take over 接管
Alan took over the farm when his father died.
Lao Wang was sent to the hospital; I had to take over his work. He is taking over my job while I am on holiday. 归纳拓展：
take back 收回
take down 拿下，放下；写下，记下
take in 接纳，吸收，欺骗，包括, 改小 take off 脱掉（衣服等）, 起飞,成功 take on 接受，从事；雇佣 take out 取出；
take up 拿起，举起；从事，学习；占（时间，地点） (1) I take back what I said.
(2) I’m getting much thinner, I’ll take in all my clothes.. (3) Mrs. Robinson is considering taking in students next year. (4) He took off his hat and bowed politely as he passed. (5) The article takes in all aspects of the problems.
(6) He took out his pen and notebook and began to take notes. (7) You know I dropped medicine and took up physics.
(8) J.K. Rowling took off after her novel Harry Potter was published. (9) They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in , I wonder? (10)The table takes up too much space.
* Don’t be _____ by products promising to make you lose weight quickly. (2007辽宁) （D） A. taken off B. taken out C. taken away D. taken in
* After he retired from office, Rogers ____ painting for a while, but soon lost interest. (2006山东) （A） A. took up B. saved up C. kept up D. drew up
destroy (destroyed) 毁灭，摧毁，破坏
（1） The forest was destroyed by fire. （2） All his hopes were destroyed.
（3） They have destroyed all the evidence. n. destruction
damage/destroy/ruin
damage 指价值用途降低或外表损坏等等，不一定全部破坏，或指可以修复的损坏
destroy 指彻底毁坏，以致不能或很难修复
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ruin 指以自然力或人为力量破坏人或物，使无法恢复原状 The destroyed car can be sold as waste iron.
ruin n.
[u]毁灭 严重的损坏 the ruin of her hopes 败坏，毁坏，毁灭的状态
The castle has fallen into ruin.城堡已破败不堪。 毁灭，败坏等的原因
Gambling was the ruin of him.赌博是使他堕落的原因。 [c]已败坏，被毁坏等之物 *The building is in ruins.
*The temple is now a ruin.该庙宇现已成废墟。
house
n.房屋，住宅
vt.贮藏（货物等）
house one’s old books in the attic 供以房屋
We can house you and your friends if the hotels are full.
gradually
adv. By degrees gradual adj.
a gradual increase in the cost of living
remains:
1. what is left
the remains of a meal 2. dead body
His mortal remains are buried in the churchyard. paint
n. [u]油漆，涂料
give the doors two coats of paint v.1.油漆，漆 paint a door
paint the gate green
paint the town red 逛街，寻欢作乐 2.（用颜料）画，绘画
paint flowers/a landscape
material
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n.材料，原料[C,U] raw materials 原料 dress materials 衣料
too much material for one overcoat 做一件大衣又太多的料子 not enough material for two overcoats
writing materials: pen, ink, paper, etc. 文具
adj. （与mental及spiritual相对）物质的，由物质构成的 the material world
enormous
adj. very great
an enormous sum of money 巨额现金 adv. Enormously
The town has changed enormously during recent years. n. enormousness
wise
adj.(wiser,wisest)聪明的，明智的，具有或显示经验，知识，良好的判断等。 wise men/acts
He was wise enough not to drive when he was feeling ill. be/get wise to 知道，了解 wise/clever
wise与clever 都有“聪明”之意。
wise 指很有学问，很有判断力而表现出来的聪明或明智
clever指头脑灵活，聪明的，敏于学习和了解的，伶俐的，有技巧的，也可指
心灵手巧
*He is clever at arithmetic. *He is a clever workman. *a clever speech 巧妙的演说 *clever fingers 灵活的手指
heat
n. 热，高温
the heat of the sun’s rays 阳光的热力 She is suffering from the hot weather. v. heat (up) 使热，变热 heat (up) some water
heat (up) the cold meat for supper heated adj. 热烈的，激烈的 a heated discussion
get heated with wine 因喝酒而兴奋
drive (drove driven) n. 驾驶，乘坐
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to go for a drive 驾车一游 v. 1.驱赶
*to drive cattle to market
*to drive their enemy out of their positions *drive sb. into a corner 逼入死角 2．驾驶
*drive a taxi/a cart *to take driving lessons *drive with caution 小心驾驶 *diving license *driving test 3. 载送某人
He drove me to the station. 4. 迫使
He was driven by hunger to steal. cause/drive
1. High winds caused many trees to fall during the night. 2. Failure drove him to suicide.失败逼得他自杀 3. You will drive me mad. 你会把我气疯的。 两个词都可作“迫使”，“使得”，但他们的用法是不同的。 cause 可用在cause sb. to do sth. 结构中，
但不能用在cause sb. +adj.或介词短语结构中， drive 却可用在上述两种结构中。 注意：（1）drive +n. +地点状语：开车送某人到某地
Can you drive me to the station?
（2）在上面的句式中，drive 之后的名词如是牲畜，则有驱赶之意
The farmer was driving the cattle along the road.
习惯用语
drive to 开车去
drive away 摆脱，驱走 drive sb. mad 使某人发狂
drive sth. home (to sb.) 给某人说明白某事物，使某人充分理解某事物 drive sb./sth. off 把某人/某物逼退或者赶走
passage
1. the passage of time 时光的流逝
2. force a passage through a crowd 在人群中挤出一条通路 3．演讲词或文章中的一段，一节 passenger 乘客
condition
指工作，气候，生活等条件或提出的条件时多用复数 作健康状况时多用单数
*The workers’ struggles were for better pay and better conditions.
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*housing/living conditions 习惯用语
1. in „condition 处于„状态或情况 in excellent condition 状况极佳
2 on (the )condition (that) 如果，假如
I agreed to help on condition that I got half the profit(利润)。 3．on no condition 决不
On no condition must the press find out about this. 4.make it a condition that 以„为条件 5.out of condition 健康不佳
I need to get more exercise. I’m really out of condition.
uncover 移去覆盖物，（喻）揭露，宣布
*The police have uncovered a plot against the President. *He uncovered the scandal(丑闻)。 discover 发现，发觉
Who discovered the new continent?
feed on
feed on/ live on
feed on 指动物以„为食
live on 指动物或人以„为食或指人靠„生活
1．The whale does not feed/live on small fish. 2．He lives on fish and potatoes 3．Cows feed/live on grass. 习惯用语
feed up 养肥，供给营养 feed one’s face吃饭
be fed up with 厌烦= be tired of feed back 反馈
feed sb./sth. on sth./sb. = feed sth. to sb./sth. 给人或动物食物，喂养，饲养 *What do you feed your dog on?
*I feed the baby on milk.=I feed milk the baby. *Don’t feed the baby with spoon.
*People in Jiangsu live mainly on rice.
faithfully adj. faithful
*a faithful friend
*faithful to one’s promise 守信 faithless 不可信任的 n. faith
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keep faith with sb. 对某人守信用 break faith with sb. 对某人不守信用 in good faith 真诚的 have faith in 信仰
give one’s faith to sb. 向某人保证
concerned v. concern
does this concern me? 这个与我有关系吗？ As/So far as I’m concerned„ 就我个人而言
be concerned about/for sb./sth. 使担忧，使烦恼，使操心 *Please don’t be concerned about me.
*We are all concerned for/about her safety. n. concern
carry out 进行，开展
搭配：carry out +n.; carry + pron. +out
*He carried out his promise/duty.他实现了他的诺言/职责 *carry out an experiment carry on 继续，进行下去
We can carry on our discussion after lunch.
carry through 完成 carry off 夺走 carry away 冲走
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____ the next year. （Ｃ） (A) carry out (B)carrying out (C) carried out(D) to carry out *He carried off two gold medals in the Olympic Games. *The top soil was carried away in the flood.
sink (sank sunk) The ship is sinking.
sink in/into 渗入，被吸收
Quick! Clean up that wine before it sinks into the carpet.
memory
That is my happiest memories. a memory for sth.对某事的记忆
in memory of/ to the memory of sb. 纪念
In _______of the died soldiers, a grand ________was built on the spot of the great campaign. (B) A. memory; memory B. memory; memorial C. memorial; memory D. memorial; memorial
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confusion:
being confused; disorder
*He remained calm in the confusion of battle. *Everything was in confusion.
*His unexpected arrival threw me into confusion. *There has been some confusion of names v. confuse(近义词：puzzle) adj.confused confusing
They asked so many questions that they confused me/ I got confused.
influence
He was influenced by a high school biology teacher to take up the study of medicine.
他受一位中学生物教师的影响而选医科。 under the influence of 受影响
have a good/bad/ harmful influence upon (相当于have an impact on) 对．．．．．．有好的／坏的／有害的作用。
The book had a great influence on his life. v. influence over sb./sth. 支配力／控制力 Affect/ influence
affect通常指有形的力量造成的物质或生理上的影响，尤其指不良的影响
He was much affected by the sad news.(不能用influence)
Influence通常指无形力量所造成的潜移默化的或持久的影响（a long-lasting
effect）或重要的影响
influence sb. to do sth. (T) affect sb. to do sth (F)
*The weather in summer influences the rice crops.
*Violence on TV may turn out to be a strong influence on some young people.
unite
unite one country to another a united family
make a united effort 一致努力 unit n. 单位
The family is often taken as the unit of society.
trade[U][C]
Great Britain does a lot of trade with some countries. v. 做生意
trade (in) (with)
trade in furs and skins 做皮货生意
Britain trades with many European countries. trader商人
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in use 在使用中
out of use (目前）不使用，不再使用 come into use 开始被使用
make (good, the best) use of 好好，尽量利用
goods
无单数形式，不能用数词或many等来修饰，作主语时，配用复数动词。 Half his goods were stolen.
no more
no more/no longer
no more 表示数量和程度上“没有更多”，“和。。。一样不” no longer(通常在动词前)
no longer; not„any longer 指时间上不再延长 no more, not„any more 指做某事次数不再增加 １．She no longer lives here
２．She doesn’t live here any longer. ３．You will see him no more.
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