unit1--5
一、重点词汇及短语：
upset, ignore, calm, concern, wonder, outdoors, purpose, settle, suffer, recover, pack, disagree, dare, grateful, add up, calm...down , have got to , be concerned about, go through, set down, a series of, in order to, at dusk, face to face, no longer/ not...any longer, suffer from, get/ be tired of, pack...up, get along with, fall in love, join in, get sth done, walk the dog, should have done, make...sth/adj., hide away, grow/be crazy about, do with, happen to do sth, take no notice of, have trouble with 1. upset adj. 心烦意乱的，不安的（常接about/at/over等介词） eg. He was upset over his wife’s illness. vt. 使不安；使心烦（upset, upset）
2. ignore vt. 不理睬；忽视（故意装作不理睬）（近义词disregard”看轻，无视，不顾”，指经过
考虑后认为不重要）
ignorant adj. 没意识到的，不知道的 be ignorant 不知道，没意识到 3. calm vt.& vi. （使）平静/镇定
calm(…)down （使）平静下来/镇定下来 eg. Go somewhere quiet and calm your friend down.
adj. 平静的；镇静的；沉着的（近义词quiet, silent, still） calm：平静的，沉着的；指无风浪或人的心情不激动。
quiet：宁静的，安静的；指没有声音、不吵闹或心里没有烦恼、焦虑。 silent：寂静的，沉默的；指不说话或没有声音。 still：静止的，不动的；指（人体等）无运动的。 4. concern vt. （使）担忧；涉及；关系到 be concerned about 关心；挂念
eg. Tell your friend that you are concerned about him/her.
短语： at concerns关于；as/so far as…be concerned关于，至于；be concerned over/at关心；be
concerned with关于，牵涉到；be concerned in和…有牵连；be concerned for关心，为…担忧
n. 担心，关注，挂念
5. wonder vt.&vi. 怀疑，想知道，惊奇，对…感到惊讶 n. 惊奇[U]，奇迹、奇观[C]
后可接if/whether, 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句时wonder指“想知道，对…有怀疑”，接that引导的宾语从句时wonder指“对…感到奇怪” eg. I wonder if/whether he is a university boy. I wonder who he is.
We wonder that the little boy is a university boy.
短语：wonder about想知道，纳闷；wonder at觉得奇怪 6. outdoors adv. 在户外，在野外 n. 户外
outdoor adj. 户外的，野外的
7. purpose n. 目的，计划，意图，目标
短语：on purpose故意；with the purpose of…带有…的目的；for the purpose of…为了…的目的 eg. Don’t hurt your best friend on purpose. 8. settle vi. 安家，定居，停留
vt. 使定居，安排，解决，使沉淀，使平静 settle down 定居，专心于，安定下来 settle in 迁入 settled adj. 固定的，稳定的 settler n[C]. 移民者，殖民者
settlement n[C]. 定居点，住宅区；n[U]沉降，解决 9. suffer vt. 遭受，忍受，经历 vi. 受…之苦，折磨 suffer from 遭受，患病
eg. Mary is suffering from the sadness of her blindness. 近义词：undergo v. 经历，遭受
10. recover vt.& vi. 痊愈，恢复，重新获得/找到（强调自我恢复） 近义词： restore 恢复（强调外力使得恢复） eg. Jennie made a great effort to recover herself. recover from 从…中复原
recovered adj. 痊愈了的 recovery n[U]. 恢复 11. pack vi.& vt. 捆扎，包装，打行李 n. 小包，包裹 a pack of… 一包... pack(…)up （把）打包 packet n[C]. 一包，一叠 parcel n[C]. 包裹 12. disagree vi. 不同意（反义词：agree） disagree with (sb.)不同意某人的观点
disagree to do sth. 不同意去做某事
disagreement n. 不同意（反义词：agreement）
13. dare “敢于，胆敢” 可做情态动词，也可做实义动词（dare to do sth./dare do sth.） eg. How dare you say that to me?
dare sb. to do sth. 估计…没胆去做某事 eg. I dare you to jump from this wall.
固定搭配：I dare say 我想，大概，可能，或许（常做插入语） eg. I dare say it will rain today.
14. grateful adj. 感激的，表示谢意的 be grateful to/towards对…表示感激； be grateful for为…表示感激
be grateful to…for…为...而对…表示感激
eg. I’ll be very grateful to you if you give me an early answer. I’m very grateful for all that you’ve done to us.
I’m very grateful to you for having helped me so much. 15. add up 合计
add v. 添加，增加（近义词：increase），将…相加，补充说 add A to B 在B中加入A add up to 合起来为
add to增加，增添（多指抽象意义）
add…in…把…加进去，包括
16. have got to 不得不，必须（近义词：have to） 两者的区别：
1. have got to的否定形式是haven’t got to, 疑问句形式have提前；have to的否定形式和疑问句
形式是借助助动词do/does/did；
2. have got to不和will，情态动词连用，have to可以。 17. go through经历，经受；浏览，查阅；仔细检查；经过 （近义词为suffer, experience） 区别go through和get through
1. get through指通过（考试等），完成，接通电话
2.表示“通过”时，go through不用于被动语态，而get through常用于get sth. through结构中 18. set down 记下（write down, put down, take down, note down），放下（put down）,登记 19. a series of 一连串的，一系列，一套 a series of+ n.[C](pl.)+ v.(三单)
series n[C]. （单复数同型）连续，系列
in series 连续，逐次； in series with 与…串联/相连 20. in order to do sth.为了做…（so as to do sth.）
in order not to do sth. 为了不做…(so as not to do sth.) in order that目的状语从句（so that）
in order to放句首和句中， so as to只放句中 21. at dusk 在黄昏时刻 22. face to face 面对面地
23. no longer/ not...any longer （强调时间）不再… （近义词：no more/not…any more感情色彩更浓）
24. get/ be tired of对…厌烦（精神上）（近义词：get/ be sick of） be tired with/from…（体力上）对…厌倦
近义词：exhausted（语气最强），tiresome令人讨厌的，tired（泛指） 25. get along/on with 与…相处，在…方面进展… eg I can get along well with my classmates. I get along well with my English study.
反义词：have a hard time with, have trouble with have trouble/have a hard time (in) doing sth.
26. fall in love (with sb.) (和某人)相爱（强调动作） be in love (with sb.) (和某人)相爱（强调状态） 27. join in 参加，加入（聚会、活动等）=take part in join 参加（团体，组织，人群等）
attend 参加，出席，到场（会议，班级等）
participate 参与（参加某一项活动，常与in搭配） enter 进入（某个空间等） 28. get sth done 使…被…
eg. Please get your hair cut. I’ve had it. 29. walk the dog遛狗=take the dog for a walk
30. should have done本应该做（实际没做）
Shouldn’t have done 本不应该做（但实际做了） 表示对过去的虚拟
31. make...sth/adj. 使…（宾补）
eg. She made her diary her best friend. Rainy days make my sad. 32. hide away 藏起来，躲开
33. grow/be crazy about 对…痴迷/狂热 be crazy to do sth. 疯狂地做某事 34. do with 处理，与…相关
eg. What do you do with the little puppy?=How do you deal with the little puppy? I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with
nature.
35. happen to do sth.=do sth. by chance=do sth. by accident 碰巧
36. take no notice of=ignore; take notice of=pay attention to=notice 二、重点句型：
1. Your friend comes to school very upset.
adj.作状语，用来补充说明主语your friend来学校时的心情。此处作伴随状语。
与副词做状语修饰谓语不同，形容词做状语更多地注重描述主语所处的状态。一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开，可位于句首、句末或句中，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。 2. While walking the dog, you were careless and it…
当时间状语从句，让步状语从句或方式状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句的主语和be动词可以省略。
3. She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. 段时间+before “在...之后才...”
4. I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do（就像大多数人一样地做）… as引导的方式状语从句
5. Your friend, who doesn’t work hard, asks you to help him/her cheat in the exam by looking at your paper.
who引导的非限定性定语从句；
Make a list of reasons why friends are important to you. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to…
定语从句： reasons why+定语从句；a friend whom+定语从句；
I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. There was a time when+定语从句；could have done情态动词表对过去的推测；keep sb. done宾补，spellbound是spellbind的过去分词，指“被吸引的，被迷住的” 6. So she made her diary her best friend. make sb./ sth.+ n.（宾补）
7. I want this diary itself to be my friend.
itself做diary的同位语，是it的强调形式。
8. I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.
…piece of material hung to cover a window. 现在分词和过去分词作后置定语，及其区别。
8. It was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… 强调句：It was the first time that+过去完成时 9. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer… It’s no pleasure doing sth.做某事不愉快 10. She found it difficult to settle and…
It做形式宾语，to do sth.做真正的宾语。find it difficult to do sth.类似的动词有think, consider等。 11. It was such fun to watch it run…
句型It is + n. to do sth。It做形式主语，to do sth,做真正的主语；感官动词watch sb. do sth. 不带to的不定式做宾补。
三、语法：直接引语和间接引语（陈述句和疑问句）
1、直接引语：直接引用别人的原话。直接引语通常放在引号内。 eg：My mother always says, “You should study hard.”
2、间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。 eg：My mother always told me that I should study hard. 3、直接引语和间接引语的转换 （1）句式的转换
①陈述句 去逗号和引号，用say that/tell sb.（that也可以省略）接宾语从句；said/told sb.后面的从句要做人称、时态等的变化。
Eg: He usually says that, “I am the cleverest in the world.”
----He usually says that he is the cleverest in the world.
②一般疑问句 去逗号和引号，用if/whether接宾语从句，改用陈述语序。从句中要做人称，时态等相应变化。
Eg: He asked me, “Will you go with me?”
--- He asked me if I would go with him.
③特殊疑问句 去逗号和引号，用特殊疑问词引导宾语从句，改用陈述语序。从句中要做人称，时态等相应变化。
Eg: I asked the students, “How many words have you learned?”
--- I asked the students how many words they had learned. ---He asked me to pass him the book.
（2）人称的转换 一随主，二随宾，三不变 （3）时态的转换
①动词的时态：当直接引语表示客观真理或经常性的特点时，转换成间接引语时，保持原来的一般现在时。当主句的谓语动词是现在时态，宾语从句中可以根据实际情况选用不同时态。但是如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语从句做如下调整： 一般现在时----一般过去时 一般过去时----过去完成时 一般将来时----过去将来时 现在进行时----过去进行时 现在完成时----过去完成时 过去完成时----过去完成时
记忆口诀： 主现从不限，
主过从也过，
客观真理永不变。
（4）指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和动词的变化 指示代词this---that, these—those,
时间状语now—then, today—that day, tonight—that night, tomorrow—the next day, next week—the next week, last night—the night before, yesterday—the day before, the day before yesterday—two days ago, ago—before
地点状语 here--there
动词的变化come—go, bring—take
Eg: Doris said to me，“I will go to see you tomorrow and take you a present. ” --- Doris said to me she would come to see me the next day and bring me a present. 备注：假如当时当地转述，时间、地点状语不变，指示代词不变。 四、交际运用：如何友好地表达同意或不同意 Attitudes:
Are you afraid that.../ I’ve grown so crazy about... /I didn’t dare... Agreement and disagreement：
I agree./ I think so./ Exactly./ I don’t agree./ I don’t think so./ I’m afraid not. Certainty:
That’s correct./ Of course not.
U2 English around the world
一、重点词汇
voyage, actually, base, gradually, latter, identity, frequent, frequently, command, request, recognize, straight, enrich, fluent, standard, expect, however，because of, come up, at present, make use of, such as, play a part in, more than, go to the pictures, at the end of, than ever before, communicate with, a large number of, Only time will tell. without a second thought, believe it or not, to this day
1. voyage n[C]. 航行，航海 vi. 去航海
2. actually adv. 实际上，事实上
3. base vt. 以...为根据 n. 基部，基地，基础 be based on以...为基础
eg. Good oral English is based on good pronunciation. basic adj. 基本的，基础的 basically adv. 基本上，根本上
4. gradually adv. 逐渐地，逐步地（近义词：little by little） gradual adj. 逐渐的，逐步的
5. latter adj. 较后的，后半的，后面的，(两者中)后者的 later adj. 稍后的，待会的
latter强调顺序上靠后的，later强调时间上过会的 the latter 后者（反义词：the former）
6. identity n. 本身，本体，身份，个性/特性
identify vt. 识别 identification n. 鉴明，验明 identical adj. 完全相同的，同一的 be identical with/to 和…完全相同
eg. The theme of this movie is identical with that of that book. 7. frequent adj. 频繁的，常见的 frequently adv. 常常，频繁地
8. command n.& vt. 命令，指令，掌握 have a command of… 对…有掌握
command引导宾语从句，从句需用虚拟语气（should do 且should可省略） 9. request n. & vt. 请求，要求
request that宾语从句用虚拟语气（should do且should可省略） make (a) request for请求，要求
in great request大众非常需求 on request应…的要求 request sth. from sb.向某人要某物
at one’s request/ at the request of sb. 应…的要求
as requested 依照请求 come into request变得缺乏 by request (of) 依照请求，应邀
comply with one’s request顺应某人的请求 10. recognize vt. 辨认出，承认，公认
eg. Sorry, I didn’t recognize you when you wore your sunglasses yesterday. recognize…as… 认出…是…
recognize指“承认”时的固定用法： recognize sb. to be… 承认某人是… be recognized as/to be… 某人被承认是…
11. straight adv.直接，挺直；adj.直的，笔直的，正直的
eg. Please go straight, and turn left at the first corner, then you’ll see a straight street. be straight with 对…坦诚
12. enrich vt. 使富裕，充实，改善，使肥沃 后接具有抽象含义的一些名词作宾语。 13. fluent adj. 流利的，流畅的 Fluently adv. 常常，频繁地
14. standard adj. 标准的，模范的（无比较等级） eg. Mary speaks standard English. n[C]. 标准，水平，规格，规范
eg. This is a book that is a standard of literary excellence. 15. expect vt. 预期，期望，指望，预料 adj. expected 预期的，预料的 n. expectation 期望，预料
expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事
16. however adv. 可是，但是，然而(转折翻译，一般做插入语，可放句首，句中或句末，常用
逗号隔开)
（近义词：in spite of this, nevertheless）
conj. 不论怎样，无论以何种方式（相当于no matter how）引导让步状语从句
17. because of 因为，由于，多亏（近义词：thanks to, due to, owing to）后加名词性短语 because of可用于强调句中：It was because of the job that he had taken the flat.
because of后可接what从句，但此时what从句为宾语从句：She got angry because of what her
boyfriend had said.
because是连词，引导原因状语从句
18. come up 走近（draw near, approach），上来，提出，（植物等）长出地面，出现，（太阳）
升起
come on出场，进展，加油 come about发生
come up to达到 come out出版，结果是，出来 come across/upon 偶遇，偶然发现
come to恢复知觉，共计，达到 come by经过，获得 come along 加紧，过来
come down 下来，倒下，流传下来，病倒 come back回来，回忆起，恢复 19. at present 现在，目前 present n. 目前，礼物
adj. 出席的，在场的，现在的，进行的 vt. 赠送，提交，上演，介绍
for the present暂时 up to/till the present直到现在 be present to出现在…面前
live in the present适应当下形势
present sb. with sth./ present sth. to sb. 赠送某人某物 There is no time like the present.机不可失，时不再来
20. make （good, full/the best/the most, little）use of （好好，充分，未）利用，使用 make use of sth. to do sth.使用某物去做某事
be of great use= be very useful be of no use无用 come into use开始被使用 be in use在使用 be/go out of use不再使用，废弃 put/bring…into use使…得到使用 It’s no use doing sth. 做某事是无用的
use sth. to do sth/ for doing sth用某物来做某事
be used to do sth./be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 get/be used to doing sth. 习惯于 be used as… 被用作…
21. such as例如…，像这种的（用于列举事物，一般不全部列举。插在被列举事物与前面的名词
之间，不与and so on连用）
for example例如…（用来举例说明，有时可作为插入语放在句中，不影响句子其他部分的语
法关系）
namely= that is全部列举出来
22. play a part in 扮演一个角色，参与= play a role in
23. more than 副词短语
当后面加数词时，指“超过”=over
当后面加名词、代词或动词时，指“不仅仅，不只是”= not only eg. Hibernation is more than sleep. It’s a deep sleep.
not more than“不超过” no more than=only“仅仅” 24. go to the pictures去看电影=go to the movies
25. at the end of 在…之末（做状语、表语及修饰词）
当后接时间（一般过去时/一般将来时）（反义词：at the beginning of）；后还可接地点 by the end of在最后之前(常常结合完成时来考察) in the end最后，最终（at last，finally），不接of 26. than ever before 比以往更…（做时间状语） 27. communicate with 与…交流
communicate也可做为vt. communicate sth. to sb. communication n. 交流
28. a large number of 绝大部分（后接可数名词的复数，谓语动词用原型）
the number of…的数量（后接可数名词的复数，但谓语动词要用三单形式） 修饰可数名词复数的词，表示“许多”：
(a good/great) many, quite a few, a large/great/small number of 修饰不可数名词的词，表示“许多”：
much, a great deal of, quite a little, an amount of
既可修饰可数名词复数，又可修饰不可数名词，表示“许多”： a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great quantity of 29. Only time will tell 只有时间才可以证明 30. without a second thought 不假思索
31. believe it or not ”不论信否” 常作插入语，放在句首 32. to this day ”直到现在”，作时间状语 二、重点句型
1. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. even if / even though是conj. 引导让步状从
2. English became less like German because those who ruled English spoke first Danish and later French.
those who+ 定语从句
As we know, British English is a little different from American English. as引导的非限定性定语从句
3. It is not easy for a Chinese person to speak English as… It is +adj. (for sb) to do sth.与It is +adj. (of sb) to do sth. It作形式主语，to do sth.作真正的主语
当形容词表示人的性格，品质等用for,其余情况用of。 4. One reason is that English has a large… One reason is that + 表语从句
5 This is because in the early days of radio those who reported the news… This is because + 表语从句
in the early days 早期（day的另外一个意思为“时期”）
6. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. the way+(in which/that/省略)+定语从句
此处的that是关系副词，定语从句中当that表示方式，时间或地点时，则that可作为关系副词使用。当先行词为the way时，关系副词用in which或者that，并且可以省略。 7. Then along comes this catfish ‘bout the size of a house. Then along comes ...全倒装
full inversion：当地点介词短语提到句首时；当地点副词提到句首时，当方位副词提到句首时；当动词的过去分词作表语或者及其短语，作为形容词提到句首时 三、语法：直接引语和间接引语（请求和命令）
祈使句（或疑问形式的祈使句）
通常改为ask/tell/order+宾语+不定式的简单句。 eg. “Open the door.” father said. --- Father told me to open the door.
“Would you please pass me the book?” he said. ---He asked me to pass him the book. 四、交际运用
How to solve the difficulties in language communication；
1. 请求重复法：I beg your pardon? 2. 提出问题法：What do you mean by…? 3. 描述释义法： What about her age?
4. 总结法：So you mean…? How to describe directions； Asking and showing the way Unit3 Travel journal 一．【重点词汇】
journal: 日记，日志（对于事件、经历等有规律进行的私人记录）diary ；keep a journal 期刊 eg. The doctor is reading the Journal of Medical Science. 辨析：journey, tour, travel, trip, voyage prefer: prefer to do sth， prefer n to n prefer doing to doing
prefer to do sth rather than do sth 与其…不如… = would rather do sth than do sth
disadvantage [C]shortcomings反义词:advantage;merit; strong points at a disadvantage 处于不利的地位
take advantage of 乘机利用， 利用别人的弱点占便宜 have an advantage over 胜过, 优于
altitude: at an altitude of 海拔在…… longitude attitude to/towards/to 对……的态度
姿势，姿态 eg.He remained standing in a listening attitude. 他一直在那儿做倾听状。eg. He received the guests with a respectful attitude. 他以恭敬的姿态接待客人。用in 表式静态，用with表动态 to one's advantage(=to the advantage sb.) 对...有利
cycle n. 循环, 周期; 自行车, 摩托车vi骑自行[摩托]车 cycle to work / school walk to work / school
recycle vt /vi. 回收利用; 再循环 recyclable adj可循环再用的
non-recyclable adj 不可循环再用的
persuade sb to do sth = persuade sb into doing sth
persuade sb not to do sth = persuade sb out of doing sth advise sb to do
graduate from 从……毕业（短暂性动词）
after graduation 毕业后 a graduate student 研究生undergraduate student ;大学本科生 care about表示在乎，常用于否定句；care for表示关心，喜爱，常用于肯定句。 take care of照顾 take care 小心，保重
determine to do sth / determine on,upon sth 决定某事
be determined(a.坚定的，坚决的) to do sth决心做某事 a determined look 反义词：hesitate
persuade v. 说服；劝服 persuade sb. 说服某人
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade sb. not to do sth. 说服某人不要做某事 I persuade him to keep away from the net bar. make up one’s mind 下决心
make up 编造；讲和；；化装, 打扮；组成, 构成 make it 及时赶到, 办成功; 达到目的; make room for 为……. 让地方
make out 辨认出，理解make money 挣钱 make sense 讲得通，言之有理 make a living 谋生；维持生活
make a mistake / mistakes 弄错；犯错误
make fun of 取笑make one\\'s way 前进；行进 make sure 查明；弄确实；务使；确信 12. give in 屈服，让步
give away赠送; 赠予; 颁发;分发；泄露, 出卖 give back 归还；送回
give out 分发；耗尽， 用完 give up 放弃
give off发出; 放出; 散发出; 放射出 二． 【重点句型】
Choose a place you want to visit.(P17. 2. L1) choose-chose-chosen make a choice 作出选择 choose form 从……中选择
（which/that）you want to visit 定语从句
Ever since middle school, my sister Wangwei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.(P18 L1)
ever since 自从……以来，常与完成时连用。 dream about / of /that… 梦想做某事
dream about / of there being… 梦想有…… take a bike trip 单车旅行
It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.(P18L13)
It is /was …that /who ….(强调句型)
eg. (2007重庆，27) It is not who is right but what is right ___ is of importance. A. which B. it C. that D. this She can be really stubborn.(P18L16) can 有可能会，表客观的可能性。
Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.(P18L17)
although 不能与but连用，但可与yet连用。 insist 坚持要求，后接句子要用虚拟语气，即(should) do 的形式。They insisted that they (should) talk to the manager.
insist 坚持声称，后接句子不用虚拟语气。 eg David insisted that what he had done was right. insist on 坚持
She gave me a determined look –the kind that said she would not change her mind. a determined look 坚毅的眼神 would：表意愿。 …, she seemed to be excited about it.(P18L23) seem to do sth It seems that … There seems to be…
When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience (P18L23) to breathe 前省略了for you
experience n. 经历[C] ; 经验[U] vt. 体验，经历
Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. (P18L25)
once: conj. 一旦, Once printed, this book will be very popular. adv. 一次，曾经。I have only been here once. n. 一次 adj. 曾经的，以前的 This is the once capital of the nation all at once 立刻
It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province.(P18L29)
through：穿越 across：横跨，横渡 over 翻过，翻越 We were both surprised to learn that …(P18L31) be surprised to do …
A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.( P20 1.②) No matter how + adj/adv 不论如何 引导让步状语从句
Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.(p22L1)引导结果状语从句 That’s what we looked like!(P22 L2)
That’s what… 那就是……的事情或东西。
引导表语从句
Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.(P22 L3) dressed in 分词短语作后置定语，dressed表状态。 Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.(P22L5) as usual 像往常一样
To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked …(P22 L6) To climb the mountains 不定式作主语表将来一次性动作
At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds.(P22 L8) find oneself doing 发觉某人自己正在做……
It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer.(P22 L9) much：程度副词，在此修饰比较级，此类词常见的有：a bit, a little, a lot , a great deal, far, by far, even等
…and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass.(P22 L10) see sb/sth doing 看到……正在做……
In the early evening we always stop to make camp. We put up our tent…(P22 L12) in the early evening 在大清早 make camp 扎营 put up张贴；建造；供给...住宿；举起，抬起
put on上演，演出； 穿上，戴上put off 推迟；拖延Put up with 忍受put down放下；写下put out 扑灭；出版
…but I stayed awake.(P22 L13) stay awake /calm/ healthy
As I lay beneath the stars …(P22 L15) lie-lied- lied- lying 说谎
lie- lay- lain -lying 平躺，位于，存在于
lay –laid- laid-laying 放置，产卵，下蛋，摆桌子
We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. We can hardly wait to see them!(P22 L17) join sb 加入某人
can hardly wait to do… 迫不及待要做……
When you go on a journey, why not keep a travel journal?(P24 learning tip L1) go on a journey 进行一次旅行 keep a travel journal 记旅行日志
There are always so many new people to meet…(P24 learning tip L2) to meet 作后置定语
I was about to sail away in a junk, when suddenly I heard…(P24 Reading for fun L1) be about to do … when… 刚要做……突然……
必修一 Unit 4 Earthquakes
一.重点词汇
bury, rise, burst, ruin, injure, destroy, shock, rescue, frighten, judge, congratulate, right away, at an end, think little of, give out, instead of, all not
1. rise vi.&n. （rose-risen）上升，提高，起身/立/床
Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
★搭配(1)on the rise 在增长 (2)give rise to 引起 (3) rise to one’s feet 站起身 提示 rise也可作可数名词，意为“上升，上涨；增长；升级(长工资)”。
e.g. Soon he got a rise.不久他加了工资。give sb. a rise给某人加工资。 ★辨析 rise/raise/arise
rise不及物动词，作上升讲时指继续上升，常用于日、月、云、雾、烟、水蒸汽、物价、温度、河水、潮水及人的职位等；
raise及物动词，举起，提出，饲养，种植，用作“举起”时，往往有使物体达到应有的高度含义，可用于具体或抽象的事物。
arise由……产生的；起床，起身，起立。 2. bury vt. 埋葬；掩藏
Noel turned away，burying his face in the pillow. Your letter got buried under a pile of papers.
He walked slowly，his hands buried in his pockets. 搭配 bury oneself in.../be buried in...埋头于；专心于 After the divorce，she buried herself in her work. He was buried in his studies.
3. burst vi. 爆炸；裂开；突然发生
搭配：burst into+名词 “突然闯入；突然开始” burst out+动名词 “突然发生；突然爆发”
burst forth突然出现或发生 burst in突然插嘴；打断 burst into tears/laughter/song突然哭/笑/唱起来 burst out crying/laughing/singing突然哭/笑/唱起来 e.g. The aircraft crashed and burst into flames. A cry of horror burst forth from the crowd.
“I don’t see why we should do that，” Peter burst in.
★链接break out突然发生，爆发break into闯入；突然开始
4. ruin v.&n. 毁灭，使破产，遗迹，废墟（名词时常用复数）
e.g.1). The hurricane ruined all the houses here. 2). He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 3). The building is in ruins. 4). The church has fallen into ruin.
★搭配：be/lie in ruins严重受损，破败不堪 fall into ruin 变成废墟 come to ruin 毁灭，落空 ruin oneself 自我毁灭 bring sb. to ruin 使毁灭
5. injure vt. 伤害，使受伤，损害 injured adj.受伤的， 有害的(＝harmful) injury n．伤害，损害 ★辨析 injure，hurt，wound (1)injure常指在意外事故中受伤。
(2)hurt没有injure正式，可指身体上的疼痛或精神上的痛苦，也可指感情上的伤害。hurt的伤害可与injure同样严重，也可指较轻的疼痛。
(3)wound主要指用刀枪等武器打伤、切伤等，多指在战争中或战斗中受伤，有时也用于精神上的伤害，但远不及前两者常见。 6. 辨析 destroy/ damage/ ruin
(1) destroy表示“毁坏”通常指彻底地毁掉或毁灭，往往暗示无法或很难修复，有时用于抽象意义。They’ve destroyed all the evidence.
(2) damage表示‘损害，损坏’，通常指部分性地损坏，暗示损坏后价值、效率、功能等会降低，有时用于抽象意义。Fortunately, the house is strongly built, and is not damaged even by the worst winter storms.
（3） ruin 表示‘毁坏，毁灭’，指彻底地毁坏，破坏的原因通常是自然现象、年龄、疏忽等，现多用作抽象意义。The storm ruined the crops.
7. shock v. (使)震惊；震动 n．休克；打击；震惊 shocked(人)感到震惊的；shocking(事)
令人震惊的
8. rescue n．&vt. 援救；营救 e.g.1). The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river.
2). The rescue team made countless rescues during the earthquake. 3). Michael rescued a boy from drowning.
搭配：rescue sb./ sth. from sb./ sp. 把……..从……营救出来 come to/ go to sb’s rescue = rescue sb. 援救某人 a rescue team 救援队rescue workers 救援人员
e.g.The mother, along with her two children, has been rescued from the sinking boat by a passing ship. The firemen rescued five children from the burning house yesterday.
辨析 (1)rescue多指在直接的危险或祸患中给予迅速和有效的救援，较save更能表达拯救的紧迫性，一般指救人；它还有从监禁中救出的意思。(2)save指通过救援不但使受害者(人或物)能脱离危险或祸患，而且使其能保存下来，有时可与rescue通用。从某种状态中把某人拯救出来多 用save。Save the dying, rescue the wounded.救死扶伤。
9. frighten v. （使某人）害怕/受惊吓 frightened adj. 害怕的，受惊的 frightening adj. 引
起恐惧的，可怕的
10. judge n.&v. 法官，鉴赏家，裁判，判断，估计
e.g. 1). His father used to be a judge. 2). She's a good judge of wine. 3). The blind can’t judge colors. 4). Don’t judge a man by his looks.
搭配judge sb./ sth. by/from 通过……判断……as far as I judge 我认为judging from/by… 从……来看， 根据……判断
e.g. Judging by/from the look on Adam’s face，the news must have been terrible. Judging by/from her last letter，they are having a wonderful time. As far as I can judge，all of them are to blame. 11. congratulate vt. 祝贺；庆贺
★搭配 congratulate sb.on/upon sth.祝贺某人…… congratulate sb.on doing sth.祝贺某人做了某事 congratulate oneself on (doing) sth.庆幸自己(做了)某事 e.g. She congratulated me warmly on my exam results. I congratulated him on his recent promotion.
I was congratulating myself on my lucky escape when disaster struck. ★派生：congratulation n. 祝贺；祝词；恭喜（一般用其复数形式） You have passed the test? Congratulations！
Please accept my sincere congratulations on your marriage.
辨析 congratulate +表示人的名词或代词; celebrate+表节日、胜利、成功等的名词或代词。
12. right away: at once: right off: straight away : immediately 立即；马上 right now 立即；此刻 13. at an end 结束，终结(＝finished)；在末尾
联想 at the end of 在……的尽头/末端(指时间、地点等) by the end of 在之前(常与完成时连用)(指时间) in the end 最后，终于(＝finally) put an end to... 结束……(vt.) come to an end …结束(vi.)
14. think little of 对……评价不高 Some people think little of selecting super girls on TV.
联想 think highly/well/a lot/much of 对……有好评 think poorly/badly/of 对……评价不好think nothing/little of sth. 视为平常；不当一回事 think nothing of it 不用谢，不要介意speak well/ill of 说……的好/坏话
15. give out 分发；发出(气味、热等)；发表；用尽
My legs gave out and I couldn’t walk any farther. The results of the examination won’t be given out.
give up 放弃，give in 屈服，让步，give off 发出，give away 赠送 16. instead of 代替，而不是
e.g.1). The Chinese use chopsticks instead of knives and forks. 2). Instead of working, Jack was idling away his time.
3). She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.
★[短语归纳]instead 是副词，单独使用，用于句首或句末作状语，意为“代替；相反”。instead of 是复合介词，后接名词、代词、或动名词，其后面的动作，意为“代替、而不……”。in place of 为介词短语，也是“代替、而不”的意思。take the place of 作谓语，用在名词、代词前。 17. All hope was not lost. 并不是所有的希望都破灭了。
[解释]All the students do not know how to deal with the problem. = Not all the students know how to deal with the problem. 并非所有的学生都知道如何解决个问题。 I don’t know all of them. 我并不认识他们所有的人。 表示“全体”意义的代词、副词或形容 “all, both, every, everybody, always” 等和否定副词not连用时表部分否定, 而“none, neither, nobody, nothing” 等表完全否定。如： Everyone doesn’t like the story. = Not everyone likes the story. Nobody likes the story. 没人喜欢这个故事。
Both of the students don’t like the story. 并非这两个学生这个故事。Neither of the students likes the story. 这两学生都不喜欢这个故事。
二.重点句型
1. It seemed as if the world was at an end！ ★句型 It seemed as if/that...似乎；好像
提醒 :据从句所说情况是可能的还是假设，而采用陈述或虚拟语气。
It seems that they are arguing about the taxi fare.(＝They seem to be arguing about the taxi fare.) It seemed as if nothing had happened. It seems as if it was spring already.
2. Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.
★句型 Everywhere...无论哪里……，都……。everywhere意为“无论哪儿”，在句中引导一个状语从句，相当于wherever。
Everywhere he goes，his dog will follow him.
Everywhere they appeared，they would meet with strong protests. With a special train ticket you can travel everywhere you like. 3. Tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again. Hundreds of thousands of people were helped.
短语归纳:tens of hundreds of数百的 hundreds of thousands of 成百上千的thousands of数千的 millions of数百万的 dozens of许多； 大量 scores of 许多； 大量
4. The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000
a number of 若干；许多，大量的. 其中number前可用large，great，small，good等修饰。 ★辨析 a number of/the number of
a number of(大量的)＋可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式； the number of(……的数量)＋可数名词复数，谓语动词要用单数。 5. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.
★这句话中的looking for places to hide 是作ran out of the fields 的伴随状况，这是动词的现在分词形式的一个用法。现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
6. In the farmyard, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. ★该句中含有too nervous/ glad/ pleased/ surprised/ happy/ anxious…to do sth.结构，表肯定意义，在此结构中，too相当于very.
e.g. He was too surprised to see how angry she was.看到她生气时，他非常吃惊。
（1）too+adj./adv. (for sb) to do sth意思是“太…而不能…”，若句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动表被动；若不定式是不及物动词，则应加上相应的介词。e.g. It’s never too late to learn.
The math problem is difficult (for me ) to work out.
(2)too…to 的否定形式not too…to表达肯定的意思“并非太…而不能…”。e.g. The child is not too young to dress himself.这孩子并非小得连衣服都不会穿。 （3）注意too…to句型与so+adj./adv. +that…句型的转换。
e.g. The foreigner spoke too fast for me to understand.=The foreigner spoke so fast that I couldn’t understand what he was saying. 7. there be 句型
表示“某个事物”在“什么地方”，其结构为“there be＋主语＋其他成分”。there为引导词，本身无意义，谓语动词按照就近一致原则。
归纳There happen to be 碰巧… There seem to be 似乎(有)…There is likely to be 可能…There must be 一定…There can’t be 不可能……There is said to be 据说(有)…There’s reported to be 据报道(有)There used to be 过去常常There’s sure/certain to be 一定会…
8. Listening to English is a very important skill because it is only when we understand what is said to us that we can have a conversation with somebody.
句型 本句使用了强调句型，其基本结构为：it is/was＋被强调部分＋ that/who＋句子的其余部分。
e.g. It is English that is widely used in the world nowadays. It was in the street that I met one of my old friends.
拓展 强调句型除了有陈述句外，也可有一般疑问句式和特殊疑问句式。一般疑问句式：Is/Was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋句子的其余部分；特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that/who＋句子的其余部分；强调not until引导的状语：It is/was+ not until…+that +句子其余部分
e.g.Was it in 1896 that the modern Olympic Games started？ Is it Lucy who is to be sent to work in the west？ What was it that you gave the girl just now？
When was it that the first Olympic Games began？
It was not until midnight that he went back home after the experiment.
三.交际运用 表达感谢
I would like to express my thanks to … who; No words are strong enough to express our…; Here, I wish to express my thanks for the great efforts…; I’d also like to thank…
四.重点语法 定语从句 关系词 先行从句成分 例句 词 who 人 主语，宾The boy (whom/who/that) you saw has left. The boy who/that 语 is reading is Tom. 关 whom 人 宾语 He is the man from whom I borrowed the book . The man (whom/who/that)she loved died in the war 系 whose 人，物 定语 He is the boy of whose brother we are always proud of. This is the room whose window is broken. 代 that 人，物 主语，宾Do you still remember the place (that) we visited last year. 语 Tomorrow I will bring the magazine that is interesting. 词 which 物 主语，宾Tomorrow I will bring the magazine ( which/ that) you asked 语 for. Tomorrow I will bring the magazine for which you asked. as 人，物 主语，宾As is know to all, $2 is a developing country. 备注 who, whom,which, tha在句中作宾时可以省略但介词提前不能省略，且只在whowhich 前加词。 as作宾语一语 Such girls as he knows are good at English. 考点一：which和that的用法区别： 只用that的情况
1. 先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, none, the one时He told me
everything that he knew. All that glitters is not gold.
2. 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时This is the most wonderful movie that I
have ever seen.
3. 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时The bus is the first that came here.
4. 先行词指认又指物时The director and his film that we talked about are famous.
5. 先行词被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all 等词修饰时This is the only book that he
has.
6. 句中已经有who或which，为了避免重复Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用which 的情况
1. 在非限定性定语从句中只用which The factory, which is not far from here, produces motor
bikes.
2. 当短语中的介词提前时，只用which而不用that. (注：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，动
词和介词是不能分割的)
I finished my homework ahead of time, after which I read the newspapers. 考点二：关系代词as引导的定语从句
关系代词as即可引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句，as在定语从句中常用于下列句式：
1. such+名词+as…像……一样，像……之类These mobile phones are sold at such a low price as
people expected.
2. the same +名词+as… 和……同样的He is not the same man as he was. 注：such…as引导定语从句，such…that 引导状语从句
e.g. He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 3. as常用在as (it) seems, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said earlier, as
I remember (it), as I understand (it), as (it) appears 等结构中。 Jack has won the first prize, as (it) often happens.
考点三：关系代词as和which的用法区别：
（1）关系代词引导的定语从句放在主句之前时，只能用as引导。如：As we had expressed, his performance was wonderful.
（2）当从句和主句语意一致时，用as；反之用which。如：She has married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她又结婚了。（语意一致）She has married again, which was unexpected. 她又结婚了，这是出乎预料的事。（语意不一致） （3）当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句的行为动词是主动语态，一般用作主语。如：She has been late again, as was expected. Tom has made great progress, which delighted us.
★Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.工人们为那些家园遭受破坏的幸存者建了住所。
【要点指南】whose homes had been destroyed是定语从句。
关系代词whose引导定语从句时，whose在从句中充当定语， whose指人，也可指物。 He is a man whose opinion I respect. It’s the house whose door is painted red. ★拓展“whose＋n.”引导的定语从句中，如果whose指物时， 可换用“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”结构。
The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.房顶受损的房子现在已修好了。 →The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.或The house of which the roof was damaged has now been repaired.
般不省略 专项训练
1.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that
2. I refuse to accept the blame for something _____was someone else’s fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what
3. The factory, _____ workers are all women, is closed during the school holidays. A. where B. whose C. that D. which
4. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _____ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. A. who B. that C. as D. which
5. The price of houses, _____ is often reported, have been going up sharply in the past few months. A. when B. it C. as D. what
6. Was it in the village ___ we used to live in ____ the accident happened? A. where; that B. which; that C. that; where D. where; which
7. Finally the manager adopted the best proposal ______ had been put forward at the meeting. A. which B. that C. what D. as
8. Remember that there is still one point ___ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. A. where B. why C. when D. that
9. That is such a difficult problem ______ you mentioned at the meeting. A. as B. which C. that D. what
10. _______ is often the case, he didn’t study hard and failed to pass the test. A. What B. Which C. It D. As Keys: 1-5 BBBDC 6-10 BBDAD
Unit5 Nelson Mandela — a modern hero
一．【重点词汇】quality, mean, devote, found, legal, mankind, hopeful, vote, attack, violence, equal, escape, educate, beg, reward, sentence, opinion, selfish
二.【重点短语】in prison, out of work, as a matter of fact, blow up, in trouble, turn to, lose heart, come to power, set up, be sentenced to, be generous with sth, offer guidance to sb on sth., pay the school fees, be hopeful about sth，break the law
be willing to do sth = be ready to do sth , stop sb from doing sth = prevent sb from doing , show sb over sth
1. quality un. 质量 be of poor quality 质量差 be of good/high quality 质量好/高
cn. (人的)品质，(物的)特性 He has all the qualities of a successful business. One quality of wood is that it can burn.
quantity un. 数量; cn. 具体数量 a large/great quantity of + cn.pl/un , 做主语，谓语用单数（与quantity一致 = large/great quantities of + cn.pl/un，做主语，谓语用复数（与quantities一致）= plenty of + cn.pl/un 大量的…
2. mean v. (mean — meant — meant)
vt. 意思是/意指 mean sth / mean + 宾从; What do you mean by sth/doing sth? 你…是什么意思？
meaning n. 意思/含义 meaningful adj. 有意义的 meaningless adj. 没有意义的
vt. 意图，打算mean/plan/intend to do sth打算做某事 ；(had) meant to do sth = meant to have done sth本打算做某事
vt. 意味着mean doing sth 意味着做某事
adj. 刻薄的be mean to sb，卑鄙的，吝啬的/小气的be mean with/about sth.
cn.pl. means方法/方式/手段/工具(单复同形) by + adj + means 以…的方式；means of transport / transportation 交通工具
by means of sth 借助/靠… by all meals 想一切办法 by no means = not at all 一点也不
3. active adj 积极的/活跃的
be active in (doing) sth 在(做)某事上是积极的 take an active part in sth. 积极参与某事
activity cn. 活动 actively adv. 积极地 4. self cn. 自我 pl. selves
selfish adj. (贬义)自私的 selfishness un. 自私自利 selfless adj (褒义)无私的，忘我的 selflessly adv 无私地/忘我地 selflessness un 无私
5. devote 献身于/倾注于/用于… devote oneself/sth to (doing) sth 把…献身于/倾注于/用
于(做)…
devoted adj 挚爱的，忠实的 be devoted to sb/sth 专心致志于某事，忠于/喜爱某人 devotedly adv. 专心致志地，全心全意地，忠诚地 devotion un. 献身，奉献，喜爱
6. found vt. (found- founded- founded)创立(组织、公司、学校等)，创建(城市) = establish/set
up
founding n. 创立，创建 founder cn. 创立人 7. mankind un. 人类 = humankind/man human / human being cn. 人
8. legal adj 法律的，合法的=lawful
illegal adj 不合法的，非法的= unlawful
legally adv 合法地 illegally adv 不合法地，非法 9. vote v/n 投票 vote to do sth 投票决定做某事
$2vote for sth 投票赞成… vote against sth投票反对… vote sb in 投票选出某人 vote sb out投票使某人下台 vote sth through 投票通过… vote on sth 就…投票
10. attack v/n. 袭击/攻击 attack sb/sth = make an attack on 袭击/攻击…; 抨击 attack sb
for (doing) sth 因…抨击某人
attacker cn. 攻击者 a heart attack 心脏病发作 air attack 空袭 11. violence un. 暴力(行为)
violent adj. 暴力的，激烈的，剧烈的，强烈的 violent film/argument/headache/earthquake
violently adv 暴力地，激烈地，剧烈地，强烈地
12. equal adj 相等的，平等的equal rights/opportunities be equal to sth = be up to sth 能胜
任/能应付某事，比得上某物 vt 等于，比得上 equally adv. 相等地，同样地，平等地 equality un. 平等
13. escape vi/n.逃离/逃跑 escape from+ sp = get away from + sp 从某地逃跑 escape to +
sp 逃到某地
vi (气体/液体/光/热等)泄露
vt 逃脱/逃避 escape (doing) sth 逃脱(做)某事 escaped adj. 逃跑了的
14. educate vt 教育/教导 educate sb in/on sth教育某人了解某事 educate sb to do sth
教导某人做某事
educated adj. 有教养的/受过教育的 a highly educated woman / a well-educated woman educational adj. 教育的，有教育意义的 education n. 教育
educator = educationist cn. 教育(学)家
15. beg v. 恳求 beg to do sth恳求做某事
beg sb to do sth 恳求某人做某事 beggar cn.乞丐 I beg your pardon? 请你再说一遍？ 乞讨 beg for sth乞讨某物 beg sth from sb 向某人乞讨某物
16. reward cn. 奖励/奖赏/悬赏金 give sb. a reward for (doing) sth 因(做)某事给某人奖励/
赏金
vt. 奖励/奖赏 reward sb. with sth奖赏某人某物； reward sb. for (doing) sth 因(做)某事奖励某人
rewarding adj. 有益的，有意义的
17. sentence cn. 句子，判刑 life sentence 无期徒刑；death sentence 死刑；a heavy/light
sentence 重判/轻判
pass sentence 作出判决；serve a sentence 服刑 vt. 判刑/判决 be sentenced to sth. 被判…
be sentenced to death = be under sentence of death 被判死刑 be sentence + 数字 + month/year in prison 被判处…徒刑
18. opinion cn. 意见/看法/观点 in one’s opinion/view 依某人看来 one’s
opinions/views of/on/about sth 对某事的看法
have a high/low/good/bad opinion of sb/sth 对某人/某物评价高/低/好/差 19. $2be out of work 失业 be in work 有工作
be at work 在工作
20. as a matter of fact = in fact = in truth = actually 事实上
21. blow sth up 炸毁某物；给某物充气/吹气；放大照片； sth. blow up (恶劣的天气突然)来
临
blow sth out 吹灭某物 blow sth down/over 吹倒某物 22. in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等处境中 23. turn to sb for sth 向某人寻求某物
eg. I turned for my brother for help.
24. lose heart 丧失信心 break one’s heart 使某人心碎 learn sth by heart 记住某事 in one’s heart 在心底里 take sb to one’s heart 非常喜欢某人 lose one’s heart to sb. 爱上某人
25. $2come/rise to power 上台 fall out of power / leave office 下台 (动作)
be in power /in office 执政的 be out of power / be out of office下台的 (状态) 26. set sth up = establish/found sth 创立/成立(公司，机构等) ；set sth up = put sth up (临时)
竖起/搭起/建起
27. $2be in prison 在服刑 be out of prison 出狱的
$2go to prison 入狱 get out of prison出狱 escape from prison = break prison 越狱
put sb in prison = send sb to prison 送某人进监狱 release sb from prison = let sb out of prison 释放某人出狱
三.【重点句型】
1． Sadly I did not have it because I was not born there, and I worried about whether I would become out of work.
whether连接的句子为宾语从句, 此处不能用if 来替换，因为在介词后只能用whether。 2． The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress.
动词see, find, witness等词由时间或地点名词做主语，以增添语言色彩，译为“(在某时或某地)经历，遭受，发生”
3． Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
此句为倒装句，当“only + 状语”位于句首时，句子需要用部分倒装。 4． Since I was better educated, I got a job working in an office.
此句为since引导的原因状语从句。since, as 和because 都可引导的原因状语从句，其
中because引导的原因状语从句语气最强烈，since经常可译为“既然”，引出已知的原因。
5．I felt bad the first time I talked to the group.
此句为the first time用做连词引导的时间状语从句
四． 【重点语法】
由where, when, why, prep + which/whom 引导的定语从句
1. 关系副词where的先行词也可以是point, case, condition, situation, stage, position等抽
象名词
2. 某些固定短语动词例如take care of, look after, laugh at, look forward to, come up with等
中介词不能提前。即当将介词提前后影响了原从句的正确翻译，则介词不能提前。 3. 关系副词
指时间：when = in/at/on +which（作时间状语） 指地点：where = in/at/on +which（作地点状语） 指原因：why = for +which（作原因状语）
☆ 关系副词的功能：连接主句和从句；指代先行词；充当从句中的状语 由where引导的定语从句
1. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. 2. Until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.
3. The places outside the towns where they were sent to live were the poorest parts of $2. 由when引导的定语从句
1. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. 2. However, this was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in $2. 3. The day when Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest.
4. He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. 由prep + which引导的定语从句
1. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
2. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people.
3. We were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight
the government.
4. It was a prison from which no one escaped. 由prep + whom引导的定语从句
1. It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. 五． 【交际运用】 征求意见
What do you think of …? Do you have any thoughts on that? What are your ideas? What’s your opinion? How do you feel about that? Why do you think so? 发表意见
I think / I don’t think… I believe/ I don’t believe (that)… In my opinion… To my understanding…
I’m with you. I feel that…/I don’t feel that…
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