指挥方式受到越来越多的指责。

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新核心综合学术英语教程2 U2单词总结