知识点1：解答阅读理解题的总体思路—单句入手，语篇突破，着眼整体，归纳推断。
一般有以下两种阅读顺序(P＝Passage，Q＝Question)：
(1) P—Q—P：即先看文章，后看问题，再通过阅读文章来解答问题。这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式。其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。
(2) Q—P—Q：即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去阅读文章，最后答题。其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。
P—Q—P方式或Q—P—Q方式的采用因人而异，无优劣之分。当然，题型不同，解题的方法也应有所不同。
知识点2：常用的解题技巧有以下几种：
1. 正选法与排除法
正选法即根据所读材料内容从正面选择最佳答案。如果在有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难，考生则可以考虑选用排除法，即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项，那么剩下的选项即为正确答案。排除法是解答阅读理解题的常用方法，对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项，以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等，都可以采用排除法。 考生可以遵循如下“三级思考”的方法排除干扰项：
(1) 如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾，即为“误”，可以直接排除。
(2) 如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾，但在原文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除。 (3)有些干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相关的依据，但它并不能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点，未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性，这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也可以排除。只要考生经过“是否矛盾? (误否) —是否有依据? (虚否?) —是否以偏概全 (偏否?)”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项，或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项。
2. 定位法与跳读法
定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析
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(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等，从而找出正确答案。
3. 概括法与推理法
概括法指根据所读材料概括文章主题、要点、标题和中心思想等；而推理法则指根据所读材料的字面意思，通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。考生在运用推理法时首先要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索；然后再对文字的表面信息进行挖掘和加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推理。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
同步例题分析
知识点1：解答阅读理解题的总体思路 例1：
Welcome to the Family Village! We are a global community that integrates information, resources, and communication opportunities on the Internet for persons with cognitive and other disabilities, for their families, and for those that provide their services and support.
Our community includes informational resources on specific diagnoses, communication connections, adaptive products and technology, adaptive recreational activities, education, worship, health issues, disability-related media and literature, and much, much more!
So stop in, stroll around, and visit some of the Family Village's attractions. Simply click on a place to explore and discover a cornucopia of useful information! Let us know what you like or dislike, and visit often, for our village is constantly changing.
The Family Village is generously sponsored by the Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin - Madison. The Waisman Center is one of nine national facilities that include a Mental Retardation Developmental Disabilities Research Center and a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities. The Waisman Center is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge about human development, developmental disabilities.
The Family Village has been visited 2140927 times since February 13, 1996. Last updated January 5, 2009 by familyvillage@waisman.wisc.edu. Keywords: cognitive disability, children with disabilities, special health care needs, handicapped, disabled, disability, adaptive equipment, self-help groups, special education.
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The Family Village welcomes suggestions and updates from web site visitors. If you know of a resource that should be included in Family Village, please tell us. 1. What’s the passage mainly about?
A. The history of the Family Village.B. The origin of the Family Village C. The function of the Family Village.D. The introduction of the Family Village. 2. The Family Village is_________.
A. an organization which can give a hand to people in trouble B. a community which has many good opportunities to look for jobs C. a website tells us some miserable stories about ordinary people
D. a community which can give people some advice for the disabled and their family 3. What does the underlined word “sponsored” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. advised B. supported C. suspected D. included 4. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The Family Village was popular.B. The Family Village came into being ten years ago. C. Help provided by the Family village is money.D. Our village is constantly changing.
重点单词：
1. integratevt. 使结合；使一体化 2. diagnosevt.诊断 3. cornucopian. 各类
要点综述：本文主要讲述了为残疾人提供帮助的机构the Family Village的相关事情。 1.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。运用概括法与推理法判断本文主要是the Family Village的相关介绍。 2.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。本题是考查the Family Village的定义，运用定位法根据文章第一段可知the Family Village是一个为残疾人和他们的家庭提供帮助的机构和团体。
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3.答案：B
解析：词义理解题。运用推理法根据文章可知the Family Village是由the Waisman Center提供赞助和支持。 4.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的描述可知该网站更新快，访问量大，因此可以推断出它很受欢迎。 例2：
Compared to high heels, they don't look remotely hazardous. But flip-flop wearers would do well to think twice before slipping on a pair. The National Health Service spends £40 million a year treating injuries caused by wearing the casual footwear. More than 200,000 people end up in hospital every year after suffering falls or developing long-term problems.
Once worn only at the beach, flip-flops have become the regular summer footwear of choice for women, with two in five women owning at least one pair.
But experts are warning of the dangers of wearing flip-flops, such as the risk of joint pains. They say flip-flops force people to change the way they walk so that when taking a walk with long steps they put pressure on the outside of their foot, rather than their heel, causing long-term damage. And there is also the risk of serious injury. Frequent complaints include twisted ankles, but some have broken their arms or wrists after falling because their flip-flops caught on uneven ground. Many also suffer aching toes as they constantly wear them.
Mike, a spokesman, warned of the damage done by wearers forced to adapt how they walk. He said: “They land on the outside and then roll the foot inwards putting all the pressure on the big toe.”This constant rolling puts pressure on the ankle joint causing it to weaken. The lack of support of the flip-flop also causes pain on the inside of the foot and lower leg. And if you're not used to wearing them, they can cause blisters, he added.
Medics say flip-flops cause far more damage as they are worn for longer periods of time. Emma Supple, consultant podiatrist (足科医师) for the MBT, said: “Flip-flops are universally popular. They are easy to put on and easy to wear but women do need to be mindful that wearing on hard flat surfaces can cause considerable foot and leg problems.”She encouraged women to wear sensible shoes to help recover from summertime injuries. 5. What is the text mainly about?
A. The benefits of wearing flip-flops.B. The dangers of wearing flip-flops.
C. Some advice on how to avoid wearing flip-flops.D. The advantages and disadvantages of wearing flip-flops. 6. What is the Emma Supple’s attitude on wearing flip-flops according to the text? A. Cautious B. Doubtful. C. Regretful. D. Positive. 7. The text is most probably taken from_____.
A. a personal diary on feelings B. a magazine on fashion
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C. a research paper on science D. a newspaper on health 8. What can we infer from the text?
A. Wearing high heels is more dangerous than wearing flip-flops. B. Wearing the casual footwear can cause injures to wearers. C. Many women like to wear flip-flops in summer.
D. Wearing flip-flops causes falls or long-term problems on foot.
重点单词：
1. hazardous adj. 有危险的，冒险的 2. casual adj. 偶然的，随便的
3. uneven adj. 不平坦的，崎岖的，参差不齐的 4. mindful adj. 记住的，留心的，警觉的，小心的 5. considerable adj. 相当大的，相当多的 6. sensible adj. 明智的，合情理的
要点综述：原本只在海滩现身的人字拖近几年却成了很多人夏季必备的一款鞋，不过，有专家提醒，长期穿人字拖有害健康。人字拖危险，穿着需谨慎。
5. 答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了穿人字拖的危险，建议人们穿着需谨慎。运用排除法，文章并未提及穿人字拖的好处，也并没有提及如何穿人字拖。 6. 答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知穿人字拖的坏处，并提醒人字拖危险，穿着需谨慎，即要谨慎穿人字拖。 7. 答案：D
解析：推理判断题。本篇文章主要围绕穿人字拖而展开，所以可推断这篇文章最有可能出现在报纸上的健康版面。 8. 答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段许多女性喜欢在夏季穿人字拖，并且很多女性不仅仅拥有一双这种鞋子。由此可以推断出许多女士喜欢这种人字拖。
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例3：
Climate change threatens toabandon years of work to handle poverty in developing countries, a report warned today. Strong, urgent action was needed in poor countries to address the impacts of climate change alongside efforts to boost economic development. The report said international aid should not be blind to climate change, ignore measures which help poor countries adapt to its effects, or continue to promote high-carbon development. Instead governments and aid agencies should put climate change at the forefront of work to handle poverty, to help developing nations deal with its impacts and seize new opportunities as the world shifts to a more low-carbon economy.
The Future Climate for Development study said low-income countries and those developed countries should look for \"win-win\" opportunities which simultaneously address climate change and issues such as poverty, health and education. For example, investment in renewable energy could enhance energy security in poor countries, while promoting low-carbon transport would reduce pollution and improve health.
The potential consequences could include developing countries questioning Western models of democracy in the face of the impacts of climate change and food and resources shortages, and for currently unacceptable population controls to be brought in as part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And conflicts over water and scarce resources couldescalate and will come to dominate international relations, the report said.
Peter Madden, chief executive of Forum for the Future, said \"By putting climate change at the forefront of development, we will not only help the world's poorest to avoid serious risks, but we can also help them seize new opportunities to create better lives for themselves. \"
That is why the UK is now working across the globe to help the world's poorest people prepare for the potentially effects of climate change and shift to the clean technologies that are so vital to a stable, successful world for us all.
This report will act as an important tool to help poor countries plan for an uncertain future, and underlines our need to build climate change into everything we do.
9. Which of the following is not good to the developing countries?
A. To reduce greenhouse and pollution.B. To seize the chance to cooperate with others. C. To abandon the previous work.D. To prepare for the effects of climate change. 10. The underlined word “escalate” Paragraph 4 most probably means______. A. stand up B. cut down C. speed up D. slow down 11. What Peter Madden said in Paragraph 5 means that ____. A. climate change will benefit the developing countries
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B. pollution influences the development of the poorest countries C. measures should be taken to protect the environment
D. attention to climate change is vital to the world's poorest people 12. The reason why the UK is now working across the globe is that_____.
A. they wish to grasp \"win-win\" opportunities B. they want to develop the economic of their own C. they prepare for the effects of climate change D. they decide to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
重点单词：
1. abandon vt. 丢弃，抛弃，遗弃 2. alongsideadv. 在旁边，沿着，靠拢着，并排地 3.shiftvt.转换，转移，转变 4. consequencen.结果，后果
要点综述：本文主要讲了发展中国家要把气候的变化作为解决贫穷的首要任务，发达国家要与发展中国家共同合作，以取得双赢。
9.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Climate change threatens toabandon years of work to handle poverty in developing countries…可知气候的变化威胁到先前的解决贫穷的工作，但这并不是说人们要放弃先前的努力。 10. 答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。根据描述可知水资源和其它资源短缺的加速会成为国际关系的主导。同时根据第五段的描述可知，发展中国家要把气候的变化作为解决贫穷的首要任务，能解决上述的短缺。因此escalate为加速的意思。 11. 答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段的描述可知发展中国家把气候的变化作为解决贫穷的首要任务有很多好处。 12. 答案：A
解析：细节理解题。结合第五段That is why the UK is now working across the globe to help the world's poorest people prepare…以及第三段的描述…those developed countries should look for \"win-win\" opportunities…可知英国这样做的目的是为了实现双赢。
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检测题（一）：阅读回答问题 A
\"Whatever other people do with their hands, I do with my feet,\" Liu Wei, a pianist with no arms has become a big bomb in China after performing on \"China's Got Talent\which is a British-owned Chinese reality show screened by Dragon TV in Shanghai. The purpose of the show is to tellextraordinary stories about ordinary people.
Liu Wei moved the audience and judges to tears for his performance of \"Give a little time to your love\" by Richard Clayderman.He said his motto was to \"Die quickly or live splendidly.\" He said he would never complain and would fight to make his dreams come true.
His arms were lost after a childhood accident, so the 23-year-old plays the piano with his toes. When he was 18, he decided to follow his dream to become a professional musician and taught himself the piano. His first piano teacher quit, saying it was impossible for anyone to play with their toes. To play, Mr. Liu sits on a stool and removes his shoes and right sock, keeping his left sock on and using his right toes to place the sock in his right shoe. He keeps his left sock on.
Liu, who was 10 when he lost his arms after getting electrocuted while playing hide-and-seek, uses his feet to surf the internet, eat, dress and brush his teeth.
\"I wish I could go out driving to have fun. Apart from that, there is really nothing more I want to do,\" said Mr. Liu, who lives in Beijing.
For people like him, there were only two options: one was to abandon all dreams, which would lead to a quick, hopeless death; the other was to struggle without arms to live an outstanding life. \"What I demand is that my work is so good that people won't notice that my arms are missing.\" 13. What is \"China's Got Talent\" according to the first paragraph? A. It is a TV program which helps ordinary people become famous.
B. It is a stage where the audience can watch some miserable stories about the disabled. C. It is an organization which helps people know famous people by TV.
D. It is a TV program which shows the audience unusual stories about ordinary people. 14. Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?
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A. Liu Wei has learned the piano for about five years.
B. There were only two options, which is “abandon” or “struggle ” for everybody to choose. C. Liu Wei lost his arms because he got electrocuted while playing hide-and-seek. D. Dragon TV made terms with Fremantle Media and Sony Music Entertainment. 15. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Liu Wei plays the piano so well because of his first piano teacher.
B. There is nothing more Liu Wei wants to do except going out driving to have fun. C. Liu Wei would always complain the life because he is a disabled man. D. Liu Wei chooses to live a splendid life because he is a man with a willing heart. 16. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Broken wings, flying heart. B. Never too late to learn. C. Anything is possible. D. Practice makes perfect.
长难句翻译：
1. Liu Wei, a pianist with no arms has become a big bomb in China after performing on \"China's Got Talent\which is a British-owned Chinese reality show screened by Dragon TV in Shanghai,刘伟，没有胳膊的钢琴家在中国达人秀的节目表演后已经出名，这个节目是由英国式的中国版的东方卫视举办的。
2. What I demand is that my work is so good that people won't notice that my arms are missing.我所追求的是我的工作是如此的出色以致于使人们注意不到我的胳膊没了。
重点单词：
1. feature n.特征，特色 2. contractn.契约，合同 3. option n. 选择，选择权，选择自由
要点综述：本文主要讲述了失去双臂的刘伟，在东方卫视节目中国达人秀中，用脚趾弹出优美的乐曲，感动了观众和评委，并一举成名，他的成功来自于永怀梦想，永不言弃。
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13. 答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知China's Got Talent（即中国达人秀）是一个电视节目，目的是挑选出那些平凡而富有才华、拥有梦想并渴望奇迹的普通人走上世界舞台，即讲述平凡的人不平凡的故事。 14. 答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段可知刘伟18岁开始学琴，现在是23岁，学了大约5年，选项A正确；根据第四段可知他是由于在做捉迷藏游戏时触电截掉了双臂，所以C正确；根据第一段的叙述可知东方卫视节目与弗里曼特尔媒体和索尼音乐娱乐公司有合同。所以选项D正确。B选项错在范围扩大化，原文说是像他那样的人来说，有两种选择，并不是所有人都这样。所以B错误。 15. 答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据文章他所说的话：他人用手能做到的事情，他用脚也能做到，可推知李伟是一个意志坚强的人。选项A错误；选项B与原文不符；选项C与原文相悖。 16. 答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲了身残志坚的刘伟获得成功的故事。即：双臂断了，心也要飞翔，也就是永不言弃。
B
\"Do you like doing things for people?\" I asked a friend. \"Yes, most of the time,\" she replied. \"Most of the time?\" \"Well, I love to do things that are unexpected. I like to do little things most people wouldn't think about doing,\" she said. \"But why did you say most of the time?\" \"Well, sometimes after doing those little things people take advantage of you. I mean, they expect you to do it again. They ask you to do it. That's when I don't like it.\" It was odd that I had this conversation. This just happened to me. I love to do little things. I will pay for a meal card for the people in the office every time we have a meeting there. Not a big thing. It's a little thing. $5.30 will pay for almost five lunches. Hey, big spender!
I also bought a bag of animal crackers for a friend at work. She was having a tough day and not very happy at all. I drove down to the Wal-Mart and picked up a huge bag for under $2.00. Her smile was worth it. But one week she said, \"Bob, we ran out of crackers. We love them so much.\" I didn't want to do it. I smiled and she persisted. I finally admitted, \"It's different when I do it because I want to, but now you are trying to make me go to get them. It's not the same.\" But I bought it for her.
Unfortunately, a big fire in my family took away all the possessions we had. I don’t know what to do and how to do it. What happened to me then surprised me most. I once had my bikes repaired, but the repairman said “no charge” on hearing my sufferings. A stranger called James Kennedy read some pieces I’d written about our
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sufferings for slate, the online magazine, and wanted to give us a new house across the lake from New Orleans. I refused but I felt moved. Another poet at the University of Florida also wanted to let his house to me free of charge while he was on holiday. My mates gave us more money for us to rebuild my home.
When you do something kind for others, do you always get rewarded? Yes, but not in the way you might expect.
17. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. Little Things, Big Payoff.B. Enough Love to Share. C. The power of Help.D. Bright Lights of Kindness 18. What’s the main purpose of the first paragraph?
A. To tell the background of the story.B. To attract the attention of the readers.
C. To get the readers know main idea directly. D. To explain the reasons why he wrote the passage, 19. After knowing her sufferings the repairman’s attitude to the author is____. A. kind B. sympathy C. tolerance D. doubt 20. What do we know about James Kennedy?
A. He was a writer of an online magazine.B. He was also a poet at the University of Florida.
C. He offered the author a new house free of charge.D. He learned about the author’s sufferings by online. 21. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Misfortune of blessing on happiness.B. Never too late to learn.
C. Helping others means helping yourself.D. Many hands make the work lighter.
重点单词：
1. odd adj. 奇特的，古怪的 2. crackern. [C](淡或咸的)薄脆饼干 3. take advantage of利用，欺骗，占……的便宜
要点综述：本篇文章叙述了作者不断的帮助别人，最后得到了别人的帮助。告诉了我们帮助别人就意味着帮助自己。
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17. 答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知作者做了一些小事情而在自己遇到麻烦时得到了别人的帮助。同时第一段I like to do little things most people wouldn't think about doing.以及最后When you do something kind for others, do you always get rewarded? Yes, but not in the way you might expect.也说明了善小而为，最终得到回报。 18. 答案： C
解析：目的意图题。第一段主要介绍了与朋友的对话，说明了要不断地做好事，哪怕这个事情很小。下文具体进行了阐述。所以第一段的目的是开门见山，直奔主题。 19. 答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段 I once had my bikes repaired, but the repairman said “no charge” on hearing my sufferings.可知修理工听到我的遭遇不收修车钱，因此可以推断他是对我的同情。 20. 答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段A stranger called James Kennedy read some pieces I’d written about our sufferings for slate, the online magazine…可知James Kennedy他是读了我在网络杂志上写的文章,了解了我的遭遇。 21. 答案：C
解析：推理判断题。本篇文章先写作者帮助别人，再写别人帮助我，由此我们可以推断出帮助别人就意味着帮助自己。
专题精讲
知识点1：阅读理解常见干扰项设置手法概述
阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。干扰项的设置手法一般体现在下列几个原则：
1).包含项原则
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在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其它三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A 与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰, 因为玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。如： 例1：
Living in a residence hall(学生宿舍) carries certain obligation (义务). You have to be considerate of others, especially during study hours. Telephone calls and visits by friends should be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary(卫生) as possible. It is sometimes hard to be tolerant (容忍的) of another person’s habits that may differ from your own.
Q: What must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory? A. Your roommate’s telephone callsB. Habits that may differ from your own C. Visits by your roommate’s friendsD. Roommates who are unsanitary
题意：住学生宿舍要受一些约束。你必须要考虑他人习惯，特别是在学习的时间。打电话及接待朋友来访的时间尽量要短。你还得齐心协力与室友尽可能保持好寝室卫生。有时候你是很难容忍别人不同的生活习惯。
解析：从四个选项分析中我们可以看出，选项B“与你不同的生活习惯”其实就包含并概括了其他三选项，即A室友的电话、C室友的朋友来访、D室友不爱卫生，这些都是你不能接受的生活习惯。如果我们可以选A、C、D任一选项，那么B也可以选，但正确答案只有一个，所以我们只能选B。
2).正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾的判断不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B两项当中取其一。如： 例2：
They feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the other is talking or when they are tired, or not interested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only with their ears. Q:According to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when____. A.we are emotionally tiredB.we are physically disabled
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C. we are so interested in the topicD.we are asked many questions
题意：当他们心不在焉，感到厌倦或对他/她谈论的话题不感兴趣的时候，他们就会觉得自己不是一个好的听众了。他们大多数人仅仅是用耳朵而非用心去听。
解析：四个选项中，A与C陈述互相矛盾, 互为正反项。我们什么时候不会用心去听? A我们情绪厌倦的时候，C我们对话题很感兴趣的时候。显然这两个选项是矛盾正反判断，只有一个而且必有一个是真，所以我们可以先排除B、D选项，然后再结合我们下文将要提及的常识项原则，可以把答案确定为A。
3).委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to, be liable to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, the most, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。如： 例3：
With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies depleted and with air pollution becoming an increasing concern, the major countries of the world are seeking alternate sources of energy. If a means to obtain energy from water, especially from the ocean, can be effected economically, it would furnish a never ending supply of energy, since 70% of the earth′s surface is ocean and another 10% is fresh water in rivers and lakes.
From the beginning of time man has used water power as a source of work— waterfalls and dams —but these are fresh water sources and are landlocked. The seas have contributed little or nothing in the way of power.
The use of temperature variation between currents is one area of exploration. Ocean water is heated by the sun near the equator and drawn by the rotation of the earth toward the poles, where it cools and drops toward the ocean floor and starts its journey back toward the equator. The differential（微分）between the two currents is 35 degrees to 45 degrees Fahrenheit and to use it the scientists must find the places where they run near land and are not too far away from each other. One area that meets these requirements is the Caribbean Sea.
Oceans also offer wave power, tides and the chemical propensities（倾向）of salt water as potential sources of energy. All these uses are theoretically possible.
Britain′s Department of Energy is interested in wave power, using a string of “tear drop” devices that depend on very active wave areas and 100 feet depths. In addition to this, the British are working on a method that the Japanese have already put into practical use on a small scale for powering their navigational buoys. This method is called an oscillating（震荡）water column and rides the waves with a series of cylinders having one way air valves. Wave movement produces air under pressure that has only one escape route— to a turbine(涡轮)that powers a generator.
Q: According to the first two paragraphs, ____. A.the use of water is a completely new concept
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B. the sea has already long been used as a way of power
C.water is a source of energy far more economical than any other energies D.water, if properly handled, may present a promising solution to energy crisis
解析：很明显，根据委婉原则，正确答案应该为D, 其他三项都含有过于肯定语气的词，如：completely, has already, far more than any other。而选项D比较委婉，if分词短语使说话留有余地，情态动词may使语气相对平缓。
4).同形项原则
几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。同形项组可喻为高尔夫球场上的“果岭”，而正确答案就是果岭上的“球洞”。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考察考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项一般存在有正确答案。 例4：
The development of rapid transit rail lines in cities should parallel(与……平行) local economic development and blind construction of such lines should be avoided…It stressed that the amount of domestically made equipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased. Q:The rapid-transit rail lines should ______.
A. develop as quickly as possibleB. develop with local economic development C. develop after local economic developmentD. develop with the construction industry
解析：答案为B。经语言形式与结构分析，我们不难发现B、C选项形式与结构相似（仅with与after一词之差）为同形项，所以可先试着排除A、D。再结合常识（常识项原则/下文）：高速路轨的建设应该与地方经济互相促进、同步发展，最终确定答案为B。根据原文中的“parallel”（与…平行）可以确定上述分析结果正确。
5).常识项原则
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在议论文当中，那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象的选项往往是正确答案。 例5：
Trees are useful to man in three import ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.
Q: What is the most important service of trees to man according to the passage? A. They help him make moneyB. They give him wood and other products C. They help him prevent droughts and floodsD. They give him shade
解析：答案为C，这是常识项。植树造林是我国的一大国策，目的在于防止洪涝、风沙、旱灾，这是我国公民的普遍常识，所以C为正确答案：树木可以帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义更加深远。其实，根据“Unfortunately(语义转折标志), in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important, ”我们也可以得出C项为正确答案。
6).因果项原则
阅读理解逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题型的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则规定：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是这两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。 例6：
No one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniforms are totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is, the individual in a uniform loses self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a sense of identification with a more important concept. But in fact, the individual himself is the most important, if an organization is so weak that it must rely on the uniform to inspire its members, that organization has not right to continue its existence. On the other hand, uniforms also hurt the economy.
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Q: The author’s main purpose in writing this paragraph is to______. A. show that uniform are possible in a democratic society
B. advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms C. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages D. advocate doing away with uniforms
解析：答案为C，综合分析四个选项，我们会发现C与B、D项互为因果项，也就是说，因为C：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁废除制服。根据因果项原则，一个原因对应了两个结果，答案应该选原因项C。本题是主旨题，根据原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，说明制服弊大于利。B、D项为干扰项，属于推理过头。
7).望文生义原则
这一干扰方法一般用于对句子或词语含义的考查，即利用某个词或句子的字面意义代替特定语境中的具体意义。 例7：
The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless,but only a few lost their lives.
The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker(面包师)in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family,was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery(面包房)into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning… Q:The underlined word \"family\" in the second paragraph means. A. homeB.childrenC.wife and husbandD.wife and children 答案：B
解析：一看到family这个词同学们可能立即会想到“家、家人”这些含义，这样就会不自觉中将答案限定
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在了A、C、D中，而在短文his wife and family这一语境中family显然指的是children。
8).鱼目混珠原则
这种干扰法常用于考查文章有关细节的题目中，即选项中表达的意思正误并存，而且错误只是局部有误。甚至干扰项所表达的意思根本就没有错误，只是内容不完整、不全面罢了，严格起来讲，后面这个情况在没有最佳答案项的情况下可以被选作正确答案。 例8：
More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual to work. In the United States, the change from formal to casual office wear has been slow. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday. This became known as “dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employers has really become an everyday thing.” said business consultant Andony Jones.
Q:According to the passage, which of the following is True? ________ A.Company workers started to dress down about 20 years ago.
B.Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s. C.“Dress-down Friday” was first given as a favour from employers. D.Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.
解析：本题答案为C。干扰项B运用了“鱼目混珠法”，根据原文“Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon.”表达是正确的，但是加上时间状语 since the early 1990s句意就与原意不符了，因为20世纪90年代初许多公司只允许员工星期五穿便衣。
9).偷换概念原则
这种干扰方法的命题思路是，在对原文进行同义转换或解释的过程中，通过改变一些词汇或表达方法，使改变后的意思与原文意思发生微妙或较大的改变。
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例9：
Who first conceived the idea of the Festival of Hong Kong? To whom did he propose? How did he convince others of the feasibility of such a festival? How was the Festival told to the people of the “Pearl of the Orient”? Put it in another way: what purpose did the festival serve?
The purpose, as stated in the newspaper was a double one: to give Hong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment in the grinding work of their daily lives. Q:The purpose of the Festival of Hong Kong is ________.
A. to furnish newspaper with news B. to attract tourists from abroad
C. to provide relief for workers D. to enable people to realize that life is not all work
解析：此题答案为D。选项C采用了“偷换概念”的干扰方法。原文为“The purpose, as stated in the newspaper was a double one: to give Hong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment…”而干扰项C把原文中的working people偷换成workers，使范围缩小，表达不准确。
10).故意夸张原则
这种干扰方法常见于说明文的备选项中，即在介绍科学实验或新科研成果时，把可能当作现实，把可能出现的问题设置为已经出现的问题，把未然当作已然。 例10：
With only about 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone (克隆) the animal and save the endangered species (物种). That’s a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos (胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M’S College of Veterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.
It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct in over 100
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years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.
This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal. The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer (核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available (capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes.“They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog. “They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed.” Q:The best title for the passage may be________.
A.China’s Success in Pandas CloningB.The First Cloned Panda in the World
C.Exploring the Possibility to Clone PandasD.China —— the Native Place of Pandas Forever
解析：本题答案为C。干扰项A运用了“故意夸张法”，它的干扰因素就是把可能当作现实，把克隆熊猫的可能性理解为已经成功地克隆了熊猫。文中的“They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal” “…China is desperately trying to clone…”都是进行时，而不是已经完成的动作。
专题过关
检测题（一）：通过分析干扰项判定答案
1.The main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear to be unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surface’s temperature is very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the animals. Q: There is unlikely any life on Venus because______. A.it has very thin atmosphere B.the surface temperature is too hot
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C.the weather is too cold D.it is extremely short of water
解析：B项（表面温度太热）与C项（气候太寒冷）语义相反互为正反项。根据正反项原则，可以排除A、D项，然后在B、C项中选其一，这样，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率从25%提高到50％。其实，此题为细节题，根据原文第三句，我们可以把答案确定为B。
批注：正反项原则预示陈述内容或基调完全相反的两选项往往有一个是正确答案。
2.If Mrs. Abby dies after she has paid premiums for one or two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily. But if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit. Q: According to the passage, the insurance company will make great profits________. A. If the premium（保险费）is increased so the company can earn more money each year. B. If nobody above seventy buys insurance against death.
C. If most insurance buyers live longer than the average length of life. D. If most insurance buyers live shorter than the average length of life.
解析：答案为C，这也是常识项。众所周知，保险公司之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险的对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交的保险额就越多，保险公司利润就越高，所以C为正确答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更长。人的平均年龄往往是保险公司设置保率的基准。另外，此题根据“But （语义转折标志）if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推断出答案为C。 3. Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural(文化的)difference, not an economic(经济的)one. Knowing your own psychological space needs isimportant because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child-family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also want to offer separate bedrooms for them.
In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a bed near them.
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Q:The first sentence in this paragraph “ Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space” mean______.
A. Not two people need exactly the same amount of living space B. Living space requirements are not always the same C. The world requires the same amount of living space D. Nobody needs a required amount of living space
解析：干扰项D运用了故意夸张原则。原因在于将“Not everyone…”理解成完全否定，从而与D项对应。其实它为部分否定，故答案应为B。
学法提炼
1、专题特点：
阅读理解是学生的老大难的问题，有的时候就在两个选项之间纠结，往往很容易选错，掌握出题者的意图以及出题方向会大大地避免错误，提高阅读的正确率。
2、解题方法：
确定正确答案出现困难的时候，可以通过分析四个备选的选项，运用各种干扰项的排除方法，排除错误答案，提高正确率。
3、注意事项：
不能单纯的依靠排除错误答案的十原则做题，还是要遵循做阅读理解的最大的原则就是忠实于原文。
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一、 能力培养
方法总结：做阅读理解题的时候先按照常规方法做题，遇到困难不能确定正确答案的时候，再对选项进行分析，根据干扰项的十原则，运用排除法，选出正确答案。
I want to talk about the economy. Not \"the economy\"we hear about endlessly in the news each day and in politicians' speeches. I want to talk about the real economy, the one we live in day by day.
Most people aren't particularly interested in \"the economy\".Share prices are flying high; interest rates are soaring; the Dow Jones Index closed sixty-three points down on 8472.35.\" We hear this and subconsciously switch off.
Notice that \"the economy\" is not the same as the economy, \"The economy\" is what men in suits play with to make vast personal wealth. The economy is where the rest of us live on a daily basis, earning our living, paying our taxes, and purchasing the necessities of life.
We are supposed to be benefiting from all the advantages of a well-off society. So why do we feel tired and stressed? We have no time for anything other than work, which is ridiculous given the number of labor-saving devices in our lives. Our towns become more and more crowded. We poison our air and seas, and our food is full of chemical. There's something wrong here. If times were truly good, then you may think we'd all feel optimistic about the future. Yet the majority of us are deeply worried. More than 90 percent of us think we are too concerned about ourselves and not concerned enough about future generations.
The term \"economic expansion\" suggests something desirable, but expansion simply means spending more money. More spending doesn't mean that life is getting better. We all know it often means the opposite—greed, crime, poverty, pollution. More spending merely feeds our whole economic system, which is based on production and consumption. Unless money keeps circulating, the economy breaks down. If we don't keep consuming, the whole system goes into stalemate.
How do we break the cycle and make some changes? We need to become far more aware of the results of our
actions. We buy clothes that are made in sweat shops by virtual slaves in poor parts of the world. We create mountains of waste. We demand cheap food, mindless of the fact that it totally lacks taste and is produced using
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chemicals that poison the land.
The consumption culture makes us unaware of the effect of our own behavior. Our main problem is not that we don't know what to do about it. It is gathering the desire to do it. 67. According to the author, which one belongs to the real economy? A. The Dow Jones Index. B. Increases in interest rates. C. Skyrocketing share prices. D.Shopping in a supermarket. 68. It can be concluded from Paragraph 4 that. A. people are benefiting from a well-off society B. the future generation is a big concern for most people C. the majority of people are optimistic about the future D. people still feel much pressure despite labor-saving devices 69. What is true about economic expansion?
A. It guarantees a better life for us. B. It may lead to some social problems. C. It will stop the circulation of money. D. It has only brought desirable effects. 70. The author writes the passage mainly to . A. call on us to change our behaviorB. suggest a solution for over-consumption
C. make a distinction between two economiesD. inform us of the effects of economic expansion 答案：A: BCD B:DDBA
二、能力点评
学法升华
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一、 知识收获
常见干扰项设置手法十原则 常见的阅读理解解题技巧
二、 方法总结
1.例证法 2.比较法 3.排除法
三、 技巧提炼
1.正选法与排除法 2.定位法与跳读法 3.概括法与推理法
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