英语专业四级语法讲义
主讲教师：周洁
虚拟语气与情态动词
1. if 引导的虚拟语气
假设类型 与现在事实相反 if 从句谓语动词 动词用过去式 （be 用 were） 主句谓语动词 would should could might + do 与过去事实相反 had + done would should + have done could might 与将来事实相反 were to should + do + do would should could might + do （1） 省略 if 的虚拟倒装 ❖ had + 主语（not）done ❖ should + 主 语 + do ❖ were +主语+ to do
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（2） 含蓄虚拟without = but for With
（3） 错综（混合）虚拟
真题演练
2007 年
54. If only the patient might still be alive now. [A] had received [B] received [C] should receive [D] were receiving 2007 年
54. If only the patient
A a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, _a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he
he might still be alive now. [A] had received [B] received [C] should receive [D] were receiving 2005 年
51. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he much better than I can.
able to advise you
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[A] would be [C] was 2005 年
[B] will have been [D] were
51. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he much better than I can. [A] would be [C] was
与 15 年 58 题考一样 2005 年 63. advice. [A] If, had [C] Should, have 2005 年 63.
C you
[B] Have, had [D] In case, had
you
[B] will have been [D] were
A_ able to advise you
_ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for
_ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for
advice. [A] If, had [C] Should, have 与 98 年 43 题考点一样 2002 年 50.
for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
[B] Have, had [D] In case, had
[A] Had it not been
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[B] Hadn’t it been [C] Was it not [D] Were it not 2002 年 50.
A for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
[A] Had it not been [B] Hadn’t it been [C] Was it not [D] Were it not 2016 年 19.
your advice, I would have made the wrong decision.
A. Hadn’t it been for B. Had it not been for C. Had it been for D. Had not it been for 2016 年
19. B your advice, I would have made the wrong decision. A. Hadn’t it been for B. Had it not been for C. Had it been for D. Had not it been for 2000 年
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49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there crowd of people there. [A] weren’t [C] hadn’t been 2000 年
49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there crowd of people there. [A] weren’t [C] hadn’t been 2008 年
52. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she now.
A. would be getting B. could have got C. must get D. would get 2008 年
[B] hasn’t been [D] wouldn’t be [B] hasn’t been [D] wouldn’t be
_ quite such a
C quite such a
much better results
52. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she D much better results now.
A. would be getting B. could have got C. must get
5
D. would get 2009 年
52. If there were no subjunctive mood, English A. could have been B. would be C. will be
D. would have been 2009 年
52. If there were no subjunctive mood, English A. could have been B. would be C. will be
D. would have been 2013 年 63. If it
tomorrow, the match would be put off.
B much easier to learn. much easier to learn.
[A] was to rain [B] were to rain [C] was raining [D] had rained 2013 年 63. If it
B tomorrow, the match would be put off.
[A] was to rain
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[B] were to rain [C] was raining [D] had rained 2017 年
15. “If I were you, I wouldn’t wait to propose to her.” The subjunctive mood in the sentence is used to A. alleviate hostility
B. express unfavorable feelings C. indicate uncertainty D. make a suggestion 2017 年
15. “If I were you, I wouldn’t wait to propose to her.” The subjunctive mood in the sentence is used to D . A. alleviate hostility
减少敌意 .
B. express unfavorable feelings C. indicate uncertainty D. make a suggestion 2017 年
19. At that moment, with the crowd watching me. I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I
if I
alone.
A. would have been…had been B. should be…had been
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C. could be…were D. might have been…were 2017 年
19. At that moment, with the crowd watching me. I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I A if I
alone.
A. would have been…had been B. should be…had been C. could be…were D. might have been…were 2. 其他形式虚拟
（1） wish / wished
①过去式
主
②would/could + do ③had done
（2） as if / as though
①过去式
主
②would/could + do ③had done
（3） if only
①过去式
主
②would/could + do ③had done
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（4） would rather = ’d rather
①过去式
主
②had done/
would/could + have done
would rather do / not do
(5)用表示建议、命令、要求等词引导的名词性从句中 that + 主语
+（should）do +（should）be done
两步解题方法：
① 圈出标志词（表建议、命令、要求的词） ② 选出动词原形 suggest/-ed/-ion order/-ed require/-d/-ment demand/-ed
insist/-ed/-ent/-ence move/motion advise/-ce/-able essential
（6）It's/was + time
high time about time
+ that +主+ did
urge/-ent important necessary ask/-ed
propose/-d/-sal request/-ed desire/-d/-rable recommend/-ed/-ation command/-ed direct/-ed vital imperative
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（7） lest (that)
for fear that (in case)
+ 主 语 + should + do
Please remind me of it again tomorrow A. provided C. unless
B. lest D. in case of
I should forget.
Please remind me of it again tomorrow A. provided C. unless
（8） 跳层虚拟
B I should forget.
B. lest D. in case of
真实，otherwise / or + 虚拟虚拟，but + 真实
真实—过去时 / must have done 虚拟—would / could + have done 2007 年
60. He would have finished his college education, but he job to support his family. [A] had had [C] had 2007 年
60. He would have finished his college education, but he job to support his family.
C to quit and find a
[B] has [D] would have
to quit and find a
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[A] had had [C] had
[B] has
[D] would have
真题演练
2007 年
65. It is absolutely essential that William difficulties. [A] will continue [C] continue 2007 年
65. It is absolutely essential that William difficulties. [A] will continue [C] continue 2014 年
51. It is essential that he [A] is examining [B] will examine [C] examines [D] examine 2014 年
51. It is essential that he [A] is examining
D all the facts first. all the facts first.
[B] continued [D] continues
C
his study in spite of some learning
[B] continued [D] continues
his study in spite of some learning
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[B] will examine [C] examines [D] examine 2006 年 52. If only I [A］ would [C］ should 2006 年 52. If only I [A］ would [C］ should 2006 年
54. It’s high time we [A］ stopped [C］ shall stop 2006 年
54. It’s high time we A [A］ stopped [C］ shall stop 2006 年
59. It is imperative that the government
play the guitar as well as you!
[B］ could [D］ might
B play the guitar as well as you!
[B］ could [D］ might
cutting down the rainforests.
［B］ had to stop ［D］ stop
cutting down the rainforests.
［B］ had to stop ［D］ stop
more investment into the
shipbuilding industry.
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［A］ attracts ［B］ shall attract ［C］ attract ［D］ has to attract 2006 年
59. It is imperative that the government shipbuilding industry. ［A］ attracts ［B］ shall attract ［C］ attract ［D］ has to attract 2005 年
60. That was not the first time he actions against him. [A] betrayed…take [B] had betrayed…took [C] has betrayed…took [D] has betrayed…take 2005 年
60. That was not the first time he B us. I think it’s high time we actions against him. [A] betrayed…take
strong
us. I think it’s high time we
strong
C
more investment into the
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[B] had betrayed…took [C] has betrayed…took [D] has betrayed…take 2004 年
46. It is imperative that students [A] hand in [B] would hand in [C] have to hand in [D] handed in 2004 年
46. It is imperative that students [A] hand in [B] would hand in [C] have to hand in [D] handed in 2010 年
60. It is necessary that he A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in 2010 年
_ the assignment without delay.
A their term papers on time.
their term papers on time.
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60. It is necessary that he A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in 2011 年
A the assignment without delay.
61. It's getting late. I'd rather you A. will leave C. leave 2011 年
61. It's getting late. I'd rather you D A. will leave C. leave 2012 年
B. are leaving D. left B. are leaving D. left
now.
now.
54. My boss ordered that the legal documents [A] be sent [B] were sent [C] were to be sent [D] must be sent 2012 年
to him before lunch.
54. My boss ordered that the legal documents A to him before lunch. [A] be sent
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[B] were sent [C] were to be sent [D] must be sent 2013 年
54. Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood? [A] Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o’clock. [B] She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro. [C] Walk straight ahead, and don’t turn till the second traffic lights. [D] Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday. 2013 年
54. Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood? [A] Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o’clock. [B] She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro. [C] Walk straight ahead, and don’t turn till the second traffic lights. [D] Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday. 2018 年
20. My mother was determined to help those in need and she would have been immensely proud of what has been achieved these last 20 years. The italicized part in the sentence expresses . A. a hypothesis C. a contradiction 2018 年
B. a suggestion D. a surprise
A
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20. My mother was determined to help those in need and she would have been immensely proud of what has been achieved these last 20 years. The italicized part in the sentence expresses A . A. a hypothesis 假设
B. a suggestion
C. a contradiction 矛 盾 D. a surprise 3. 情态动词+do 情态动词+ have done must + have done can / could + have done may / might + have done should / ought to + have done shouldn't / oughtn't to + have done needn't + have done must 表命令 表推测 2008 年
65. Which of the following sentences expresses \"probability\"? A. You must leave immediately. B. You must be feeling rather tired. C. You must be here by eight o'clock.
D. You must complete the reading assignment on time. 2008 年
“必须” “一定”
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65. Which of the following sentences expresses \"probability\"? A. You must leave immediately. B. You must be feeling rather tired. C. You must be here by eight o'clock.
D. You must complete the reading assignment on time. need 情态动词 实义动词
“必要” + do “需要” + to do
B
need doing = need to be done
真题演练
2007 年 56. She
fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.
[B] had been [D] must have been
[A] must be [C] could be 2007 年
56. She D fifty or so when I first met her at the conference. [A] must be [C] could be
[B] had been [D] must have been
与 09 年 53 题考的一样 2010 年
52. Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She A. must have gone
_ by bus.
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B. should have gone C. ought to have gone D. could have gone 2010 年
52. Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She A. must have gone B. should have gone C. ought to have gone D. could have gone 2000 年 48. You
Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.
A by bus.
[A] needn’t have told [B] needn’t tell [C] mustn’t have told [D] mustn’t tell 2000 年 48. You
A
Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.
[A] needn’t have told [B] needn’t tell [C] mustn’t have told [D] mustn’t tell 与 98 年 52 题考的一样
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2014 年
55. Which of the following sentences indicates POSSIBILITY? [A] The moon cannot always be at the full. [B] You cannot smoke inside the building. [C] He cannot come today. [D] She cannot play the piano. 2014 年
55. Which of the following sentences indicates POSSIBILITY? [A] The moon cannot always be at the full. [B] You cannot smoke inside the building. [C] He cannot come today. [D] She cannot play the piano. 2017 年
16. “It’s a shame that the city official should have gone back on his word.” The modal auxiliary SHOULD expresses A. obligation C. future in the past 2017 年
16. “It’s a shame that the city official should have gone back on his word.”毁约， 食 言 The modal auxiliary SHOULD expresses B . A. obligation C. future in the past
B. disappointment D. tentativeness
.
A
B. disappointment D. tentativeness
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2017 年
17. Timothy Ray Brown, the first man cured on HIV, initially opted against the stem cell transplant that
history.
A. could have later made B. should have made later C. might make later D. would later make 2017 年
17. Timothy Ray Brown, the first man cured on HIV, initially opted against 选用 the stem cell transplant that D history. A. could have later made B. should have made later C. might make later D. would later make 祝
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时态语态
常考时态语态 1. 现在完成进行时
have/has been doing
（1） 表示一个动作发生在过去，一直延续下去 （2） 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
① 现在完成时表动作已经完成；
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现在完成进行时表动作还在继续 ② 现在完成时表动作已经一次性完成；
现在完成进行时表动作反复发生 ③ 如果动作表示状态，应用现在完成时 2. 进行时
be + doing
① 表示正在进行的动作 ② 即将发生的动作
③ 与 always, for ever, constantly，continually 等 adv.连用,表示说话人的某种情绪1997 年
41. How can I ever concentrate if you A. have, interrupted B. had, interrupted C. are, interrupting D. were, interrupting 与 16 年 11 题考的一样1997 年
41. How can I ever concentrate if you C continually A. have, interrupted B. had, interrupted C. are, interrupting D. were, interrupting 与 16 年 11 题考的一样
me with silly questions?
continually
me with silly questions?
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2019 年
19. What is the function of the present progressive in “They are always calling me by the wrong name”?
A. To express unfavorable feelings. B. To alleviate unnecessary hostility. C. To indicate uncertainty. D. To dramatize a fact. 2019 年
19. What is the function of the present progressive in “They are always calling me by the wrong name”?
A
A. To express unfavorable feelings. B. To alleviate unnecessary hostility. C. To indicate uncertainty. D. To dramatize a fact. 3. 表示将来的一般现在时 ① 在时间状从和条件状从中 ② 表计划好、安排好的事情be to do
真题演练
2007 年 55. Linda was last minute.
the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the
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[A] to start [B] to have started [C] to be starting [D] to have been starting 2007 年
55. Linda was B the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. [A] to start [B] to have started [C] to be starting [D] to have been starting 2007 年
58. The committee has anticipated the problems that project. [A] arise [C] arose 2007 年
58. The committee has anticipated the problems that
in the road construction
[B] will arise [D] have arisen
B in the road
construction project. [A] arise [C] arose 2006 年
[B] will arise [D] have arisen
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55. The student said there were a few points in the essay he comprehend. [A］ought to have [C］ had found 2006 年
［B］ was finding ［D］ would find
impossible to
55. The student said there were a few points in the essay he C impossible to comprehend. [A］ought to have [C］ had found 与 07 年 59 题考的一样 2005 年
54. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he [A] will come [B] was coming [C] had been coming [D] came 2005 年
54. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he [A] will come [B] was coming [C] had been coming [D] came
B until yesterday. _ until yesterday.
［B］ was finding ［D］ would find
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2005 年 55. _ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. [A] I was and always will be [B] I have to be and always will be [C] I had been and always will be [D] I have been and always will be 2005 年
55. D conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. [A] I was and always will be [B] I have to be and always will be [C] I had been and always will be [D] I have been and always will be 2002 年
43. For some time now, world leaders reduction.
[A] had been pointing [B] have been pointing [C] were pointing [D] pointed 2002 年
43. For some time now, world leaders B arms reduction.
out the necessity for agreement on out the necessity for agreement on arms
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[A] had been pointing [B] have been pointing [C] were pointing [D] pointed 2008 年
63. In his plays Shakespeare A. would make C. made 2013 年
58. All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPT [A] Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four. [B] The school pupils will be home by now. [C] The President is coming to the UN next week. [D] He is going to email me the necessary information. 2013 年
58. All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPT [A] Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four.
[B] The school pupils will be home by now. 选项 B 与 15 年 63 题 B 考点类似 [C] The President is coming to the UN next week. [D] He is going to email me the necessary information. 2015 年
63. Which of the following italicized words does NOT indicate willingness?
B
D his characters live through their language.
B. had made D. makes
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[A] What will you do when you graduate? [B] They will be home by now. [C] Who will go with me? [D] Why will you go there alone? 2015 年
63. Which of the following italicized words does NOT indicate willingness? [A] What will you do when you graduate? [B] They will be home by now. 与 13 年 58 题 B 一致
[C] Who will go with me? [D] Why will you go there alone? 2014 年
52. Which of the following sentences expresses a future action? [A] Lucy is continually finding fault with her sister. [B] We are meeting the visitors after the performance. [C] The coach is now crossing the Garden Bridge. [D] I’m hoping that you’ll give us some advice. 2014 年
52. Which of the following sentences expresses a future action? B
[A] Lucy is continually finding fault with her sister. 与 97 年 41 题、16 年 11 题考点一致
[B] We are meeting the visitors after the performance. [C] The coach is now crossing the Garden Bridge.
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B
[D] I’m hoping that you’ll give us some advice. 2015 年
54. Which of the italicized parts expresses a future tense? [A] My friend teaches chemistry in a school. [B] I’ll give it to you after I return. [C] What is the matter with you? [D] London stands on the River Thames. 2015 年
54. Which of the italicized parts expresses a future tense? [A] My friend teaches chemistry in a school. [B] I’ll give it to you after I return. [C] What is the matter with you? [D] London stands on the River Thames. 2017 年
14. “ I wondered if I could have a word with you.” The past tense used in the sentence refers to a
.
B
A. past event for exact time reference B. present event for tentativeness C. present event for uncertainty D. past event for politeness 2017 年
14. “ I wondered if I could have a word with you.” The past tense used in the
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sentence refers to a B .
A. past event for exact time reference B. present event for tentativeness C. present event for uncertainty D. past event for politeness 祝
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倒装
倒装
完全倒装
部分倒装
（一） 完全倒装 公式： 谓语 + 主语
是 n 或名短，而非代词
① 移动性动词：come go run leave ② 表“位于”的动词： be 用于以下情况
1. There，Here，Now，Then 放句首时
lie stand
arrive rush
2. up，down，in，out, away 等 adv.放句首时 3. 介词短语放句首 倒装句中的主谓一致
介 短 + lie / be / stand + 主 语 In the street lies many shops.
X
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In the street lie many shops. （二）部分倒装 公式：一般疑问句形式 1）情态动词
will Shall would should ought
（2） do
+ 主 + do
+ 主 + to do
does did
（3） have
+ 主 + do
has had have has had
（4） am
+ 主+done（主动）
+ 主 +been +done（被动）
is are was
+ 主 + 过去分词（被动）
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were
（5） am
is
are
+ 主 + adj. / n.
was were
用于以下情况：
1. 部分否定词、否定短语放句首时两步解题法：
1 划出否定词 、否定短语
2 找出部分倒装形式（一般问句形式）
否定词： no
not never
rarely few
hardly seldom no one
nowhere
scarcely little
否定短语： by no means
at no time
under no circumstances in no case 2009 年 59. Little A. she cared
about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.
B. she may care
on no account
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C. may she care 2009 年 59. Little D A. she cared C. may she care 句型： 1）Not until 短语
adv 句子
注意：
It was not until 短语
adv 句子
（2）Hardly
+
Scarcely
D. did she care
about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.
B. she may care D. did she care
+ did + 主 + do
+that+主+did
have
has + 主 + done + when had have
（3）No sooner + has + 主 + done + than had
2. Only + 短语
adv 连+句子
放在句首主句倒装
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注意：
only 单个词放句首，主句不倒装 2004 年
50.
both sides accept the agreement a lasting peace be established in this
region. [A] Only if, will [C] Should, will 2004 年
50. A_ both sides accept the agreement region. [A] Only if, will [C] Should, will 3. Neither
Nor So 2009 年
58. It is going to be fine tomorrow. A. So is it. C. So it does. 2009 年
58. It is going to be fine tomorrow. B . A. So is it.
B. So it is. B. So it is. D. So does it.
.
“也如此”
[B] If only, would [D] Unless, would
“也不如此”
a lasting peace be established in this
[B] If only, would [D] Unless, would
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C. So it does. 2012 年
D. So does it.
63. A: Mother, you promised to take me out. B: Well, D [A] so do I. [C] so I do!
[B] so did I. [D] so I did!
4. So + adj. / adv. + 部分倒装 + that e.g. So instructive A. was the film C. the film was
the student wanted to see it again. B. it was the film D. the film it was
e.g. So instructive A the student wanted to see it again. A. was the film C. the film was 5. 省略 if 的虚拟倒装 ❖ had + 主语（not）done ❖ should + 主 语 + do ❖ were +主语+ to do 6. as 引导的让步倒装 adj. adv. n (无冠词) 分词
as+主+谓
B. it was the film D. the film it was
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短语much as
7. 省略 whether 的倒装
在 whether 引导的让步状从中，从句的谓语动词是系动词，可以省略 whether，将 be 动词原形提到主语前面来形成倒装。
Whether he is busy or free, he still keeps on studying English. Be he busy or free, he still keeps on studying English. 祝
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形容词、副词、倍数
adj. / adv. 比较结构 倍数表达法：基数词+times once
twice
three times
❖ 分数表达法：分子用基数，分母用序数；
分子大于 1， 分母+S
2/3
two-thirds
倍数表达方式
❖ 主+谓+倍数/分数+as + adj + as
❖ 主+谓+倍数/分数+the size (amount / length / price…) of ❖ 主+谓+倍数/分数+adj/adv 比较级+than ❖ increase/decrease by+倍数/分数 具有比较意义的 adj
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两个特点：
（1） 不能与 more，-er 连用
（2） 不能与 than 连用, 只能与 to 连用
superior to senior to prior to = before second to
inferior to junior to sensitive to preferable to
结 构 ：be + of + a + n.
be + much + of + a + n. be + more + of + a + n + than be + as + much + of + a + n. + as adj. / adv. 比较级、最高级用法 一些特殊的比较结构
① the more…, the more… “越…越”
e.g. The harder you study, the more progress you’ll make. ② (not) so/as…as
“如同…一样，不如…”
e.g. It is not so/as good as it looks. ③ the same…as / the same as “和…一样” e.g. She looks just the same as before.
I got the same feeling as you did. ④ no more A than B A not…any more than B
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“正如 A 不能…B 也不能”；“和…一样不”
A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. no less…than 2015 年 52. Mary is [A] no so [C] not less 2015 年 52. Mary is D [A] no so [C] not less 与 98 年 41 题考一样 ⑤ not A so much as B not so much A as B not more …A than B
“与其说 A 不如说 B”；“是 B，而不是 A” He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 2015 年
55. It is not so much the language difficult to understand. [A] but 2015 年
[B] nor
[C] like
[D] as
the cultural background that makes the film
hardworking than her sister, but she failed in the exam. [B] no more [D] no less
hardworking than her sister, but she failed in the exam.
[B] no more [D] no less
“不比…差”
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55. It is not so much the language D the cultural background that makes the
film difficult to understand. [A] but
[B] nor
[C] like
与 11 年 57 题考一样 与 07 年 57 题考一样 与 99 年 45 题考一样祝
考试顺利过关！
[D] as
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