高三英语语法复习之非谓语动词
动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。
动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。 （一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”。
1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。 语态式 主 动 被 动 一般式 to build to be built 完成式 to have built 进行式 to be building 完成进行式 to have been building to have been built 2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语 （l）作主语、表语
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
To go to the palace without jewellery is to say “I’m poor.”
不戴珠宝去宫廷就是说：“我很穷。”
To learn a foreign language is not easy. 学习外语不是一件容易的事。 通常情况下，我们用it代替不定式作形式主语，而把不定式放到句子后边。其句型为： It is /was +形容词（或名词）+ of /for sb.to do…
这里 for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ to do sth. 称为复合结构不定式
It is difficult for the students to read the book. 学生们读这本书有点难。 It is careless of him to break the cup. 他太粗心，把杯子打破了。
此句型中不定式的逻辑主语是由for引导还是由of引 导，取决于of或for前的形容词。如果形容词可修饰人则用of，如果形容词不能修饰人，则用for; 名词后只能用for。 （2）作宾语
They hope to find new resources for mankind. 他们希望为人类找到新资源。 I didn’t dare to stop, so I ran quickly toward the school.
我不敢停下来，所以就飞快地朝学校跑去。
不定式作宾语，只能跟在某些动词后，常见的动词有：agree, arrange, ask, choose, dare, learn, demand, expect, hope, wish, manage, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, decide等。 （3）作宾语补足语 1）可以用带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order, invite, beg, force, forbid,
get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, command, warn, cause 等。如：
He persuaded all the world-famous pop stars to come and sing at one of these concerts for free.他说服了所有世界著名的歌星免费参加这些音乐会中的一场演出。 Marx was forced to leave his homeland for some political reasons.
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由于一些政治原因，马克思被迫离开自己的祖国。
2）think, consider ,believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, take这类动词的复合宾语，不定式多由“to be+形容词”构成。如： He doesn’t consider that to be important. 他认为那不重要。
They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 他们发现中国人幸福快乐。 3）能用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：两听，五看，一感觉。即：hear, listen
to, see, watch, look at, notice, observe, feel等。如：
I often hear them sing this song. 我经常听到他们唱这首歌。
Did you notice anyone take the book away? 你有没有注意到谁拿走了那本书？ 4）使役动词make，let，have后，用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如：
The teacher makes us read English every day. 老师让我们每天读英语。 The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让他背对他父亲站着。 （4）作定语
1）不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么要说的吗？ I have a lot of work to do today. 今天我有很多事要做。
2）作定语用的不定式为不及物动词时，不定式后应有必要的介词。如： There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。
She has many important things to attend to. 她有很多重要的事情要处理。 （5）作状语：不定式作状语，可表示目的、结果或原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。
如： We hurried to the station only to find the train had left . l）修饰动词
He must be a fool to say such a thing. 说这样的话，他肯定是个傻子。
Women are made to be loved ,not to be understood. 女人要被爱，而不是被理解。 2）修饰形容词
I am sorry to hear the news of your father’s death.
听到你父亲去世的消息我很难过。
We were surprised to find him there. 发现他在那儿我们感到很惊奇。 3）修饰too或enough
She was too young to understand all that. 她太小不能理解这一切。
We found the room not big enough to hold so many people.
我们发现房子不够大，不能容纳所有的人。
（6）不定式的被动式 1）当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
这时，它与受词为动宾关系。如：
She asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 她要求被派到西藏去工作。 He wanted the letter to be typed at once. 他要求把信立刻打印。 不定式的逻辑主语： A．可能是句子的主语。
She hated to be flattered. 她讨厌被奉承。
No one likes to be laughed at in public. 没有人愿意在公共场合被嘲笑。
B．可以是句子的宾语。
He didn’t expect the book to be so well received
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他没想到那本书那么受欢迎。 The teacher ordered the homework to be finished before supper.
老师要求晚饭前把作业做完。 2）当作表语的某些形容词被动词不定式修饰时，动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻
辑上的动宾关系，动词不定式可以用主动式代替被动式。如： This problem is difficult to solve. That novel is easy to read.
可这样用的形容词有 fine, hard , heavy, important, nice, painful, pleasant,
possible, safe, simple, strange, difficult, easy, expensive, dangerous, convenient等。
3）在“have+宾语+动词不定式作定语”结构中，若不定式的动作由句子中所存在的人发出不定式用主动表示被动；若不定式的动作由句子中所不存在的人发出，不定式用被动式。如：
I have something important to do today. 今天我有些重要的事情要做。
I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your
parents? 下周我要去北京，你有什么东西(让我)捎给你父母吗？ 4）在too...to...，enough…to…结构中，动词不定式用主动表示被动。如： The passage is too hard to translate. 这一段太难，无法翻译。
The box is too heavy to move. 这个箱子太重，搬不动。 This problem is easy enough to deal with.
5） 在“疑问代词 + 不定式”结构中，动词不定式用主动表示被动。如： I don't know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该做什么。
She will tell you which bus to take. 她会告诉你坐哪路公共汽车。
6）在下列句型中，to let, to blame, to seek等用不定形式表示被动含义。如： The house is to let. 这栋房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁？
The reason is not far to seek. 理由不难找到。
7）在there be结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动形式，也可以用主动形式，
在口语中用主动形式的时候更多一些。如：
There is no time to lose (to be lost). 时间紧迫，不能耽误了。 There are still many difficulties to overcome (to be overcome).
还有许多困难要克服。
但有时候用主动和被动可分别表示不同的意思。试比较:
There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do.) 我们现在没事干。 There is nothing to be done now. (We can do nothing now.)
现在没有什么办法了。 There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing) 没有东西值得看。 There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all) 看不见什么东西。 （7）连接代词（或连接副词）+不定式
疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 这种不定式结构接近于一个名词从句，作宾语时常用在tell，show，know，decide, teach, learn, discuss, wonder, remember, find out, explain, forget等词之后。如：
Have you decided when to hole the party? 你们决定什么时候开晚会了吗？
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The driver showed us how to drive a car? 司机教我们怎样开车。 （8）不定式to的省略
1）在情态动词或助动词后。如：
You must finish your homework first then you can go out.
你必须先做完作业，然后才能出去。
May the friendship between our two countries last forever！
祝我们两国的友谊万古长青。
但ought, have和be后不能省略to。
2）使役动词和感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语时。如： I will not let my children be treated in that way.
我不会让我的孩子被那样对待的。
You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink.
你可以把马牵到水边，但你不可能强迫他喝水。
Help后的不定式作宾补时，可以用to,也可以不用to。 3）在why引导的表示建议性的句子中。如：
Why not ask our teacher to help you with the problem?
为什么不请老师帮你解决这个问题？
4）在had better, had best, would rather, would rather…than, can’t but, do nothing
but, rather than, would sooner等结构中。如：
You’d better do what I tell you to. 你最好按我说的做。 They would rather try and fail than give up the plan.
他们宁愿再试，再失败，也不愿意放弃。
5）同一结构并列由and或or连接。
I want to finish my homework and go home. I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.
He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比)
6）主语是有what 引导的主语从句或由all 或the (most important)thing+定语从句构成，而从句中的谓语动词是do(did, does)时，作表语的不定式（短语）是解释其前面的主语从句中含有的do(did, does)的具体内容时，则后面引导动词不定式的to可省略。
What he did was lose the game. All I can do is (to) cry .
7）句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。
Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him. 8）不定式的替代
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。常见的有：I’d like / love / be happy to. 如：
He asked her to stay, but she didn’t want to . 他要她留下，但她却不想。 —Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow?
明天愿意和我们一起去野餐吗？
一Yes，I’d like to．愿意。
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但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：
---Susan is not what she used to be.
--You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.--I know I ought to have. (9)不定式的完成时的用法 :
表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。 He is said to have written a new book about business English The novel was said to have been published.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. She seems to have read the book before.
seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。
此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等） I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）
动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为，如：
I meant to have sent the book to you by airmail.
He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. （10）不定式的特殊句型too„to„
1）too…to 太„以至于„。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 --- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
--- Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all
the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。 2）如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。例如：It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语） 3）当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常„ 等于very。例如： I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 （11）不定式的特殊句型so as to
1）表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2）表示结果。如：Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 （二）动词-ing形式 1．动名词
动名词既有名词的性质，也有动词的性质。作名词时，可作主语、表语和宾语；作动词时可有自己的宾语，也可用副词修饰。 （1）作主语或表语
Learning a language requires time and effort. 学习语言需要时间和努力。
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Her job is washing and cooking.
动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语。在表示比较抽象的经常性行为时，多用动名词；在表示具体某次动作时，特别是将来动作时，用不定式。 （2）作宾语
1）以下动词需用动名词作宾语：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, consider, practise, allow, prefer等。如：
Students should practise speaking English every day.
We can’t help laughing at the funny story. 2）love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, require, remember, forget, regret, try等词后，既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语。 A. love, like, hate, prefer, dislike
表经常性的习惯动作时跟动名词；表某次特定的动作时跟不定式。如： I like swimming in summer, but I don’t like to swim today. He prefers making speeches after careful preparation. B. begin, start, continue
a．表“有意识”，用人作主语时，后接动名词；表“无意识”，用物作主语时，后接不定
式。如：
I started learning English when I was ten. 我10岁时开始学英语。 It began to rain at nine last night. 昨晚9点开始下雨。 b．当这三个词用于进行时态时，后面只能跟不定式。如： The bus is starting to run. 公共汽车开始动了。
Li Ming is continuing to study hard. 李明一直学习很努力。
c．当这三个词后面所跟动词为表示精神状态或心理活动的词时，只能接动词不定式。 I begin to doubt his honesty. 我开始怀疑他的诚实。 I continue to feel terrible. 我还感到难受。 C. want, need, require
接动名词表示“需要”，物作主语；接不定式表示“想干…”，人作主语。如： My bike needs repairing. 我的自行车需要修理。 She wants to have a word with you. 她想和你谈谈。
D. remember to do sth.记住做某事； remember doing sth．记得做过某事。 Remember to meet me at the airport tonight.记住今天晚上来机场接我。
I remember having heard you speak on that subject. 我记得听你谈过那个问题。
E. forget to do sth.忘记了干某事；forget dong sth. 忘记了是否干过某事。
He had forgotten to bring his umbrella and he was wet through. 他忘了带伞，所以全身湿透了。
I forgot giving him a ticket in the morning. 我忘了早上是否给过他票。 F. regret to do sth.对要做的事表示抱歉。regret doing sth.后悔做过某事。
I regret to inform you that you are dismissed. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你被解雇了。 She regrets not having taken my advice. 她后悔没有听我的建议。 G. try to do sth.尽力，努力做某事；try doing sth．试着做某事。 He tried to break away from me. 他想和我断绝往来。
Try doing more exercise, and you will soon lose weight.多锻炼，你会减肥的。 3）介词宾语
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能跟动名词作宾语的成语很多，应掌握的有：insist on, think of, dream of ,charge…with, prevent…from, keep…from, stop … from, look forward to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote …to, set about, spend … in, get/be used to, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of 等。如： I don’t feel like eating anything. 我不想吃饭。
The foreigner has been used to living here. 那个老外已习惯于在这里居住了。
4）动名词的形式: 动名词有一般式和完成式。及物动词的动名词还有主动语态和被动语
态，而不及物动词的动名词则没有被动语态
一般式 完成式 主动 doing 被动 being done been having done having done 动名词的一般式，表示其动词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。完成式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
He is proud of being a Chinese. 作为一个中国人他感到骄傲。 I’m sure of his having been elected. 我肯定他被选上了。 5）动名词的习惯用法
A．There is no+v-ing…是不可能的
There is no knowing how old he is. 没人知道他多岁。
There is no joking that he was elected. 他被选上了不是开玩笑。 B．feel like+v-ing想…
I don’t feel like going to see the film tonight. 我今晚不想看电影。 I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.
我很生气，真想拿什么东西砸他一下。 C．go+v-ing（v-ing指运动或游戏）
Let’s go boating this Sunday. 这个星期天我们去划船。
I go swimming in summer almost every day. 夏天我几乎每天去游泳。 D.can’t help+v-ing禁不住
I couldn’t help overhelping what he said. 我禁不住想偷听他说什么。 We couldn’t help laughing at his joke. 听到他的笑话我们禁不住笑了。 E．be on the point of+ v-ing正要…，正准备… He is on the point of leaving. 他就要离开。 I am on the point of crying. 我简直要哭了。 F.on+v-ing一…就= as soon as…
On arriving there, he rang me up. 一到那里，他就给我打电话。 On hearing that, she cried out. 听到那个消息，她就哭了。 G.It is no use+v-ing…是没有用的 It is no good+ v-ing…是没好处的
It is a waste of time+v-ing干…是浪费时间
It is no use talking with him. 和他谈话是没用的。
It is a waste of time watching TV in the evening.晚上看电视是浪费时间。
difficulty有困难
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trouble有困难
H.have fun有趣 （ in）+v-ing a hard time艰苦
a good time玩得愉快
Do you have any trouble (in) learning English? 你学习英语有什么困难吗？ I had a hard time living there. 在那儿生活很艰苦。 注意：如果要表示“有困难”，difficulty和trouble前可加some, much, great;要表示“没困难”，difficulty和trouble前可加no，little，也可把句子否定。如果句子前无主语，则用“There be…”句型。
6）动名词的复合结构：
动名词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing 构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如： His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。 2.现在分词
（1）现在分词的形式 现在 分词 及物动词write 主动式 被动式 不及物动词go 主动式 going 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having having gone been written 1）及物动词的现在分词的有主动式和被动式之分，主动式分为一般式和完成式。一般
式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他急忙回家，一边走一边向后看。 Having finished their homework, they went out to play.做完作业，他们出去玩。 2)现在分词的被动式分为一般式和完成式。一般式表示一个被动的动作正在进行，或与
谓语动词同时发生。完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词之前发生。如：
The large building being built will be the library.正在建的大楼将来是个图书馆。
Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.
被带着看完实验室后，我们又被带着参观了图书馆。
（2）现在分词的基本用法
A.作定语
作定语用的现在分词如果是单个的词，放在名词的前面。如果是分词短语，则放在名
词后边。现在分词作定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作。如：
When the firefighters reached the burning building they found that their ladders were not long enough.当消防队员到达正在燃烧的大楼，他们发现他们的梯子不够长。 How I regret the days having been wasted in doing the useless work!
我多么后悔把那些日子浪费在做那些无用的工作上！
放在名词后的现在分词短语作定语可表示下列两种情况： l）表示正在进行的动作（变为定语从句时须用进行时态）。如： The boy standing (who is standing) there is a classmate of mine.
站在那边的男孩是我的一个同学。 The large building being built(which is being built) will be a library.
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正在建造的大楼将会是一个图书馆。 2）表示现在的状态（变为定语从句时用一般时态）。如： They built a highway leading(which leads)into the mountain.
他们修建了一条通向山区的公路。 The room facing (which faces) the south is mine.．面朝南的房子是我的。 B.作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征,多数情况下被认为是物化形容词。如： The football match we watched was very exciting.
我们看过的那场足球赛激动人心。 The magazine's issue on marriage was especially interesting.
杂志中关于婚姻问题的辩论特别有趣。
C.作宾语补足语
现在分词可在下列动词后作宾语补足语：see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等。如：
I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你等了。
Can you hear him singing next door? 你能听到他在隔壁唱歌吗？ D.作状语
现在分词作状语表示主语正在进行的另一动作，对谓语加一修饰或陪衬。另外应注意： l）现在分词和主句的主语为逻辑上的主谓关系。 2）分词表示比较次要的动作。
3）分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如： Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. 不知道她的地址，我们没有办法和她取得联系。
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 听到那个消息，他们高兴得跳了起来。
注意：l）当现在分词用作原因状语时，主句前不加so；用作让步状语时，主句前不加
but。反之，就不能用现在分词作状语。
2）当when，while，before，after等连词引导的时间状语从句中的主语和主句的主语相一致时，从句可用省略形式，即“连接词+v-ing”。如
After spending the weekend in the capital, we took a taxi to the airport.
在首都度完了周末，我们乘出租车去了飞机场。
While building a tunnel through the mountain, the workers discovered an underground lake.
（3）动名词与现在分词的区别：
A．动名词有名词性质，可作主语、宾语；现在分词有动词性质，不能作主语、宾语。 B．作定语时，动名词表功能，表用途；现在分词表动作。 动名词作定语时，说明被修饰的名词的用途（可以用\"use for +动名词\"这个结构代替），它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的行为，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系（可以扩展为定语从句）。
E.g.: a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢 （sleeping此处为动名词 ）
a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子 （sleeping此处为现在分词）
（三）过去分词：
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1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，
（1）作定语： 如果是单个的词；放在所修饰的名词之前；如果是短语，放在所修饰的名
词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如： The stolen car was found by the police last week.
A broken cup is lying on the ground. 打碎的杯子摆在地上。
This is one of the factories built in the 1960s．这是20世纪60年代建造的工厂之一。 放在名词后的过去分词短语，被认为是：
l）一个被动语态的定语从句，表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。如：
We will visit a boy named (who is named) Charlie Green. 我们将拜访一个叫查理·格林的男孩。
The letter posted (which was posted) today will reach him the day after tomorrow. 今天发的信后天他才能收到。
2)没有一定的时间性，不宜变为定语从句。如：
He is a teacher loved by all his students. 他是一个受所有学生爱戴的老师。
Some people hate to see letters written in pencil. 有些人不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。 另外，过去分词除了作限定定语外，还可作非限定定语，作非限定定语时，前后要用
逗号隔开，相当于一个非限定性定语从句。如：
The book，written in 1990（which was written in 1990），was published in 1998.
1990年写的那本书，1998年才出版。 The building, finished in September(which was finished in September),was an excellent
one. 9月份完工的那幢楼是一个优质工程。
（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的
主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
My car is broken, so I go to work on foot. 我的车坏了，所以我步行去上班。 He was terrified at seeing the footmark. 看到那个脚印他很害怕。 （3）作宾语补足语：过去分词可在下列动词后作宾语补足语：see， hear， notice， watch， keep， find， get， have， feel等。过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. The effort to get my plan finished has tired me out.
完成计划的努力使得我精疲力尽。
I intended to have my daughters educated in England.
我想让女儿们到英国去受教育。
注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨 天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，说明动作发生的背景或情况。过
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去分词作状语和主句的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系或主表关系。如：
Greatly moved by his words, we made up our minds to study harder.
被他的话深深地感动了，我们决心更努力地学习。
Seen from the hill，the park looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，公园更漂亮。 为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.
Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.
（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
注意事项：
1、独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，
但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如： The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.
The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest.
注：①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：
The meeting (being) over, all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：
She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling
down her cheeks.
2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：
（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring
speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。 3、过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别
（l）作定语时，过去分词一般表示动作发生的时间早于主句谓语动词，而“being+过去
分词”则表示动作正在发生或表示与谓语动词几乎同时发生。如：
He likes to read books written by Lu Xun. 他喜欢读鲁迅的书。 This is the house being built now． 这幢房子正在建设中。 注： “having been+过去分词”不能作定语
（2）作时间状语时，过去分词与“having been+过去分词”相差无几。但如果强调分词状语
的动作发生在句子的谓语动词的动作之前，宜用“having been+过去分词”。如： Rewritten in simple English, the book is easy to read.
用简单的英语改写后，这本书很容易阅读。
Having been fed, the baby didn't cry. 婴儿喂过以后就不哭了。 （3）作方式状语或伴随状语常用过去分词，而不用“being+过去分词”。如： The trainer appeared, followed by several little dogs.
Inspired by his example, we went on working again.
练习、非谓语动词（一）
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1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.
A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how 2. Paul said, \"Give me a chair _____.\"
A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on 3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.
A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me 4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? 5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. A. you helping
6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night.
D. and notice
---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ . ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.
A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving
B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help
---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.
A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______. A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place 8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? 9. ---- Where did he go?
---- ______ new officers.
A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting
---- He went to another store ______.
---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?
---- Yes, and ______.
A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils 10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble.
A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat 11. ---- Did the judge ask you many questions?
A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficult C. they were difficult to answer D. they had difficulty in answering 12. That beggar seems _____ anything yesterday.
A. not to have eaten
B. not to eat C. didn't eat D. to not have eaten
13. The lost child desired nothing but _____ home.
A. go B. to go C. going . D. went 14. That box is____.
A. too heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry it C. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry 15. Would you be ______ to do me a favour, please?
A. so kind as B. too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind 16. To learn to speak English well,_____.
A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice 17. Tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 18. Last summer I took a course on ______ .
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 19. The house is not large enough ____ .
A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living 20. Nobody likes ______.
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A. to speak ill of B. to be spoken ill of C. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of
21. I know him ______ a good football player while in college.
A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been 22. I was surprised______.
A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quickly C. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly 23. Mr. White was seen ______ the Palace Museum.
A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. to entering 24. I saw Mary ____ the house.
A. open the door and go into B. to open the door and to go into C. open the door and to go into D. open the door and went into 25. Paul does nothing but _____ all day long.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 26. Now we could not do anything but ______ for him here.
A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait 27. I don't know her and I don't ______ .
A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want 28. ---- Go to the theatre with me, will you? 29. To play fair is as important as ______.
A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well 30. It is the greatest happiness on earth ______.
A. loving and to be loved B. to love and being loved C. to love and to be loved D. love and be loved 31. _____ is better to love than _____ .
A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved 32. It's very foolish _____ it? A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying 33. It ______ me two hours to find your new house.
A. cost B. took C. spent D. used 34. We did not expect our offer _____ so quickly.
A. rejected B. to reject . C. to be rejected D. rejecting 35. He told her ______ there at once.
A. get B. gets C. should get D. to get 36. We all think it most foolish ______ this mistake.
A. for you making B. of you to make C. you to make D. for you to make 37. I really don't know ____ .
A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim how D. how swim 38. ---- What do you think about English?
---- It's a difficult language _____.
A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken
---- I should like ______, but I don't have time.
A. to B. too C. to do D. to go to
练习、非谓语动词（二）
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1. Alien said that his trip was _______.
A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest 2. We can't understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make C. him to postpone making D. his postponing making 3. I couldn't understand ______ at the poor child.
A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing 4. It's no use______ with him. You might as well ______ with a stone wall.
A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue 5. It is no good ______ today's work for tomorrow.
A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave 6. The old man's ______ pity on the snake led to his own death.
A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have 7. It's very kind ______ you ______ say so.
A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D. of, / 8. Some people's greatest pleasure is ______ .
A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing 9. Remember ______ the book, when you have finished it.
A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back 10. You didn't hear us come back last night. That's good. We tried ______ noisy.
A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being 11. Though he failed, he tried _______ it again and again.
A. to do B. doing C. do D. done. 12. You'll regret ______ those words. You may hurt her feelings.
A. say B. to say C. having said D. to have said 13. You can keep the book until you ______ .
A. have finished reading B. finish to read C. will finish reading D. have finished to read 14. We are looking forward to ______ another chance ______ it again.
A. be given, to try B. give, to try .C. giving, trying D. having, to try 15. Most of the students enjoy_____ stamps.
A. collect B. to collect C. collecting D. collected 16. Excuse me for _____ in without ______.
A. coming, asking B. coming, being asked C. to come, asking D. to come, being asked 17. People couldn't help ______ the foolish girl.
A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing : 18.--- \"What do you think of the book?\" ---\"Oh. excellent, it's worth _______ a second time.\" A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 19.--- \"I usually go there by train.\" ---\"Why not ______ by boat for a change?\"
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 20. I was too excited ______ .
A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking 21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
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A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 22. It is no use _____to come now. He is busy.
A. ask him B. to ask him C. that you ask him D. asking him 23. The murder was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 24. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ____ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive. 25. The computer centre, ______ last year is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened. 26. Do you know the boy _______ under the big tree?
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 27. Most of the artists ______ to the party 'were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 28. English is a language ______ in many countries.
A. spoken B. speaking C. be spoken D. to speak 29. \"Can you read?\" Mary said to the notice.
A. angrily, pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily, pointed D. and angrily pointing 30. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of Tight.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 31. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 32. _____their students, the famous teacher came into the hall. A. Followed B. Followed by
C. Being followed D. Having been followed 33. Your flat needs _____ . Would you like me it for you? A. to clean, to do
B. cleaning, doing C. cleaning, to do D. to be cleaned, doing
34. Does your new secretary ____ short hand?
A. know to take B. know how to take C. know how take D. know how taking 35. Tommy had his big brother _____ his shoes for him.
A. to tie B. tie C. tied D. tying 36. Would you please ______ write on the textbooks?
A. don't B. not to C. not D. to not 37. I'd ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
A. rather not have B. rather not to have C. not rather had D. rather not having 38. Your mother and I are looking forward________ you.
A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to see D. to seeing 39. The girl couldn't_____ how red his face was.
A. help to notice B. be helping to notice C. be helping noticing 40. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ______.
A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken
D. help noticing
练习、非谓语动词（三）
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1. There is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.
A. Tom was B. Tom's being C. Tom's be D. Tom is 2. The new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.
A. built B. be built C. being built D. to be built 3.--- \"Have you had supper?\" A. are being cooked
---\"Not yet. The meal_____.\"
B. is being cooked C. is cooked D. are cooked
D. to meet, of
4. --\"I'm glad ______ you here in the hotel.\" --\"It's my great pleasure to have you ______ us.\" A. meeting, to B. to have met, with C. having met, among 5. I'm afraid I can't make myself _____ in English.
A. understanding B. understand C. to be understood D. understood 6. Although in a hurry, Wilson ______.
A. couldn't stop walking B. couldn't help the stranger C. stopped to help the stranger D. didn't answer the stranger 7. Janet is easy _____.
A. for getting along with B. by getting along with C. to get along with D. got along with 8. Don't forget ______ the light when you leave.
A. turn off B. to turn off C. turning off D. turned off 9. The mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.
A. understanding what she means B. to understand that she meant C. to understand what she means D. noticing what she means , 10. I think this story is _____ . A. worth being read
B. worth reading C. worth to read D. worth of reading
11. This scientist is a man ______ praise.
A. worth to B. worthy to be C. worthy of D. worth 12. I don't want ______ any more trouble, you see?
A. there being B. it to be C. it being D. there to be 13. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______. A. stealing B. missed C. stolen D. to steal 14. Strictly _____, it isn't worth the price you are asking.
A. to speak B. speaking C. speak D. spoken 15. Time ______, they'll come here to watch us ______ football.
A. permitted, playing B. permitted, to play C. permitting, play D. permitting, to play 16. The man was seen _____ into the courtyard.
A. stealing B. stolen C. be stealing D. had stolen 17. Bob should love _____ to the party tomorrow evening.
A. taking B. to be taken C. to take D. being taken 18. Tom had no choice but _____ the classroom with his classmates.
A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. cleans 19. Mr. Brown said that his car needed .
A. to be repaired B. being repaired C. be repairing D. to repair 20. The old man didn't know whether to sell the car or____ .
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A. being kept for later use B. kept for later use C. to keep it for later use D. to be kept it for later use 21. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard in the next classroom. A. being opened and closed B. opened and closed
C. having been opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 22. I remember _____ someone ____ the umbrella away.
A. to see, take
B. having seen, to take D. having seen, take
C. to see, to take
23. She was noticed ______ the shop.
A. to enter B. enter C. having entered D. entered 24. I couldn't help _____ when I heard the joke. A. being laughed 25._____, she burst into tears.
A. Deeply moved B. Deeply moving
C. As she deeply moved D. As she was deeply moving 26. The problem requires ______.
A. studying with great care B. to study carefully
C. to be studied without carelessness D. taking great care of studying it 27. _____ carelessly, the boy made mistakes here and there. .
A. being written B. Wrote C. Write D. Writing 28. He would rather ______ his parents with their housework than _____ out to play games. A. to help, to go B. help, go C. help, to go D. to help, go 29. The boy had his leg _____ while ____ football. A. broken, playing
B. break, play C. broken, played D. broke, was playing
30. Having finished the work, _____.
A. it was almost six o'clock
B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters C. supper had been already prepared
D. we had a rest and then had supper 31. He is ill. He has kept_____.
A. coughing all along B. to cough at night
C. cough since yesterday D. being coughed day and night 32. It is no use ____ without _____.
A. to talk, doing B. taking, being done C. talking, doing D. being talked, being to do 33.--- \"I usually go there by boat.\" 34._____, she felt quite shy at the party.
A. As she a stranger B. Being a stranger C. According to a stranger D. She like a stranger 35. Every morning he gets up early and practises ______ and then _____ to school. A. to read English, go B. reading English, going
--- \"Why not _____ by train for a change?\"
A. try going B. to try going C. trying to go D. to try and go
B. laughing C. to be laughing D. to laugh
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C. reading English, goes D. of reading English, goes 36. While _____ football on tin playground, I found 'my keys ______.
A. playing, lost B. play, losing C. played, being lost D. having played, lost 37. ____ the same mistakes again made his parents very angry.
A. His having made B. He has made C. He had making D. Him making 38. Dick made it ______ to all his friends.
A. to know B. known C. know D. knowing 39. Anna spends one hour a day _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise C. on practising D. in practising 40. No one was surprised at _____ the examination.
A. he passing B. his pass C. him pass D. his passing 41. Although swimming is his favourite sport, yet he doesn't like _____ today.
A. to swim B. swimming C. swim D. to have swim 42. She sat at the desk and set about _____ a letter to her friend.
A. to write B. writing C. write D. written 43. This soup is cold; it needs _____.
A. to heat B. to be heated C. being hot D. heated 44. I went ______a balloon but I didn't see anyone _____ balloons.
A. to buy, to sell B. to buy, selling C. buying, selling D. buying, to sell 45. Anna is often heard ______songs in her room. A. sung B. singing C. sing D. to sing 46. The more you practise ______ English, the better your _____ English will be. A. to speak, speaking
B. speaking, spoken C. spoken, spoken D. spoken, speaking
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