句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句
一、英语句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主语和谓语;表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语. 一、主语（subject）： 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east。 （名词） He likes dancing。 (代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history。 (数词) Seeing is believing。 （动名词） To see is to believe。 (不定式）
What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语）
二、谓语（predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 We study English。 He is asleep.
三、表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征. He is a teacher。 （名词)
Seventy-four！ You don’t look it。 （代词) Five and five is ten. （数词) He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词）
The picture is on the wall。 (介词短语）
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词）
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. \" (不定式） The question is whether they will come。 （表语从句) 常见的系动词有：
一 be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were
二表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go
三感官动词类： 眼(look ）耳（sound）鼻（smell）舌(taste）手（touch）身（feel) 四表示延续性的动词：remain 、stay 、keep It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange。 Her voice sounds sweet。 Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good。 The door remains open。 Now I feel tired. 四、宾语：
1)动作的承受者-—动宾 I like China. (名词) He hates you。 (代词)
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How many do you need？ We need two. (数词） We should help the old and the poor。 I enjoy working with you。 （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said？ (宾语从句) 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾 Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks。
3） 双宾语-—间宾(指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money。
五、宾补：对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. (名词)
We all think it a pity that she didn't come here. （名) We will make them happy. （形容词) We found nobody in。 （副词）
Please make yourself at home。 （介词短语） Don't let him do that。 （省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson。 （带to不定式） Don't keep the lights burning。 （现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired。 （过去分词） 主补:对主语的补充. He was elected monitor。
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
六、定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world. (数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson。(形容词) The man over there is my old friend。（副词）
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Cla2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now。 (过去分词） I have an idea to do it well。 （不定式)
You should do everything that I do。 (定语从句)
七、状语：用来修饰v。, adj。, adv。, or 句子.表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meetingroom。 The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn't study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much。
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If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
八、同位语:一个名词(或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher， is very kind to us。
We students should study hard。 / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’) We all are students。 / （all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们'）
九、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分。感叹词：oh，hello，aha,ah,等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如： The story,I think，has never come to the end。我相信，这个故事还远没结束。
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
(一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old。 She didn't hear of you before。 2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old？ Mary can swim, can't she？
3)祈使句：Be careful， boys。 Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is！
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句:只有一个主语（或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语）。 e.g。 He often reads English in the morning。 Tom and Mike are American boys。 She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and， but， or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成.
e。g。 You help him and he helps you。 The future is bright; the road is tortuous。 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g。 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二)简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语:e。g。 He is a student。
2、主语+不及物动词:e.g. She came．/ My head aches。 3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语)：e。g。 She gave John a book． My father bought me a car。
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e。g。 Tom made the baby laugh. She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage.
注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成. （三)并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and， not only…but also…， neither…nor…， then等连接。The teacher’s name is Smith， and the student’s name is John。
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2、表示选择，常用的连词有or， either…or…， otherwise等. Hurry up， or you’ll miss the train。 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but， still， however, yet， while， when等。
He was a little man with thick glasses， but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
August is the time of the year for harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 一、指出下列简单句属于基本句型中的哪一种： 1． Madam Curie’s motherland was Poland。 2． Jack became a skilled taxi—driver soon. 3． The world is changing.
4． Advertisements go everywhere。 5． Money doesn’t mean everything。 6． The temple needs cleaning and repairing.
7． The doctor taught the boy how to protect his own body。 8． The boy told the policeman where he lived。 9． Two men behind will not let him escape.
10． The air in loose snow keeps the animals warm. 二、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1。 We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom。 3。 There is a chair in this room, isn’t there？
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5。 He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6。 He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7。 Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10。 Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music。 11。 I hope you are very well. 12。 I’m fine， but tired。
13. Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping my Dad on the farm. 14. August is the hottest month here。
15。 It is the time of year for the rice harvest， so every day I work from dawn until dark。
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