汉英法律专业词汇
（法理、法制史）Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems
按照法律规定：according to law
按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit
按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt
案例教学法：case system
案例汇编：case book; case report; law report
被视为：be deemed as
被宣布为非法：be outlawed; be declared illegal
比较法：comparative law
比较法学：comparative jurisprudence
比较法学派：school of comparative jurisprudence
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比较法制史： comparative legal history
比较分析法：method of comparative analysis
比较刑法：comparative penal law
比较刑法学：comparative penal jurisprudence
必然因果关系：positive causal relationship
边缘法学：borderline jurisprudence
变通办法：adaptation; accommodation
补充规定：supplementary provision
补救办法：remedial measures
不成文法：unwritten law
不动产所在地法律：law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci
不可分割的权利：impartible right
不可抗力 ：force majuere
2
不可侵犯性：inviolability
不可让与性：inalienability
不履行法律义务：non-performance of obligation
不要式行为：informal act
不要因的法律行为：non-causal juristic act
不因实效而丧失的权利：imprescriptible right
不作为：abstain from an act; act of omission
部门法：department law
部门规章：regulation
参照 ：consult
参照具体情况： in the light of actual conditions
参照原文： consult the original
亚里士多德： Aristotle
3
柏拉图： Plato
德拉古： Draco
盖尤斯： Gaius
西塞罗： Marcus Tullius Cicero
乌尔比安 Ulpianus
罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世： Justinian I
乌尔比安： Ulpianus
西塞罗： Marcus Tullius Cicero
优士丁尼皇帝： Justinian《罗马法律汇编》：Roman Digest
《民法大全》：Corpus Juris Civilis
优士丁尼法典： the Codex Justinianus
《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）：Corpus Juris Civilis
《十二表法》： Twelve Tables
4
拿破仑法典： The Code Napolean
《日耳曼法》：Germanic law
《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici
《汉穆拉比法典》： Code of Hammurabi
《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) ：Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）
查士丁尼法典：Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus
查士丁尼法规汇编： Authenticum
《德国民法典》：German Civil code
《大宪章》(1215) ：Great Charter, 1215(英)
欧洲大陆法： continental law
南京条约： (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843
罗马－日耳曼法系： Roman-Germanic family
罗马私法： Jus Privatum
5
罗马法学派： school of Romanists
家庭法： family law
教会法： canon law
罗马法理学： jurisprudential
教会法学家 decretalists
罗马法：Roman Law; Jus Romanum
罗马法系： Roman-Law System
（古罗马的）元老院： the Senate
超出法律范围的：outside of law
超出法律权限的：extralegal
超过权限： exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction
成文法： written law
冲突法： conflict of laws; rules of conflict
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冲突规则： conflict rule; rule of conflict
除（本法）另有规定外： except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)
除外条款： provisory clause
除外责任条款： exclusion clause
触犯公共利益： encroach on the public interests
触犯国际利益： go against the state’s interests
触犯人民利益： encroach on the interests of the people; go against the people’s interests
传统法律观念： traditional ideas of law
纯粹法学： pure theory of law
次要法规： by law
次要规则： secondary rule
从宽解释原则： doctrine of liberal construction
从权利： accessory right
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达到法定年龄： come of age
大法： the fundamental law
大法官： Lord High Chancellor
大陪审团 grand jury
大法官法院：Court of Chancery
大陆法系： Continental Legal System
大律师： barrister
《大明律》：Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）
《大清律例》：the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中)
单行法规： specific regulations
单一法律体系： unitary legal system
单一制政府： unitary government
但书： proviso
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当代法学动向：current trend of jurisprudence
当然解释： natural interpretation
党纪国法：party discipline and the law of the country
道德规范：norm of morality
道德义务： moral obligation
第二读： second reading
第三读： third reading
二元论：the dualistic theory
二元君主立宪制： dual constitutional monarchy system
二元论： the dualistic theory
二元论者：dualist
二元制： bicameral system
法的本质： the nature of law
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法的变化：changes of law
法的定义：definition of law
法的发展：development of law
法的分类： divisions of law
法律概念： legal concept
法的概念： concepts of law
法的规范作用：normalized usage of law
法的继承：succession of law
法律的理想：ideal of law
法律的权威： authority of law
法律的失效：lapse of law
法律的实施：administration of law; law enforcement
法律的适用：application of law
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法律的统一： unification of law
法律的推定： presumption of law
法律的推理： analogy of law
法律的完整性： integrity of law
法律的效力范围： force’s scale of law
法律的效力形式： force’s form of law
法律的修改：alteration of law
法律的演进： evolutin of law
法律的原理： principle of law
法律地位平等：equal in legal status
法律对人的效力：personal act of law
编纂法律方法： legal methodology
法律分类： classification of law
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法律赋予权力： authority conferred by law
法律改革： law reform
法律根据： legal basis
法律工作者： legal professional
法律关系：legal relation
法律关系的运行： process of legal relation
法律关系客体： object of legal relation
法律关系主体： subject of legal relation
法律规定：provisions of law
法律规范： norm of law
法律规范的逻辑结构： logical structure of legal rule
法律规则体系： system of legal rules
法律含义： intendment of law
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法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law
法律现象：legal phenomenon
法律研究：legal research
法律要件： legal requirement
法律依据： legal basis
法律意见： legal advice
法律意见书：legal opinion
法律意识： law-consciousness
法律意义： legal sense
法律用语： legal language
法律与正义先验论： a prior theory of law and justice
法律渊源： source of law
法律原本注释： gloss
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法律原理： legal doctrines
法律原则： principle of legality
法律援助：legal aid
法律约束： legal binding; legal restraint
法律责任： legal responsibility
法律责任的道义基础： moral basic of legal obligation
法律责任的归结： imputaton of legal responsibility
法律责任的认定： determination of legal responsibility
法律责任的执行： enforcement of legal responsibility
法律责任客体： object of legal responsibility
法律责任主体： subject of legal responsibility
法律哲学：philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris
法律政策： policy of the law
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法律职业道德： legal ethics
法律指导： legal counsel
法律制裁： legal sanction
法律制度： regime of law; legal system
法律秩序： legal order
法律主体资格： capacity as a subject of law
法律主张： proposition of law
法律属地原则： territoriality of laws
法律著述： legal literature
法律专家： legal expert
法律专业： legal profession
法律专著和教科书： legal treatise and textbook
法律咨询： legal advice
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法律尊严：legal sanctity
法盲： legal illiterates
法权： right
法社会学： sociology of law
法系： legal system
法协会： law society
法学： jurisprudence
法学士： bachelor of law
法学博士： doctor of jurisprudence
法学导论： leading principles of law
法学的范畴体系： the system of categories of jurisprudence
法学的范畴意识： the consciousness of category of jurisprudence
法学的基石范畴： fundamental categories of jurisprudence
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法学方法： method of jurisprudence
法学方法论： methodology of jurisprudence
法学院： faculty of law; law school
法学会： law society
法学教科书：law textbooks
法学理论： theory of law; legal theory
法学权威： an academic authority in law
法学体系： system of jurisprudence
法学通论： first principles of law法医： forensic medicine
法医学： forensic medicine
法院： court
法院调查： judicial investigation
法院管辖权： competence of court
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法院管辖以外的： extrajudicial
法院判决： court decision
法院系统： court structure
法院组织法： judicature act
法则： articles
法哲学： philosophy of law
法制：legal institution
法制传统： tradition of law system
法制的精神： spirit of legality
法制的尊严： dignity of the legal system
法制观念： legal concept
法制观念淡薄： very weak in the understanding of law
法制教育： legal education; education of legal system
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法制史： legal history; history of legal system
法治： rule of law
法治的机制： the mechanism of rule of law
法治的要素： the element of rule of law
非实质的： immaterial
非营利的： non-profit
非约束性条款： permissive provision
废止法律： annulment of law
分别管辖权： separate jurisdiction
分别财产制： separation of property regime
分别规定： separate provision
分担责任： share the responsibility
分工负责，互相配合，互相制约： divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other
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分工负责制： division of labor responsibility system
分级管理： different levels holding different responsibilities
分配制度： distribution system
分析法理学： analytical jurisprudence
否决权： power veto; veto power
否认事实： denial of facts
服从法律： amenable to law; subject to the law
服从判决： accept a judgment
符合程序： be in order
符合法律： be in conformity with law
符合原则： be in conformity with the principle
概括裁定： general verdict
概括继承： general succession
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干扰司法公正： interference with course of justice
刚性条款： entrenched clause
岗位责任制： post responsibility system
高度集中： highly centralize
高度民主： high level of democracy
高度自治权： high degree of autonomy
搁置： set aside; abeyance
格式条款： clause of style
公认的行为准则： established standard of conduct
规避法律： in fraud of law
规避义务： evade obligations
规范的法律规则： normative rule of law
规范法学： normative jurisprudence
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规范性法律文件： normalizative document of law
规范性法律文件的规范化： normalization of normative legal document
过错方： tort-feasor; wrongdoer
过错推定原则： doctrine of presumption
过错责任： liability for wrongs; tort liability
合并条款： consolidation of provisions
合法的个人财产： legal personal property
合法地位： legal status
合法权益： the lawful rights and interests
合法行为： lawful acts; legality of purpose
合宪性： constitutionality
衡平法： equity
衡平法规则： rule of equity
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衡平法学： equity jurisprudence
衡平法院： Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）
后法取代前法： A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.
后法优于前法： lex posterior derogat priori
户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered
互为因果： reciprocal causation
基本法： fundamental law
基本法律规范： basic norm of law
基本方针： basic policies
基本权利和义务： basic rights and duties
基本司法概念和假设： basic legal conception and assumption
技术性法规： technical legal rule
建立法律关系：create legal relations
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解释法律的技术规则： technical rule of interpretation
解释权： power of interpretation
近因： immediate cause
禁治产人： imbecile; interdicted person
经常居住地：habitual residence
经法律确认的： ascertained by law
经法律许可： authorized by law
经验法学： scholastic theories of law
纠问式审判： trial by inspection or examination
具有法律约束力的文件： legally binding instrument
具有同等效力的： with equal authenticity
具有约束力的判例： binding precedent
绝对衡平法： absolute equity
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君主立宪制度： constitutional monarchy
开罗会议： Cairo Conference
凯恩斯主义： keynesianism
可撤销的法律行为： revocable juristic act
可让与性： alienability
可用法律强制执行的： enforceable at law
可预见的： foreseeable
可直接适用的法律： directly applicable law
可追溯的： retrospective
客观条件： objective condition
客观因素： objective factor
客体： object
扩充解释： amplified interpretation
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理论法理学派： theoretical jurisprudence school
理性决定说： theory of rational decision
理性认识： conceptual knowledge
历史法学： historical jurisprudence
历史法学派： historical school of law
历史解释： historical interpretation
立法机构：legislative body
立法权： law-making power; legislative power
立法委任权： legislation mandate
立法效力： legislative effect
立法议案 bills
立法者： law-maker; legislator
立宪： constitutionalism
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利益冲突： conflict of interests
利害关系人：interested person
连带法律关系： joint legal relations
连带责任： joint and several obligation
论理解释： logical interpretation
逻辑解释： logical interpretation
马克思主义法律理论： Marxism-leninism
马克思主义法学：Marxist jurisprudence
马克思主义法学家： Marxist jurist
没有事实根据的： unsubstantial
美国国际法协会： American Institute of International Law
美国海事法庭： Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.
美国联邦地区法院： United States district courts
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美国联邦法官： federal judge
没有法律依据的： lawless
没有判决先例的案件： case of first impression
民法典： civil code
民法法系：Civil-Law System
民法通则： General Principles of the Civil Law
民法学： science of civil law
民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则： “by a preponderance of evidence” civil cases
民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights
民事权益：civil rights and interests
民事诉讼法学： Civil Procedure Law
民事制裁： civil punishment; civil sanction
民政部门：the civil affairs department
in 28
明代法规： laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty
明示或默示的： express or implied
默示表达： communication by implication
内部规章： internal regulations
纳妾制： concubinage
拟制理论： fiction theory
拟制买卖： mancipatio
偶然权利： contingent right
偶然因果关系： fortuitous causal relationship
偶然因素： accidentalia
偶因： accidental cause
排他的权利： right to exclude all others
派生的权利： derived right
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派生取得： derivative acquisition
判例法系： Case Law System
普通法法系： Common-Law System
判例法系： Case Law System
判例汇编： reports; reports of judgments
普通法： common law
普通法法系： Common-Law System
普通法上的补偿： common-law remedy
普通法上的过失： common-law negligence
普通法上的留置权： common-law lien
普通法学： general jurisprudence
强制办法： coercive method
强制规定： mandatory provisions
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强制性法规： mandatory rule of law
强制性条款： mandatory term
侵犯财产权： property torts
侵权行为法： tort law
侵权责任： tortious liability
清理法规： check up laws and regulations
区域性法律体系： regional system of laws
取证： obtain evidence
确权之诉： affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation
确认之诉： action for confirmation; actio confessoria
权威解释： authentic interpretation
人法： human law, statute personalia
人格减等： capitis deminutio
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人身不可侵犯： inviolability of the person
人身非财产关系： personal non-property relations
人身关系： personal relation
任意解释： arbitrary interpretation
柔性宪法： flexible constitution
三权分立： separation of powers
善意推定： presumption of good faith
商法： commercial law
商法典： code of commerce
社会法学： sociological jurisprudence
社会关系： social relations
社会规范： social regulation
社会连带主义法学： social solidarism jurisprudence
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社会契约论： theory of social contract
社会团体：social organization
社会主义法学： socialist jurisprudence
社会主义法制： socialist legal system; socialist rule of law
神法： divine law
神权说： theory of divine right
审查制度： censorship; inspection system
审计监督： supervise through auditing
审计监督权： power to supervise through auditing
生效条款： operative clause
失效法律： expired laws
失效日： expiry date
施行细则： implementary provisions
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实证主义法学派： the positivist school
实体法： material law; substantial law
实体法上的抗辩： substantial defense
实体权利： substantive right
实用主义法学： judicial pragmaticism
实在法： positive law
实在法学： positive jurisprudence
实在法学派： positivist
实在主义法学： positivist jurisprudence
实证法学： positive jurisprudence
实质条款： material stipulation
实质性的瑕疵： defect of substance
实质性解释： material interpretation
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事实的推定： presumption of fact
事业单位：institution
适用法律： reference to the law; applicable law
适用范围： area of application; sphere of application
适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)
溯及既往原则： doctrine of retroactivity
溯及力： retrospect; retrospective effect
损害赔偿： damages
梭伦： Solon
弹性宪法： elastic constitution
特别程序： special procedure
特别但书： special proviso
特别法： special law
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特殊主体： special subject
提案：motion; overture; proposal
提出抗辩： raise a plea; raise a plead
条约法： law of treaties
同态复仇： retaliation
推定合法：presumption of legality
停止生效：cease to have effect
外国法： foreign law
外国法制史： foreign legal history
外国人待遇： foreigner treatment
完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct
完全丧失行为能力的人： person entirely incapable of legal transaction
完全无行为能力： absolute disability
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万民法： jus gentium
违法构成要件： essential condition of delict
违宪： violation of constitution
无国籍人：stateless persons
无条件解释： unconditional interpretation
无效的法律： void law
无效法律行为： void act; act without legal effect
物权： property
习惯法：custom law
细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws
狭义解释： narrow definition
下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided
先决条件 ：precedent condition; prerequisite
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现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence
现行法律： current law; existing law
限制解释： restrictive interpretation
无国籍人：stateless persons
无条件解释： unconditional interpretation
无效的法律： void law
无效法律行为：void act; act without legal effect
物权： property
习惯法：custom law
细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws
狭义解释： narrow definition
下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided
先决条件： precedent condition; prerequisite
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现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence
现行法律： current law; existing law
限制解释： restrictive interpretation
相对主义法学： relativist jurisprudence
新分析法学： new analytical jurisprudence
新律： New Law , Novellae
行为规范： code of conduct
学说编纂： the Pandekta
形式主义法学： formalist jurisprudence
严格解释： strict interpretation
严重不法行为： aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior 严重违法： break the law on a serious scale
要件： important condition; essential condition
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一般客体： general object
一般权利能力： general legal capacity
一般主体： general subject
一事不再理的保证： guarantee against double jeorpardy
依法办案： handle cases according to law
依法独立行使职权： independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law
依照法律的规定： as prescribed by law
以法律为准绳： take law as the criterion
依法治国： genuine rule of law; running the country according to law
义务性规范： obligatory rule
义务主体： subject of duty
英美法系： Anglo-American Legal System
永恒法： eternal law
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有法必依： ensure that laws are observed
有法律约束力： legally binding
有条件解释： conditional interpretation
有效期间： time of effect; term of validity
与法律规定不符： against the forms of the statute
与法律相抵触的行为：act going against the law
域外效力： extraterritorial effect
援引法律条文： invoke a legal provision约束力： binding; binding effect
在法律的范围内： within the law
暂行条例：interim regulations; provisional regulation
整体法学： integrative jurisprudence
正当权益： justified rights; legitimate interests
正式解释： official interpretation
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正式渊源： formal source
政法学院： institute of political science and law
知法犯法： deliberately break the law
执法必严： ensure that law’s enforcement be strict
执法人员： law enforcement officials
执行权： enforcement power
直接故意 actual intent; direct intent
直接后果：immediate consequence
直接客体： direct object
直接主体： direct subject
制定法： statute
治外法权： extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction
中端时效： interrupt the running of the statute of limitation
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中国大陆的法律： law of China’s mainland
中国法制： Chinese legal system
中国法制史： Chinese legal history
中国特色的社会主义法制： socialist legal system with Chinese character
中华法系： Chinese legal system
《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》：the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China
主要法律体系：principal legal system
自然法： natural law
自然法学派： natural law school
组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial
最高国家权力机关： highest organ of state power
最高人民法院的解释： interpretation of supreme people’s court
遵循先例原则： The Doctrine of Stare
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作为或不作为： act or omission
宪法学行政法学Constitution and Administrative Laws
制宪权：constituent power
宪法的解释： interpretation of constitution
宪法修正案： constitution amendment
宪法学： constitutional jurisprudence
成文宪法 written constitution
不成文宪法unwritten constitution
符合宪法： constitutionality
符合宪法的法律 constitutional law
刚性宪法： rigid constitution
马伯里诉麦迪逊案： Marbury vs. Madison
抽象行政行为： abstract administrative act
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非法活动： unlawful activities
非法利益： unlawful interests
非法手段： illegal means
非强制性行政行为： non-coercive form of administrative action
非正式的：informal; irregular
非政府机关： non-governmental organization
非主要条件： non-essential stipulation
非专业的： non-professional国家赔偿案件： case of state compensation
国家赔偿的归责原则： principle of culpability for state compensation
国家赔偿的双重过错原则： principle of dual faults for state compensation
国家赔偿法： state compensation law
国家赔偿主体： subject of state compensation
行政法： administrative law; executive law
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行政法规： administrative laws and regulations
行政法学： administrative jurisprudence
行政解释： administrative interpretation
行政救济： administrative remedy
治安管理： security administration
治安条例： security regulations
高级人民检察院： Higher People’s Procuratortate
国家权力机关： state authority
国际审判机关： state judicial organs
国家行政机关： state administrative organs
国家意志： state’s will
国家职能： function of the state
国民待遇： national treatment
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公安部： Ministry of Public Security
公安分局： public security sub-bureau
公安厅： public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
地方各级人民代表大会： local people’s congresses at different levels
地方各级人民法院：local people’s courts at different levels
地方各级人民检察院：local people’s procuratorates at different levels
地方各级人民政府：local people’s governments at different levels
罚款： impose a fine
刑法学Criminal Laws
犯罪预防： crime prevention
预防犯罪： anti-crime
帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪： crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence
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绑架妇女儿童罪： crime of kidnapping women and children
包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪： crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate
包庇毒品犯罪分子罪： crime of harboring drug criminals
报复陷害罪：case of retaliation and frame-ups
必要共同犯罪： indispensable joint crime
并科原则： doctrine of cumulating punishments
剥夺权利：deprival of rights
不能犯： impossibility; unrealized offense
参加恐怖活动组织罪： crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities
超越管辖权： excess of jurisdiction
超越职权范围： overstep one’s authority
惩办和宽大相结合：combine punishment with leniency
惩办少数、改造多数的原则： principle of punishing the few and reforming the
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many
惩罚措施： punitive measure
惩罚性制裁： punitive sanction
惩罚与教育相结合： combination of punishment and education
处以刑罚： inflict punishment
处以有期徒刑： sentence to fixed-term imprisonment
触犯法律： break the law; violate the law
抽逃出资罪： crime of flight of capital contribution
出口骗税犯罪活动： criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export
出售伪造发票罪： crime of selling counterfeit currency
出于对法律的无知： from ignorance of law
出于恶意： from malevolence
从轻处罚： gie a lesser punishment
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从重处罚： give a severer punishment
单位受贿罪： crime of bribe taken by a unit
单一犯罪构成： single constitution of crime
盗伐林木罪： crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees
盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪： crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives
盗窃犯： theft act; larcenist
渎职犯罪案件：case of dereliction of duty
对象不能犯： object impossibility
多次作案： repeatedly commit crimes
罚不当罪： punishment does not fit the crime
犯意： criminal intent; mens real
犯罪低龄化： lowering ages of criminal offenders
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犯罪动机： criminal motive
犯罪构成： constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime
犯罪构成要件： special constitutive elements of crime
犯罪故意： criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea
犯罪集团： criminal gang; criminal group
犯罪客观要件： objective circumstances of a crime
犯罪客体： criminal object; object of a crime
犯罪实行终了： completion of a criminal act
犯罪学： criminology
犯罪中止： discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime
犯罪主观方面要素： subjective elements of crime
犯罪主体： subject of crime
犯罪着手： initiate a crime
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犯罪组织： criminal organization
贩卖毒品罪： drug offense; crime of drug trafficking
防卫过当： unjustifiable self-defense
防卫挑拨： instigation of defense; provocation of defense
防卫限度： limit of defense
防止类似事件重演： prevent the recurrence of similar incidents
妨碍公务罪： crime of disrupting public service
妨害公共安全罪： crime of impairing public security
放弃权利： withdraw a claim; waive a right
非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪： crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition
非法持有毒品罪： crime of illegally holding drugs
非法干涉： illegal intervention
非法干预： unlawful interference
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非法出售增值税专用发票罪： crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT
诽谤罪： crime of defamation
隔地犯： offense of segregation by location
隔时犯： offense of segregation by time
工具不能犯： impossibility of instruments
故意犯罪： calculated crime; intentional crime
故意杀人罪： crime of intentional homicide
故意伤害罪： crime of willful and malicious injury
管辖：jurisdiction
惯犯： habitual criminal
惯例： custom and usage
过失犯罪： criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime
黑社会性质的犯罪集团： gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang
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缓期二年执行： with a two-year reprieve
缓刑： probate cessat executio
集合犯： aggregate offense; collective offense
既遂犯： accomplished crime
继续犯： continuous crime
加重处罚： give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed
假冒他人注册商标罪： crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another
假释： parole
假想防卫： imaginative defense
假想数罪： imaginatively several crimes
简单共同犯罪： simple joint crime
间接故意： indirect intent; indirect iintentino
教唆未遂： attempt of solicitation
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劫持船只、汽车罪： crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile
劫持航空器罪： crime of skyjacking
结果犯： consequential offen
结果加重犯： aggregated consequential offense
结合犯： combinative crime; integrated offense se
拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪： crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court
具结悔过： make a statement of repentence
具体行政行为： specific administrative act
具体罪名：concrete accusation
绝对不确定法定刑： absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment
军人违反职责罪： crimes of soldiers violating military dutie
抗税罪： offense of resisting taxes
客体不能犯： object impossibility
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空白罪状： blank facts about a crime
滥伐林木罪： crime of illegal denudation
累犯： recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense
连续犯罪： continuing crime
量刑： criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion
量刑不当： criterion for sentence
量刑幅度： extent for discretionary action of sentencing
虐待罪： crime of abusing member of one’s family
挪用公款案： case of misappropriation of public funds
偶犯： casual offender; casual offense
情节加重犯： aggravated offense by circumstances
情节特别严重： when the circumstances are particularly wicked
情节严重、构成犯罪的： when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime
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取保候审： post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving
扰乱公共场所秩序罪： crime of disturbing order at public places
刑法： criminal law
刑罚： penalty; punishment
刑事责任能力： criminal capacity
民商法学与经济法学（Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws）
按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment
办理注销登记：cancel the registration
被代理人：the principal
被侵权人 the infringed
本人名义：in one’s name
标的：subject matter
补偿制度：compensation system
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不动产登记制： Lot and Block System
财产法： property law
财产的添附： accretion of property; property accession
财产抵押权： property mortgage
财产继承权：the right of inheritance
财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships
财产管理人： property administrator; custodian of property
财产混同： confusion; hotchpot
财产留置权： encumbrance
采用书面形式：in writing
仓单： warehouse voucher
草签合同： initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract
长期合同： long-term contract
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偿付能力： solvency capability of reimbursement
超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency
撤消合同：cancellation of contract
撤销合同： cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract
撤销权： right of rescission; right of revocation
撤销要约： revocation of offer; revoke an offer
撤销遗赠： cancellation o will; revocationi of will
承运人： actual fault of the carrier
承运人的留置权： carrier’s lien
诚信原则： principle of good faith
诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle
船舶承租人： charterer
船舶抵押权： right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship
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mortgage
船舶抵押权的设定： establishment of mortgage of the ship
船舶抵押的消灭： extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship
船舶抵押权登记： registration of ship mortgage
船舶留置权： possessory lien; lien of ship
村民委员会：the village committee
惩罚性的损害赔偿： punitive damages
乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position
处分财产： dispose of properties
处分权： act of disposition
处分原则： principle of disposition
代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by
代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency
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单独承担的责任： undivided responsibility
单方法律行为：unilateral obligation
单方行政行为： unilateral administrative act
等价有偿：making compensation for equal value
对等原则： principle of reciprocity
对价：consideration
对抗措施：counter measure
对人权：right in personam; personal right
对世权： real right; right in rem
恶意串通：conspire maliciously
恶意行为：ill will mala fides
法人： judicial person; legal body
法人的权利能力： legal capacity of juristic person
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法人的责任能力： capacity for responsibility of juristic person
法人权限： corporate power
法人人格： corporate personality
法人身份： status of a legal person
法人团体： corporation
法人资格： corporate capacity
法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person
负共同连带责任： liable jointly and severally
负全部责任： bear all responsibilities; in all charge
负有解释的义务： accountable
负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors
附带的条件： incident
附带要求： contingent claim
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附带原因： contributory cause; inherent cause
附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts
附条件的权利： conditional right
赋予权力： entitle
个体工商户：individual businesses
个人合伙：individual partnership
各尽所能，按劳分配： from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party
工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce
公民基本义务： fundamental duties of citizens
合同：contract
合同法： contract law
合同副本： copies of the contract
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合同规定： contract provisions/stipulations
合同履行地法： lex loci contractus
合同期限：contract period (or contract term)
合同条款：contract terms (or contract clause)
合同有效期：contract life
合同正本： originals of the contract
合伙人：partners
合议制： collegial system
核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered
恢复原状： recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum
集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership
技术合同纠纷案件： controversy over a technology contract
监护人：guardian
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经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority
居民委员会：the neighborhood committee
履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship
埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object
买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred
农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households
平等主体：civil subjects with equal status
企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person
企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person
企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person
契约自由： liberty of contract
取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis
取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person
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全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people
让与： alien; alienate; assign; cede
让与的利益： benefit of cession
让与权： benefit of cessioni
设定义务的规则： rule of imposing duty
设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship
所有权： ownership
书面合同： a written contract
双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double
双方法律行为： bilateral legal transaction
擅自变更或者解除：（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act arbitrarily
他物权： right over the property of another
提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge
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违反合同：breach of contract
委托代理：entrusted agency
委托代理人：an entrusted agent
无过错责任： liability without negligence
无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct
无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so
下落不明： one’s whereabouts have been unknown
限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct
享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors
行使代理权：exercise the power of agency
宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare … to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct
遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam
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以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge
以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes
以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion
意思表示 show one’s intention
意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine
优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption
优先权： priority, preemptive right
有过错的一方：the erring party
有连带责任的： conjunctly and severally
有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debto
造成财产损失：cause any property loss
责任能力： capacity for responsibility
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责任年龄：capacity of responsibility; year of discretion
债的标的： object of obligation
债的发生：creation of obligation
债的消灭： extinction of obligation
占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property
指定代理：appointed agency
执行合同： carry out a contract,execute/implement/fulfill/perform a contract
主要办事机构：the main administrative office
追偿：claim compensation from
住所：domicile
继承法： inheritance law
诉讼法
案件发回： remand/rimit a case （to a low court）
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案件名称： title of a case
案卷材料： materials in the case
案情陈述书： statement of case
案外人： person other than involved in the case
案值： total value involved in the case
败诉方： losing party
办案人员： personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书： application for protective measures
报案： report a case （to security authorities）
被告： defendant; the accused
被告人最后陈述： final statement of the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩： rejoinder
被害人： victim
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被害人的诉讼代理人： victim's agent ad litem
被上诉人： respondent; the appellee
被申请人： respondent
被申请执行人： party against whom execution is filed
被执行人： person subject to enforcement
本诉： principal action
必要共同诉讼人： party in necessary co-litigation
变通管辖： jurisdiction by accord
辩护： defense
辩护律师： defense attorney/lawyer
辩护人： defender
辩护证据： exculpatory evidence; defense evidence
辩论阶段： stage of court debate
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驳回反诉： dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim
驳回请求： deny/dismiss a motion
驳回上诉、维持原判： reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling
驳回诉讼： dismiss an action/suit
驳回通知书： notice of dismissal
驳回自诉： dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书： ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case
补充答辩： supplementary answer
补充判决： supplementary judgement
补充侦查： supplementary investigation
不公开审理： trial in camera
不立案决定书： written decision of no case-filing
不批准逮捕决定书： written decision of disapproving an arrest
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不起诉； nol pros
不予受理起诉通知书： notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
财产保全申请书： application for attachment; application for property preservation
裁定：order; determination （指最终裁定）
裁定管辖： jurisdiction by order
裁定书： order; ruling
裁决书： award
采信的证据： admitted evidence
查封： seal up
撤回上诉： withdraw appeal
撤诉： withdraw a lawsuit
撤销立案： revoke a case placed on file
撤销原判，发回重审： rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro
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the original court for retrial
出示的证据： exhibit
除权判决： invalidating judgement （for negotiable instruments）
传唤： summon; call
传闻证据： hearsay
答辩： answer; reply
答辩陈述书： statement of defence
答辩状： answer; reply
大法官： associate justices; justice
大检察官： deputy chief procurator
代理控告： agency for accusation
代理申诉： agency for appeal
代理审判员： acting judge
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代为申请取保候审： agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼： accusatory procedure
当事人陈述： statement of the parties
当庭宣判： pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court
地区管辖： territorial jurisdiction
地区检察分院： inter-mediate People's Procuratorate
第三人： third party
调查笔录： record of investigation
定期宣判： pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date
定罪证据： incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence
冻结： freeze
督促程序： procedure of supervision and urge
独任庭： sole-judge bench
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独任仲裁员： sole arbitrator
对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施： compulsory measures against impairment of civil action
对席判决： judgement inter parties
二审： trial of second instance
二审案件： case of trial of second insurance
法定证据： statutory legal evidence
法定证据制度： system of legal evidence
法官： judges
法警： bailiff; court police
法律文书： legal instruments/papers
法律援助： legal aid
法律咨询： legal consulting
法庭辩论： court debate
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法庭调查： court investigation
法庭审理笔录： court record
法庭审理方式： mode of court trial
法庭庭长： chief judge of a tribunal
法院： court
法院公告： court announcement
反诉： counterclaim
反诉答辩状： answer with counterclaim
反诉状： counterclaim
犯罪嫌疑人： criminal suspect
附带民事诉讼案件： a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告： defendant of collateral civil action
复查： reexamination; recheck
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复验： reinspect
高级法官： senior judge
高级检察官： senior procurator
高级人民法院： Higher People's Court
告诉案件： case of complaint
告诉才处理的案件： case accepted at complaint
告诉申诉庭： complaint and petition division
工读学校： work-study school for delinquent children
公开审理： trial in public
公开审判制度： open trial system
公示催告程序： procedure of public summons for exhortation
公诉案件： public-prosecuting case
公诉词： statement of public prosecution
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公证机关： public notary office
共同管辖： concurrent jurisdiction
管辖： jurisdiction
国际司法协助： international judicial assistance
海事法院： maritime court
合议庭： collegial panel
合议庭评议笔录： record of deliberating by the collegiate bench
和解： composition; compromise
核对诉讼当事人身份： check identity of litigious parties
恢复执行： resumption of execution
回避： withdrawal
混合式诉讼： mixed action
基层人民法院： basic People's Court
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羁押期限： term in custody
级别管辖： subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels
监视居住： living at home under surveillance
监狱： prison
检察官： procurator
检察权： prosecutorial power
检察委员会： procuratorial/prosecutorial committee
检察院： procuratorate
检察院派出机构： outpost tribunal of procuratorate
简易程序： summary procedure
鉴定结论： expert conclusion
经济审判庭： economic tribunal
径行判决： direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice
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纠问式诉讼： inquisitional proceedings
拘传： summon by force; summon by warrant
拘留所： detention house
举报： information/report of an offence
举证责任： burden of proof; onus probandi
决定书： decision
军事法院： military procuratorate
开庭审理： open a court session
开庭通知： notice of court session
勘验笔录： record of inquest
看守所： detention house
可执行财产： executable property
控告式诉讼： accusatory proceedings
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控诉证据： incriminating evidence
控诉职能： accusation function
扣押： distrain on; attachment
扣押物： distress/distraint
宽限期： period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书： petition for labor dispute arbitration
劳改场： reform-through-labor farm
劳教所： reeducation-through-labor office
类推判决的核准程序： procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence
累积证据： cumulative evidence
立案报告： place a case on file
立案管辖： functional jurisdiction
立案决定书： written decision of case-filing
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立案侦查： report of placing a case on file
利害关系人： interested party
临时裁决书： interim award
律师见证书： lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication
律师事务所： law office; law firm
律师提前介入： prior intervention by lawyer
免于刑事处分： exemption from criminal penalty
民事案件： civil case
民事审判庭： civil tribunal
民事诉讼： civil action
民事诉讼法： Civil Procedural Law
扭送： seize and deliver a suspect to the police
派出法庭： detached tribunal
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派出所： police station
判决： judgement; determination
判决书： judgement; determination; verdict （指陪审团作出的）
旁证： circumstantial evidence
陪审员： juror
批准逮捕： approval of arrest
破案： clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case
破产： bankruptcy; insolvency
普通程序： general/ordinary procedure
普通管辖： general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序： procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation
起诉： filing of a lawsuit
起诉： sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings
84
起诉状： indictment; information
区县检察院： grassroots People's Procuratorate
取保候审： the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
缺席判决： default judgement
人民调解委员会： People's Mediation Committee
认定财产无主案件： cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless
认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件：cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity
上诉： appeal
上诉人： appellant
上诉状： petition for appeal
少管所： juvenile prison
社会治安综合治理； comprehensive treatment of social security
涉外案件： cases involving foreign interests
85
涉外民事诉讼： foreign civil proceedings
涉外刑事诉讼： foreign criminal proceedings
申请人： applicant; petitioner
申请书： petition; application for arbitration
申请执行人： execution applicant
申诉人宣誓书： claimant's affidavit of authenticity
申诉书： appeal for revision; petition for revision
神示证据制度： system of divinity evidence
神示制度： ordeal system
审查案件： case review
审查并决定逮捕： examine and decide arrest
审查起诉阶段： stage of review and prosecution
审理通知书： notice of hearing
86
审判长： presiding judge
审判长宣布开庭： presiding judge announce court in session
审判管辖： adjudgement/trial jurisdiction
审判监督程序： procedure for trial supervision
审判委员会： judicial committee
审判员： judge
审问式诉讼： inquisitional proceedings
生效判决裁定： legally effective judgement/order
胜诉方： winning party
省市自治区检察院： higher People's Procuratorate
失踪和死亡宣告： declaration of disappearance and death
实（质）体证据： substantial evidence
实物证据： tangible evidence
87
实在证据： real evidence
示意证据： demonstrative evidence
视听证据： audio-visual evidence
收容所： collecting post; safe retreat
首席大法官： chief justice
首席检察官： chief procurator
受害人的近亲属： victim's immediate family
受理： acceptance
受理刑事案件审批表： registration form of acceptance of criminal case
受送达人： the addressee
书记员： court clerk
书记员宣读法庭纪律： court clerk reads court rules
书证： documentary evidence
88
司法部： Ministry of Justice
司法机关： judicial organizatons
司法警察 judicial police
司法局： judicial bureau
司法厅： judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
司法协助： judicial assistance
死缓的复核： judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序： procedure for judicial review of death sentence
死刑复核权： competence for judicial review of death sentence
送达： service of process
送达传票： service of summons/subpoena
送达诉状： service of bill of complaint
搜查： search
89
诉： sue; suit; action; lawsuit
诉前财产保全： property attachment prior to lawsuit
诉讼： litigation; lawsuit; sue; action
诉讼保全： attachment
诉讼参加人： litigious participants
诉讼代理人： agent ad litem
诉状： complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim
特别程序： special procedures
提起公诉： institute a public prosecution
海事法院： court of admiralty
铁路法院： railway court
铁路检察院： railroad transport procuratorate
庭审程序： procedure of court trial
90
通缉： wanted for arrest
投案： appearance
退回补充侦查： return of a case for supplementary investigation
委托辩护： entrusted defense
未成年人法庭： juvenile court
无行政职务的法官： associate judge
无正当理由拒不到庭： refuse to appear in court without due cause
无罪判决： acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”
物证： material evidence
先予执行申请书： application for advanced execution
先予执行： advanced execution
刑事案件： criminal case
刑事拘留： criminal detention
91
刑事强制拘留： criminal coercive/compulsory measures
刑事审判庭： criminal tribunal
刑事诉讼： criminal proceedings
刑事诉讼法： Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状： self-incriminating criminal complaint
行政案件： administrative case
行政审判庭： administrative tribunal
行政诉讼： administrative proceedings
行政诉讼法： Administrative Procedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件： cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death
宣判笔录： record of rendition of judgement
选民资格案件： cases concerning qualifications of voters
询问证人： inquire/question a witness
92
训诫： reprimand
讯问笔录： record of interrogation
询问犯罪嫌疑人： interrogate criminal suspect
言词证据： verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书： application for subpoena
一裁终局： arbitration award shall be final and binding
一审： trial of first instance
一审案件： case of trial of first instance
应诉通知书： notice of respondence to action
有罪判决： sentence; finding of “guilty”
予审： preliminary examinantion; pretrial
原告： plaintiff
院长： court president
93
阅卷笔录： record of file review （by lawyers）
再审案件： case of retrial
再审申请书： petition for retrial
责令具结悔过： order to sign a statement of repentance
债权人会议： creditors' meeting
侦查阶段： investigation stage
侦查终结： conclusion of investigation
征询原、被告最后意见： consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant
证据： evidence
证据保全： preserve evidence
证据保全申请书： application for evidence preservation
证人证言： testimony of witness; affidavit
支付令： payment order/warrant
94
知识产权庭： intellectual property tribunal
执行程序： procedure execution
执行逮捕： execution of arrest
执行和解： conciliation of execution
执行回转： recovery of execution
执行庭： executive tribunal
执行异议： objection to execution
执行员： executor
执行中止： discontinuance of execution
执行终结： conclusion of execution
指定辩护： appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明： statement of appointing arbitrator
中级人民法院： intermediate People's Court
95
中途退庭： retreat during court session without permission
仲裁： arbitration
仲裁被诉人： respondent; defendant
仲裁裁决： award
仲裁申请书： arbitration
仲裁申诉人： claimant; plaintiff
仲裁庭： arbitration tribunal
仲裁委员会： arbitration committee
仲裁协议： arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration
仲裁员： arbitrator
主诉检察官： principal procurator
助理检察官： assistant procurator
助理审判员： assistant judge
96
专门法院： special court
专门管辖： specific jurisdiction
专属管辖： exclusive jurisdiction
追究刑事责任： investigate for criminal responsibility
自首： confession to justice
自诉案件： private-prosecuting case
自行辩护： self-defense
自由心证制度： doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence
自侦案件： self-investigating case
最高人民法院： the Supreme People's Court
最高人民检察院： the Supreme People's Procuratorate
最后裁决书： final award
高级法官： senior judge
97
高等法院： high court; high court of justice
高级法院：superior court
高级人民法院： Higher People’s Court
国际法（international law）
国际法学： international jurisprudence
公民投票：plebiscite
边界地区：forntier region, border region
边界谈判：boundary negotiation
边界现状：status quo of the boundary
公认的国际关系原则：generally-accepted principles of international relations
国际法准则：an established principle of international law
国际关系中最起码的准则：rudimentary code of international relations
国际形势：international situation
98
国界：national boundary
海洋资源：maritime resources
基本权利：fundamental rights
领水：Territorial Waters
领海：territorial sea
领海范围：limits of territorial sea
领海宽度：breadth of territorial sea
领空：territorial air
领水：territorial waters
领土的不可割让性：inalienability of territory 领土管辖权：territorial jurisdiction
领土毗连：territorial contiguity
领土完整：territorial integrity
99
神圣不可侵犯：sacred and inviolable
外层空间：outer space
唯一合法政府：sole legal government
有争议的地区：disputed areas
渔业资源：fishery resources
中东：Middle East, Mideast
中立国：neutral state, neutral country 永久中立国：neutralized state
种族隔离：apartheid, racial segregation 种族灭绝：genocide
主权国家：sovereign state
专属经济区：exclusive economic zone
保持中立：to maintain neutrality
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保卫国家主权和民族资源：to safeguard national sovereignty and national resources
发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系：to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability
发展民族经济：to develop the national economy
国家不分大小，应该一律平等：All countries, big or small, should be equal
建立正常的国家关系：to establish normal state relations
求得公平合理的解决：to seek a fair and reasonable solution
通过外交途径进行谈判：to negotiate through diplomatic channels
维护国家独立和主权完整：to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty
维护世界和平：to safeguard world peace
用和平手段解决争端：to solve disputes by peaceful means
照顾现实情况：in consideration of the actual conditions
和平共处五项原则：the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
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互相尊重主权和领土完整：mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
互不侵犯：mutual non-aggression
互不干涉内政：non-interference in each other's internal affairs
平等互利：equality and mutual benefit
和平共处：peaceful coexistence
根据公允及善意的原则：ex aeque et bono: as a result of fair dealing and good conscience
条约必须遵守原则：pact sunt servand: a pact is not to be surrendered （agreements are to be kept）
国际法院：International court of justice
双边和多边关系：bilateral and multilateral relations
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