Section Ⅰ Use of English
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”. But 1(C.despite) some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2(D.produce) short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3(B.boosting) heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4(B.sustain), a good laugh is unlikely to have 5(A.measurable) benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
6(B.In fact), instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7(A.opposite). Studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter 8(D.relaxes) muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9(C.moderate) the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10(A.physical) feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11(B.According to) one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12(C.in) physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13(D.because) they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also 14(C.precedes) tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15(B.from) muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist
-----
Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16(D.hold) a pen either with their teeth — thereby creating an artificial smile— or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17(A.disappointed) expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18(D.reacted) more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19(A.suggesting) that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20(C.Similarly), the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为笑是“一种身体运动,对健康来讲非常珍贵”。但是也有相反的观点,笑可能对身体健康影响甚微。笑声确实可以引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化,加快心跳和氧气消耗。但强笑很难保持,不可能以衡量散步或慢跑好处的方式来衡量大笑带来的好处。
实际上,运动通过拉伸肌肉来锻炼肌肉,很明显笑却是相反。追溯到20世纪30年代的研究暗示:笑可放松肌肉,笑声消失后可减缓肌肉紧张,长达45分钟。
笑可帮助减缓心理压力的不良影响。无论如何,笑这一行为确实引起其他方面的身体反应,并且改善了个人的情绪状态。根据关于情感的经典理论——感情部分地是根植于身体反应。19世纪末人们有一种争论,人并不是因为悲伤而哭,而当开始流下眼泪时,人才变得悲伤。
尽管悲伤也会先于眼泪,有证据表明,一些情感可以来自肌肉反应。1988年发表的一个试验中,德国Würzburg大学的社会心理学家Fritz Strack要求实验对象或者用牙齿咬住笔——这样可人为的制造出微笑;或者用嘴唇咬住笔——这样可出现失望的表情。被迫练习微笑肌肉的实验对象,比紧闭双唇蹙着眉毛的实验对象,对滑稽动画片的表现更为积极活泼,这表明表情可影响情感,而并不是相反。同样道理,笑这一行为可改善情绪。
【内容提要】 本文围绕“笑”这一行为的功能展开话题,讨论了“笑”的作用:缓解肌肉压
-----
力,改善情绪。
1.【正确答案】C
【考查重点】语义衔接
【解题过程】本题目考查介词。本文第一句话讲到了亚里士多德的观点:笑对于健康非常重要。接下来提及另外一种观点:笑对身体健康没什么影响。可见前后是转折的关系,选项C.despite(“尽管”)符合句意,为正确答案。
2.【正确答案】D
【考查重点】词义辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查动词的含义。选项A. reflect反应,反思;选项B.demand要求,命令;选项C. indicate暗含,暗示;选项D. produce产生,引起。本句话意为,笑确实能够引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化。因此D为正确答案。
3.【正确答案】B
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目是动词的现在分词作伴随状语。前面主句意为“笑确实能够引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化”。考生要注意辨析四个动词的含义。选项A. stabilize是stable的动词形式,意为“使……安定,坚固”;选项B. boost提高,增加;选项C. impair损害,削弱;选项D.决定。考生可通过常识进行推断,一般情况下,笑使人激动,所以心跳加速,因此B为正确答案。
-----
4.【正确答案】B
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查动词的含义,考生要特别注意上下文关系。本句话比较了笑和散步、慢跑带来好处的不同方式。一般来讲,散步和慢跑都需要一定时间,而笑不一样,几秒钟即可结束。所以,散步和慢跑是可持续的,而笑是难以持续很久的。选项A. transmit传达,传送;选项B. sustain维持,经受,保持;选项C. evaluate评价,评估;选项D. observe观察,研究。所以B为正确答案。
5.【正确答案】A
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查形容词的含义,考生要特别注意上下文关系。本句话中提及散步和慢跑带来的好处,而笑也能带来好处,这两种好处是不一样的。选项A.measurable可测量的;选项B. manageable易管理的,易控制的;选项C. affordable付得起的;选项D. renewable可更新的,可再生的。比较四个形容词的词义,只有A可与benefits(益处)搭配,为正确答案。
6.【正确答案】B
【考查重点】固定词组辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查固定词组的意思。选项A. In turn依次,轮流,反过来;选项B. In fact事实上,实际;选项C. In addition附加,另外,还有;选项D. In brief简而言之,一般用在结论处。本句话具体讲述了笑对于放松肌肉的作用,是一种实际情况。
-----
7.【正确答案】A
【考查重点】语义衔接
【解题过程】本题目考查上下文关系。Instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7。运动锻炼肌肉的方式是拉伸肌肉,原文中使用了instead of这个短语表明笑锻炼肌肉的方式并非如此,而是相反。选项A中的opposite可做名词使用,意为“对立面”。
8.【正确答案】D
【考查重点】语义衔接
【解题过程】本题目重点考查上下文关系,做题时要关注全句。上句提及笑锻炼肌肉的方式和运动锻炼肌肉的方式不同,并使用了strain作为运动锻炼肌肉的方式。此句提及20世纪30年代的研究结果,是关于笑对于肌肉的作用。 这两句之间是对比关系,很明显strain的同义词都不作为可供选项,选项A和C (harden和tighten)都可看做是strain的同义词,“使肌肉紧张,坚硬”。选项B.weaken减弱,削弱;选项D. relax放松。运动是拉伸肌肉,让肌肉紧张,笑是使肌肉放松,所以D为正确答案。
9.【正确答案】C
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查动词的词意。上一句话讲到,笑可以放松肌肉,笑是有好处的;本句话中提及心理压力的影响。由此,考生可以推断,所以笑这样的身体反应能减缓心理压力的影响。选
-----
项A. aggravate恶化,严重;选项B.generate产生,带来;选项C.moderate作为动词用,意为“使……稳定,使……缓和”;选项D.enhance提高,改进。笑可以缓和心理压力的影响,因此C为正确答案。
10.【正确答案】A
【考查重点】语义衔接
【解题过程】本题目考查对本段整体的理解。本空选择形容词做feedback的定语。本句大意为,笑可以产生其他类型的反应,其后使用了定语从句来说明这些不同类型反应的作用:改善个人的情绪状态。由此考生可判断,这些反应肯定不是情感方面的。而下一句话接着讲,情感部分地根植于身体反应,暗示了本空的选择。可以判断A是正确答案。
11.【正确答案】B
【考查重点】固定短语辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查固定短语的意思。选项A. except for除……之外,要不是由于;选项B. according to根据,依据;选项C. due to因为,由于,后面一般是不好的原因;选项D. as for至于,关于,说到。本句话大意为,根据某一经典理论,情感部分地根植于身体反应中。所以B为正确答案。
12.【正确答案】C
【考查重点】惯用搭配
-----
【解题过程】本题目非常简单,考查惯用搭配。be rooted常和介词in搭配,构成短语be rooted in,后接名词,意为“深植于,根植于”。
13.【正确答案】D
【考查重点】逻辑衔接
【解题过程】本题目主要考查句与句之间的关系。从语法上来看,it是形式主语,而that之后的从句是真正的主语。在这个主语从句中,but连接了前后两个句子,构成了表示对比关系的并列句。but之后的句子大意为,开始流泪时,人才变得悲伤。既然是对比关系,but之前的句子,应该表达相反的含义:人并不是因为悲伤而流泪。这两个短句之间是因果关系,D为正确答案。
14.【正确答案】C
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查动词的词意。本段中讲到了一个实验,让实验对象故意做出笑的表情和失望的表情;随后让他们看动画片,微笑表情的实验对象表现更为积极活泼。由此可以判断不同的肌肉反应可带来不同的情感,或者可以这么说,情感是在肌肉反应之后的。本段的第一句话中使用了although,表明两句话之间是对比关系。此句中的sadness属于情感,tear属于具体的生理反应,所以此处情感应在具体的反应之前。选项A.exhaust使……筋疲力尽,耗尽;选项B.follow跟随,在……之后;选项C.precede在……之前,先于;选项D. suppress镇压,隐瞒,压制。C为正确答案。
15.【正确答案】B
【考查重点】语义衔接
-----
【解题过程】本题目考查介词。根据本段中的这个实验,可以推断,情感可以从肌肉反应中产生。根据上下文语义,B为正确答案。
16.【正确答案】D
【考查重点】词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目比较简单,考查简单动词的含义。选项A.fetch取来,强调过去把某物拿回来;选项B.bite咬;选项C.pick捡起,拾起来;选项D.hold拿住,持有。下文详细讲到,要用牙齿控制住笔,这样能特意做出微笑的表情,所以D为正确答案。
17.【正确答案】A
【考查重点】语义衔接
【解题过程】本题目考查形容词的词意,考生要注意上下文的关系。句子前半句指出是制造微笑,中间连接用表转折的“or”可判断此外的表情肯定传达不高兴的含义。选项A.disappointed失望的;选项B.excited激动的;选项C. joyful兴高采烈的;选项D. indifferent漠不关心的。此空的表情应该是失望的。
18.【正确答案】D
【考查重点】词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查动词搭配。选项中的四个动词都可以和后面的介词to搭配,但意义大不相同。选项A.adapt和to搭配,一般的结构为adapt oneself to,或使用被动结构be adapted
-----
to, “改变某人以适应,适应”;选项B. cater和to搭配,一般的结构为cater to sth., “迎合,满足……的需要”;选项C. turn和to搭配,一般的结构为turn to sb./sth. for help, “向某人或某物求助”;选项D.react和to搭配, “对……做出反应”。本句话强调实验对象在不同情况下观看卡通片的反应,D符合句意。
19.【正确答案】A
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查动词辨析。本空所在的位置使用动词的现在分词结构作伴随状语。前一句话大意为:被迫练习微笑肌肉的实验对象,比紧闭双唇蹙着眉头的实验对象,对滑稽动画片的反应更为活泼积极。本空之后的宾语从句意为“表情可影响情感”。从这两句话来看,后面这一句总结了前面实验的结果。选项A.suggest暗示,暗含,说明;选项B.require要求,需要;选项C. mention提及,提到;选项D.suppose假设,假定。因此A为正确答案。
20.【正确答案】C
【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析
【解题过程】本题目考查副词的意思。考生要从上下文的语义衔接来进行推理判断。前一句话提及表情可影响情感,本句话讲到笑这一行为可提高情绪。比较这两句话,笑和表情对应,情绪和情感对应,所以两者的关系是相似的。选项A.Eventually最后,最终;选项B. Consequently因此,所以,强调因果关系;选项C. Similarly相似地,类似地;选项D.Conversely相反地。根据上下文的语义关系,C为正确答案。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
-----
Part A
Text 1
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用Alan Gilbert担任下一任指挥。从那时起一直到现在,这个决定已成为古典音乐界的热议话题。但是最起码,从总体上看反映还不错。冷静的古典音乐评论家Anthony Tommasini这样写道:“万岁!终于来了!”
然而,这次任命令人意外。原因之一在于Gilbert名声相对较小。就连支持聘用Gilbert的Tommasini也说Gilbert为人不张扬,没有指挥大师令人敬仰的气概。著名音乐家如Gustav Mahler和Pierre Boulez,都曾管理过这个乐队。如此描述其下一任指挥家,这好比虚浮的赞扬,很有可能会让至少一部分泰晤士报的读者心里没底了。
就我而言,我不知道Gilbert是不是一位伟大的指挥家,甚至也不敢确定他算不算好的指挥家。确实,他指挥过各种很好的乐曲,令人印象深刻。但是,我不一定非要去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他类似地方,才能听到好的管弦乐。我只要到CD架上,或随便打开电脑,从iTunes上就可下载录好的音乐,并且数量巨大。
热衷参加音乐会的人认为,唱片不可替代现场表演。但是他们忽视了一个要点。为了赢得音乐爱好者的时间、注意力、金钱,古典乐曲表演家不仅要和各种表演机构(如剧院,舞蹈队,演出公司,博物馆)竞争,而且还要和20世纪伟大的古典音乐演奏者录好的表演唱片竞争。唱片很便宜,到处都买得到,甚至比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高。而且,听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点。这些唱片随手可得,使传统古典音乐会面临危机。
对于古典音乐演奏者而言,还可以做的就是排练出唱片上没有的新曲目,引人注目。众所周知,Gilbert本人对新音乐兴趣很浓。古典音乐的批评家Alex Ross这样描述:他能够把纽约交响乐团
-----
变成一个“完全不同、更加有活力的组织”。但变化差异到底是什么?仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的。如果Gilbert和乐团想要成功,他们就必须先改变和处理好美国最古老的乐团(纽约交响乐团)和乐团想吸引的新观众之间的关系。
文章概览
第一段中心句:The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.
第二段中心句:One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
第三段中心句:To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.
第四段中心句:The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
第五段中心句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
试题解析
-----
21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has .
[A]incurred criticism 引起批评
[B]raised suspicion 遭到质疑
[C]received acclaim 受到赞同
[D]aroused curiosity 激发好奇心
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
【答案】 [C] 通过题干可将答案定位在文章的第一段。本段一开始就提及,任命Alan Gilbert为下一任音乐指挥已成为古典音乐界谈论的焦点。接下来,文中提到了对这一任命的反应:总体上来讲,反应还是不错的。原文使用了形容词favorable,四个选项中,只有选项C中的acclaim和favorable是同义,意为“喝彩,欢呼,赞同”。所以C为正确答案。
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is .
[A]influential 有权势的,有影响的
[B]modest 谦虚的
-----
[C]respectable 受人尊敬的
[D]talented 很有天分的
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”
【答案】[B]通过题干可将答案定位到第二段的第二句话,“就连支持聘用Gilbert的Tommasini,也称Gilbert并不张扬,没有指挥大师令人敬仰的气概”。同时,第二段的第一句话讲到Gilbert 名气较小,由此可以断定A是不正确的。选项C和选项D在文中根本没有提及。而选项B中的modest和原文中的unpretentious(意为“不炫耀的,含蓄的,谦虚的”)同义,为正确答案。
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers .
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances 忽视现场表演的成本
[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances 拒绝大部分的录制表演
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances 夸大现场表演的种类
[D]overestimate the value of live performances 高估现场表演的价值
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live
-----
performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
【答案】[D] 根据题干中的the devoted concertgoers,可将答案定位在文章的第四段。第四段主要讲述了古典音乐现场表演的现状和竞争对手,分析了唱片的优势,最后得出结论:这些唱片随手可得,给传统的古典音乐会带来了危机。选项A在文中并没有提及;文中第一句话只是说唱片不能够替代现场表演,所以B为错误选项;选项C是个干扰项,文章并没有提到现场演出的种类;文章第一句话是the devoted concertgoers 的观点,他们认为唱片并不能取代现场表演,而作者却详细说明了唱片的优势,如:便宜、容易买到、艺术质量高等等,从另一方面暗示现场表演的价值并不像the devoted concertgoers 认为的那么高,由此可判断D为正确选项。
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
它们要比现场音乐会的质量低。
[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
公众更容易得到。
-----
[C]They help improve the quality of music.
它们帮助提升音乐质量。
[D]They have only covered masterpieces.
它们仅仅涵括经典曲目。
There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
【答案】[B]根据题干中的recordings,可将答案定位在文章的第四段。第四段详细说明了唱片的种种好处。原文中讲,它们的艺术质量要比目前现场表演的高,由此判断A为错误选项;选项C和D在文中都没有提及。第四段中讲,唱片便宜,随处可得,原文中使用了形容词available、名词availability,意为“可得到的”。选项B中的accessible和available是同义词。
25. Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels .
[A]doubtful 怀疑的 [B]enthusiastic 热情的
[C]confident 有信心的 [D]puzzled 迷惑的
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not
-----
necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.
But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
【答案】[A]本题考查作者的态度,要在全文理解的基础上进行推理判断。本文首先讲纽约交响乐团聘用了一位新的音乐指挥Gilbert,成为古典音乐界讨论的焦点;随后有评论家介绍了这一位音乐指挥Gilbert;接着作者陈述了自己的观点,不管他是不是一位优秀的指挥家,作者都没有必要一定去看现场表演;随后作者讨论了现场表演的现状和竞争压力,分析了唱片的优势;文章最后,作者认为Gilbert只靠增加表演曲目,那是不够的。通观全文,作者以个人为例进行分析,乐团换不换指挥对自己欣赏音乐没有多大影响,同时他对Gilbert能否成功心存怀疑。选项D是干扰项,puzzled强调“困惑,不明白,不理解”。
Text 2
八月份,美国银行总裁Liam McGee离职。他的解释直白,出人意料。他并没有用惯常的模糊的理由来遮掩其离开,而是很坦诚地解释,离开就是为了追求自己的目标——经营公司。McGee说,是自己决定实现自己的雄心壮志。两周后,他和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事会进行首次会谈,该公司于9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO。
McGee说,离开时并没有找好以后的工作(下家),这样他有时间反思到底想经营什么样的公司。同时也给了外界一个清晰的信号:他的激情和志向。这样做的人不只McGee一个。最近几周,Avon和American Express的第二把手离职,并且说想找CEO的职位。董事会迫于股东的压力,仔细审
-----
查一系列的计划,计划被否掉的经理也想离开。激烈的商业环境使高级经理很小心,以免模糊表态破坏声誉。
经济复苏已经显露并稳定下来,二把手可能更愿意在没有新职位的情况下换掉目前的工作。根据Liberum的调查,第三季度,由于紧张的董事会紧盯着CEO,CEO的更换和一年前相比下降了23%。随着经济的复苏和好转,对有理想的头儿们,机会很多。
离开高级管理的职位去寻找一个更好的,并不是传统的做法。多年以来,经理和猎头都认同这样一个原则:最有吸引力的CEO,是那些需要拼命去挖来的人。Korn/Ferry的高级管理人员Dennis Carey说道,“每一次招聘,我都会按照董事会的指示,首先从在任的CEO中寻找合适人选。”
那些没有找到工作就离任的人并不是很快就能找到特别满意的职位。10年前,Ellen Marram以经理的身份离开Tropicana,她说想当CEO。但是一年之后她才成为一家小型互联网交换公司的领导。2005年Robert Willumstad带着成为CEO的梦想离开了Citigroup;三年后他才成为一主要金融机构的CEO。
很多招聘的人都说,对于高级管理人员而言,过去被认为丢脸的事情正慢慢改变。金融危机使跳槽、离开原本不好的工作变得更加可以接受。一个猎头说: “传统的规则是待在原来的职位会更加安全。现在已彻底改变。受伤最重的人,就是在一个职位上呆得最久的人。”
文章概览
第一段中心句:Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company”. Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.
-----
第二段中心句:McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone.
第三段中心句:As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
第四段中心句:The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.
第五段中心句:Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.
第六段中心句:Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.
试题解析
26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being .
[A]arrogant 高傲的
[B]frank 直率的
[C]self-centered 自我为中心的
-----
[D]impulsive 冲动的
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.
【答案】[B]根据题干关键词“McGee announced his departure”,可将答案定位在文章的第一段。第一段中讲,Liam McGee以美国银行总裁的身份离职,谈及离职原因时非常直白,并没有含糊其辞。原文中使用了固定短语straight up,意为“直率的,真实的”,还有固定短语right out,意为“明白地,坦率地”。由此可判断,McGee的态度非常明确,选项B中的形容词frank和原文同义。
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by .
[A]their expectation of better financial status
他们对更高经济地位的期待
[B]their need to reflect on their private life
他们反思个人生活的需要
[C]their strained relations with the boards
他们和董事会紧张的关系
-----
[D]their pursuit of new career goals
他们对新事业目标的追求
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.
【答案】[D]通过题干,可将答案定位在文章的第二段。第二段首先讲述了McGee这么做的原因:有时间反思一下自己到底想管理什么样的公司;随后文中举了其他几个例子,Avon和American Express的高层管理人员,他们致力于CEO的职位。由此可以推断,他们想追求新的事业目标。题干中的spur是个动词,意为“刺激,鞭策,促进”,选项D为正确答案。
28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means .
[A]approved of 赞同 [B]attended to 注意,照料
[C]hunted for 寻找 [D]guarded against 防止,防范
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done …”
-----
【答案】[C]本题是一道词汇解析题,要注意整段话的含义,根据题干可将答案定位在文章的第四段。第四段主要讲述,离开现在的职位去寻找更好的,这并不是传统的做法;猎头遵循一个原则:最具魅力的CEO是那些需要poached的人。此处原文使用了headhunter这个词,hunter原意是“猎手,猎人”,而此处意为“搜寻者”,他们是为公司寻找最好的管理人员。而hunter来自于动词hunt,hunt常和for连用,hunt for意为“寻找,搜寻”,所以选项C为正确答案。
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
[A]top performers used to cling to their posts
高层管理人员过去一直呆在自己的职位上
[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated
高层管理人员的忠诚正慢慢过时
[C]top performers care more about reputations
高层管理人员更关注名声
[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules
坚持传统原则更安全
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional
-----
rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
【答案】[A]根据题干,可将答案定位在文章的最后一段。末段第一句话讲,对于高级管理人员而言,过去被认为丢脸的事情正慢慢消失;随后文章提及过去的原则:呆在原来的职位上更为安全。由此可以推断,过去的高层管理人员一直呆在自己的位置上。文中接着讲,金融危机让跳槽变得更容易接受,也就是说,过去认为跳槽很不光彩(disgrace),而现在却很容易接受。选项A符合原文;选项B中的忠诚并没有在原文中提及;最后一段并未提到选项D;而选项D刚好和原文相反。
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A]CEOs: Where to Go?
CEOs:何去何从?
[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
CEOs:一路高升?
[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net
高层管理人员:无职也可跳槽
[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers
-----
高层管理人员:唯一的出路
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.
【答案】[C]本题是给文章起个最合适的标题,要从全文出发,确定文章的中心意思。文章第一段的大意为:Liam McGee离职了,其目标是管理一家公司;第二段一开始就说,McGee离任时并没有找好下一个工作,同时强调这么做的人不只他一个;第三段段首提及,经济复苏出现迹象并稳定下来,二把手可能更愿意在没有新职位的情况下换掉目前的工作;第四段
一开始就讲,这并不是传统的做法;第五段举例说明,那些没有找到工作就离任的人并不是很快
-----
就能找到顶级的职位;文章末段总结,跳槽、离开目前不好的职位,这样的做法越来越为人接受。纵观全文,这六段都是围绕跳槽展开,而且这是非常特殊的跳槽:离职的高层管理人员并没有找好下一个工作。选项A在文中并没有提及;选项B只在第五段中有所提及;选项D讲高层管理人员的唯一出路,但文中并没有提及其出路。由此推断,选项C是最合适的标题。
Text 3
过去,市场营销的成功诀窍,简而言之,就是付出多少,得到多少。然而时过境迁。虽然传统的“付费”媒介,如电视广告、路边广告牌,仍起着重要作用,但如今企业可以利用许多其他形式的媒介。痴迷于某种产品的消费者,可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友,为产品所在企业创造“无偿”媒介。企业可以利用“自有”媒介,向网站的注册用户发送产品和销售提示邮件。如今消费者决定购买的方式来自于很多因素,远在付费媒介之外。
营销人员通过付费和自有媒介推销产品;在“无偿”媒介方面,营销人员首先刺激用户的反应。某些情况下,某营销者的自有媒介会成为另一个营销者的付费媒介。比如,当某电子商务零售商出售其网站的广告空间时,我们将这种“收费”媒介定义为拥有巨大流量、其他机构前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介。我们认为,这种趋势在零售商和航空、酒店等旅游业方面已蓬勃开始,虽处于初级阶段,但无疑可以走得更远。比如,强生公司创建了著名网站BabyCenter,推广互补性、乃至颇具竞争力的产品。其他营销者的出现不仅带来了收入,还令该网站看起来公正客观,使企业有机会从其他公司的营销策略中获取宝贵信息,有助于扩大所有相关企业的用户流量。
激烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通方式,同时也带来了更大风险,狂热的消费者能以更迅速、更明显、更具破坏力的方式来表达意见。这是与“无偿”媒介相对的“劫持”媒介:某项资产或活动变成了对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他股东或激进分子的劫持物。比如,社交网络成员领悟到,他们可通过“劫持”媒介对创建该媒介的企业施加压力。
-----
如果发生了这样的事情,狂热的消费者可能试图劝服其他人共同抵制公司产品,从而危及企业声誉。这种情况下,如果企业回应不够快或不够好,就可能会酿成悲剧。比如,今年前半年的召回危机中,丰田汽车公司采取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动,包括在Twitter和社会新闻网站Digg等网站上与客户直接交流,从而减少了部分损失。
文章概览
第一段中心句:The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.
第二段中心句:Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media.
第三段中心句:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
第四段中心句:If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.
-----
试题解析 31. Consumers may create “earned” media when they are .
[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites
热衷在某些网站上网上购物
[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them
受到邮件中促销广告的刺激
[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products
急切帮助朋友推销高质量产品
[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products
热情地推荐自己最爱的产品
Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
【答案】[D]本题目是个同义释义题。根据题干,可将答案定位在文章的第一段。原文为Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends,其大意为“痴迷于某种产品的消费者,可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友,为
-----
产品所在企业创造无偿媒介。”选项D中的enthusiastic和原文中的passionate同义,且recommend和promote同义,因此D为正确答案。
32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature .
[A]a safe business environment 安全的商业环境
[B]random competition 随意竞争
[C]strong user traffic 巨大流量
[D]flexibility in organization 组织的灵活性
We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.
【答案】[C]本题目考查“收费”媒介的特点,可将答案定位在文章的第二段。原文提到了“收费”媒介的定义:owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or ecommerce engines within that environment,其大意为“拥有巨大流量、其他机构前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介”。选项C来自于原文,选项A、B、D在文中都没有涉及。
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media .
-----
[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers
导致和消费者之间的冲突
[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing
在市场营销中被利用带来负面效果
[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition
为激烈的竞争负责
[D]deserve all the negative comments about them
所有的负面评论都是应得的
Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
【答案】[B]本题目中,要特别注意题干中的indicate,indicate强调“原文并没有直接讲述,需要经过推理判断”才能得出的信息。文中第三段讲到科技革新带来的风险,消费者可以通过推荐商品而成为“无偿”媒介,同时技术革新让他们能够更快、更明显地表达观点,挟持媒介施加压力(原文为they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses),而此处的媒介指的就是上文中提及的earned media;劫持媒介(hijacked media)就是无偿媒介的对立面。也就是说,无偿
-----
媒介有可能被劫持,转化为劫持媒介,进而给企业施加压力。由此可推断,这是一种负面效果,所以B为正确答案。
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of .
[A]responding effectively to hijacked media
有效回应劫持媒介
[B]persuading customers into boycotting products
劝说消费者抵制产品
[C]cooperating with supportive consumers
和持支持态度的消费者合作
[D]taking advantage of hijacked media
利用劫持媒介
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response
-----
campaign …
【答案】[A]根据题干中的Toyota Motor,可将答案定位在文章的第四段。第四段的第一句为文章的主题句,其大意为:如果发生了这样的事情,狂热的消费者可能试图劝服其他人共同抵制公司产品,从而危及企业声誉。这种情况下,如果企业回应不够快或不够好,就可能会酿成悲剧。接着,文中列举了丰田汽车公司的例子,它能减少部分损失,其原因在于:采取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动。由此判断A为正确答案。
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?
[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.
传统有偿媒介的其他替代方式。
[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
劫持媒介和无偿媒介之间的冲突。
[C]Dominance of hijacked media.
劫持媒介的主导地位。
[D]Popularity of owned media.
自有媒介的流行。
-----
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.
【答案】[A]本题目是主旨题,要纵观全文进行判断。文章第一段主要讲述除了传统的媒介方式,还有很多其他媒介形式;第二段详细讲述了自有媒介和收费媒介;第三段分析了劫持媒介的弊端;文章第四段举例说明有效回应劫持媒介的重要性。从文章四个段落的分布来看,第一段提及其他媒介形式,而第二段、第三段、第四段分别讲述了不同的媒介形式。由此可判断A为正确答案。
Text 4
在有煽动意味的杂志封面故事中,Jennifer Senior表达了自己的独到见解,“我爱我的孩子们,却讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们的谈兴。这并不意外,一谈到抚养孩子,人们就会觉得这完全是一段令人愉悦、丰富生活的经历。Jennifer Senior并没有指出抚养孩子到底使父母快乐还是痛苦,她倒是建议,我们需要重新定义幸福:幸福不应该是一个瞬间一个瞬间的快乐,这些瞬间组合在一起可以被衡量;幸福应该被视为一种过去式的状态。尽管抚养孩子的时候,每一天都漫长难熬,令人筋疲力尽,在故事中,Jennifer Senior却写到“正是那些当时压抑我们的琐事,日后却成为满足和欢乐的源泉”。
杂志封面上一位充满魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿,这周类似母亲怀抱孩子(麦当娜和孩子)的图画在杂志上多次出现。杂志上还有其他故事:一位母亲刚刚收养了一个孩子;刚刚成为单身母亲的Sandra Bullock;还有“Jennifer Aniston怀孕了”这种很常见的新闻。实际上,每周至少一位名人母亲或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。
这个社会不断地庆祝生育,承认自己后悔生了孩子就相当于承认自己支持杀小猫,这难道不令
-----
人感到奇怪吗?把父母的后悔与孩子的后悔相比较,这显然并不公平。没有什么会让不情愿养孩子的父母去考虑自己是不是不该养孩子,但是那些没有孩子、不幸福的人们却为这样的信息所困扰:世界上唯一重要的是孩子。显而易见,他们的生活中缺少了孩子,这直接导致了他们的不幸。
当然,《美国周刊》、《人物》这样的杂志所提供的名人父母的形象非常不切实际,像Bullock这样的单身母亲就更是如此。多项研究表明,没有孩子的夫妇比有孩子的父母更快乐,而单身母亲(或父亲)是最不快乐的。这并不奇怪,没有人可以依靠,一个人抚养孩子,工作量实在太大了。然而,你听听Sandra和Britney说的话:自己“独自”抚养孩子,简直小菜一碟。(周围全天候有人帮忙,当然简单了。)
Reese和Angelina这种名流使生孩子这件事变得如此体面光鲜,很难想象,有的人很傻很天真,居然相信他们而去生孩子:多数成年人理解,抚养孩子可不是剪头发那样简单。但这确实有趣,值得我们反思:我们每周所看到的无忧无虑、幸福诱人的为人父母的生活是不是以一种微弱的、无意识的方式加剧我们对现实中为人父母生活的不满。这种方式就好像是,我们希望成为“the Rachel”(美国电视连续剧《老友记》中的单身妈妈),而这种心理使我们看上去有点像Jennifer Aniston(Rachel的扮演者)。
文章概览
第一段中心句:Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
第二段中心句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.
-----
第三段中心句:Obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
第四段中心句:According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all.
第五段中心句:It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous.
试题解析
36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring .
[A]temporary delight 暂时的快乐 [B]enjoyment in progress 进行中的欢喜
[C]happiness in retrospect 回忆中的幸福
[D]lasting reward 永久的回报
Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
-----
【答案】[C] 根据题干中的Jennifer Senior suggests in her article,可将答案定位在文章第一段的最后一句话。Jennifer Senior在此句话中指出,正是那些当时压抑我们的琐事,日后却成为满足和欢乐的源泉。要注意此句话中的later,而选项C使用了in retrospect,意为“回顾往事,回想”,因此C为正确答案。
37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that .
[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip
名人母亲永远是八卦的来源
[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention
单身母亲值得更多关注
[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining
名人怀孕的新闻很具娱乐性
[D]having children is highly valued by the public
公众高度重视生养孩子
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive—and newly single—mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer
-----
Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation …
【答案】[D]第二段是承接第一段中心“养育孩子能成为后来幸福快乐的源泉”而来的,符合中心表达的意思。第二段列举了很多常见的新闻或杂志关于母亲和孩子的例子,段末特别强调“每周至少一位名人母亲或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者”。而且在第三段首句接着第二段提到“in a society that so persistently celebrates procreation(在一个如此赞扬生育的社会中)”,这是一个承上启下的句子,是对第二段的总结,也符合第一段以及第二段对养育孩子的正面评价。选项D是对原文赞扬生育的同义替换,为正确答案。
38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks .
[A]are constantly exposed to criticism
经常受到批评
[B]are largely ignored by the media
基本上被媒体忽略
[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities
没有完成他们的社会责任
-----
[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life
很有可能对生活不满
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
【答案】[A]本题目要特别注意题干中的suggest,强调“文中没有直接说明,需要推理判断”才能得到的信息。第三段一开始就说,这个社会不断的庆祝生育(第二段也举例说明了人们对生养孩子的关注);随后讲有孩子的人不会去考虑他们是不是不该有孩子,而没有孩子的人们却经常受到困扰:世界上唯一重要的是孩子。这两句话原文都使用了被动语态,强调是外界因素让他们去思考,受到困扰;本段最后一句话强调,没有孩子的人们,他们的痛苦就直接来源于生活中缺少孩子。社会如此看重孩子,而他们又没有孩子,深受外界困扰,因此可以判断他们经常受到批评。选项B、C、D在文中根本没有提及。
39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is .
[A]soothing 安慰的
[B]ambiguous 含糊不清的
-----
[C]compensatory 补偿的
[D]misleading 误导的
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all.
【答案】[D] 文章第四段一开始就讲到这些名人杂志所传达的形象,原文为:the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic。其大意为:《美国周刊》、《人物》这样的杂志所提供的名人父母的形象非常不切实际。原文中使用了hugely unrealistic,既然是不切实际,就很容易误导人。所以,D是正确答案。
40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
拥有孩子很难增添名人母亲的光彩。
[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
名人母亲影响了我们对待生养孩子的态度。
[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
-----
生养孩子加重了我们对生活的不满。
[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
有时候我们忽略了养孩子带来的幸福。
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
【答案】[B] 文章最后一段的中心句为: Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous. 其大意为:Reese和Angelina这种名流使生孩子这件事变得如此体面光鲜,很难想象,有的人很傻很天真,居然相信他们而去生孩子。从这句话可以判断,有些人起初并不想生孩子,但一些名人把生孩子变成一件光彩体面的事情,而这些人模仿名人生儿育女。由此可以推断,名人会影响普通人看
待生养孩子的态度。因此B为正确答案。
Part B
[A]没有学科像人文学科那样狂热地看重专家权威。Mr Menand指出,三年内你可以成为一个律师,四年内你可能成为一个医学博士。如果想得到人文学科的博士学位,一般都需要九年。英语专业多达半数以上的博士生还没有拿到学位,就辍学了,这并不奇怪。
-----
[B]他主要关注人文学科:文学,语言,哲学等等。这些学科正渐渐不再流行:美国大学毕业生22%主修商务,而只有2%的人主修历史,4%的人主修英语。但是,美国很多知名高校希望自己的大学生掌握一系列基本观点,而这些观点是每一个受到高等教育的人必须拥有的。但大部分高校发现,在“普通教育”到底应该是什么样子这个问题上很难达成一致。在哈佛,Mr Menand注意到,“学生阅读巨著经典,是因为他人曾阅读过这些作品”——它们拉近了社交关系。
[C]只有一半毕业生最终有资格进入研究生院,同样这并不意外。简而言之,名额太少了。部分原因是,大学继续创造更多的博士生,但想学习人文学科的学生更少了:1970—1971英语学院授予的学士学位数量要比20年后还要多。学生少了,对老师的需求量就少了。写了十年论文,最后很多人文学科的学生还是离开了这一行业,去干别的事情,而他们却并接受任何相关培训。
[D]很难设计、教授这样的课程,原因之一在于:美国知名大学坚持人文教育需要和专业教育分开,在不同的学院教授;而这些课程却与这种坚持相反。很多学生有两种经历。尽管半数以上的哈佛本科生最后主修法律、医学或商务,而准医生、准律师在开始职业生涯之前必须修一门非专业的人文学位。
[E]美国知名大学通过这种隔离使专业更专业化,除此之外,它们还使教授更专业化。学术研究的资金投入越来越多,也加速了这一过程:从1960年到1990年,联邦政府的资金投入增长了四倍,但教师上课的时间下降了一半,毕竟研究占用了时间。这种专业化使获得博士学位成为学术生涯成功的必要条件:一直到1969年美国教授中三分之一都没有博士学位。Mr Menand认为,专业化背后的关键是,“一门特定专业所需的知识和技能可以教给他人,却无法转化为他人的能力”。所以,学科不仅仅垄断了知识的产生,也垄断了知识所有人的产生。
[F]Mr Menand总结道,改革高等教育的关键是,改变“创造知识所有人”的方式。否则,学术界想法依然相同,这是很危险的,它们与所研究的、所调查的、所批评的社会越来越隔离。“至
-----
少在某些领域,学术调查需要更全面,不要太具体”。Mr Menand并没有提及这是如何出现的。
[G]每一个想申请博士学位的学生都应该读一本书,它有个微妙而引人深思的名字:《观点的市场:美国大学的改革和阻力》。读完之后,他们也许会想换个地方。美国大学内发生了很有趣的现象,而哈佛大学英语专业的教授Louis Menand,非常有技巧地记录了这种现象。
文章分析 文章主要描述了美国大学的现状:更多学生选择商务、法律、医学等专业,而忽略了人文学科;随后分析了出现这种现象的原因;最后总结大学教育改革需要关注的问题。
[A]没有学科像人文学科那样狂热地看重专家权威。
[B]他主要关注人文学科:文学,语言,哲学等等。这些学科正渐渐不再流行。
[C]只有一半毕业生最终有资格进入研究生院,这同样并不意外。简而言之,名额太少了。部分原因是,大学继续创造更多的博士生,但想学习人文学科的学生更少了。
[D]很难设计、教授这样的课程,原因之一在于:美国知名大学坚持人文教育需要和专业教育分开,在不同的学院教授;而这些课程却与这种坚持相反。
[E]美国知名大学通过这种隔离使专业更专业化,除此之外,它们还使教授更专业化。
[F]Mr Menand总结道,改革高等教育的关键是,改变“创造知识所有人”的方式。
[G]美国大学内发生了很有趣的现象,而哈佛大学英语专业的教授Louis Menand,非常有技巧地记录了这种现象。
-----
答案解析
41. B 文章的首段已经确定。在本段里介绍了一本书,并说明了这本书的主要内容:Louis Menand教授记录发生在大学校园内非常有趣的事情。按照一般的习惯,介绍了书的主要内容,接下来需要稍微介绍一下作者本身。所有的段落中,只有B段以his concern开始,这里可以判断his指代的是Louis Menand,B中介绍了Menand教授关注的内容,以及他所发现的问题。因此B段承接G段,作为文章的第二段。
42. D B段的主要内容为:他主要关注人文学科:文学,语言,哲学等等。这些学科正渐渐不再流行。Mr Menand举了一些数字来证明自己的看法。从逻辑上看,目前大学校园出现了这种情况,而接下来应该说明其原因:为什么会出现这样的情况?D段以One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses开头,说明原因,所以D为正确答案。
43. A 文章的第三段为E段,其主要内容为:美国知名大学通过这种隔离使专业更专业化,除此之外,它们还使教授更专业化;如果想在学术生涯上成功,获得博士学位就成为必要条件。A段详细说明了成为不同专业博士所需的时间;C段主要说明人文学科的博士学生很少;F段总结高校改革的关键。承接文章第三段E段的主要内容,下一段最合适的段落是A段。
44. C A段的最后一句话:Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees。而C段的第一句话为:Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school。在这里,unsurprisingly和not surprising是同义;同时C段段首的Equally强调“程度相同”,所以此处C为正确答案。 45. F 这是文章的末段。F段中的动词conclude强调这是文章的总结;同时,唯一剩下的段落就是F段。所以文章的末段为F段。
Part C
-----
詹姆斯·艾伦的著作《人在思考》是对自助这一中心思想的深入研究,它的主题是“思维是织工大师”,思维形成了我们的内在性格和外部环境。
(46)我们都认为自己不是机器人,因此能够控制自己的思想;艾伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说,并揭示其错误的本质。因为大部分人都认为思维与物质是分离的,所以思想可以隐藏,可以使之不起作用,这使得我们能想一套,做一套。然而,艾伦认为,无意识的思维和有意识的思维产生的行为是一样多的,(47)尽管我们可以能够只通过有意识的思维来维持控制这种幻觉,但实际上我们不断面临这样一个问题:“为什么我自己不能够做到这件事情或实现那个目标呢?”
既然愿望和意志为与之不一致的思想所损害,艾伦得出这一结论:“我们吸引的不是我们想要的东西,而是我们本身具有的东西。”人之所以成功是因为人本身体现了外在成就,人不是“得到”成功而是变得成功。思维与物质并无不同。
艾伦的书之所以出名,部分原因是它的论点:“外部环境不能造就一个人,只能展现一个人。”(48) 这种说法似乎为忽视那些需要帮助的人找到了一个正当的理由,使剥削合理,让上层人优越,令底层人卑微。
不过,这是对这一精妙论点的下意识反应。每一种环境,不管它有多么糟糕,都为人的成长提供了绝无仅有的机遇。如果环境总是能够决定人们的生活和前途,那么,人类将永远无法前进。事实上,(49)环境似乎意在发挥我们的最大潜能,如果我们总感觉“天不佑我”,那么不太可能去有意识地努力改变我们的境遇。然而,正如传记作者所知,一个人早年的生活经历和境况对个人来说往往是最好的礼物。
艾伦的著作中有一点发人深省:对于目前的境况除了责备自己,不能怪到任何人头上。(50)好的一面是,既然命运掌握在自己手中,那么就有无限的可能性。以前,我们能够熟练应对各种限制;现在,我们完全把握着可能发生的一切。
-----
答案解析
46. Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption / we all share / —that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts— / and reveal its erroneous nature.
【结构分析】这是一个复合句。句子的主干是Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature,定语从句we all share和破折号之间由that引导的同位语从句,修饰其前面的名词assumption,同位语从句中又含有一个because引导的原因状语从句because we are not robots.
【词义推敲】 take an assumption 研究一个假说 erroneous nature 错误的本质
【参考译文】我们都认为自己不是机器人,因此能够控制自己的思想;艾伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说,并揭示其错误的本质。
47.while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, / in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”
【结构分析】这是一个复合句。这个句子比较简单,句首是由while引导的让步状语从句,主句是逗号后面的部分。
【词义推敲】conscious mind有意识的思维 in reality实际上be faced with 面临,面对
【参考译文】尽管我们可以能够只通过有意识的思维来维持控制这种幻觉,但实际上我们不断面临这样一个问题:“为什么我自己不能够做到这件事情或实现那个目标呢?”
-----
48. This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,/ and a rationalization of exploitation,/ of the superiority of those at the top /and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
【结构分析】这是一个并列结构。本句的主干结构是This seems a justification … and a rationalization of…属并列句。难点是逗号后面的介词of前省略了与前面相同的两个单词a rationalization,介词of结构里有两对反义词构成并列:superiority of those和inferiority of those 以及 at the top和at the bottom。
【词义推敲】rationalization of exploitation 使剥削合理化the superiority of those at the top上层人的优越感 the inferiority of those at the bottom底层人的自卑感
【参考译文】 这种说法似乎为忽视那些需要帮助的人找到了一个正当的理由,使剥削合理,让上层人优越,令底层人卑微。
49. circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us/ and if we feel that we have been “wronged”/ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.
【结构分析】这是一个并列结构。句子的主干是circumstances seem to … and if we feel …
then we are unlikely to … 本句是由and连接的并列句,and后面是if引导的条件状语从句。 【词义推敲】be designed to 目的是 bring out激发,引起conscious effort有意识的努力 escape from our situation改变境遇
【参考译文】 环境似乎意在发挥我们的最大潜能,如果我们总感觉“天不佑我”,那么不太可能去有意识地努力改变我们的境遇。
-----
50. The upside is the possibilities/ contained in knowing that everything is up to us; /where before we were experts in the array of limitations, /now we become authorities of what is possible.
【结构分析】这是一个复合句。句子的主干是the upside is the possibilities,过去分词contained in knowing that everything is up to us是名词possibilities的后置定语,before和now后面的句子是对比结构。
【词义推敲】be up to sb. 取决于某人 the array of一系列的,一连串的
【参考译文】好的一面是,既然命运掌握在自己手中,那么就有无限的可能性。以前,我们能够熟练应对各种限制;现在,我们完全把握着可能发生的一切。
Section III Writing Part A
今年考研的这篇小作文考查的是大家最为熟悉的书信形式。题目提示中给出了两个要点:一是推荐电影,二是给出理由。电影是一个全民关注的话题,从年中的《唐山大地震》、《盗梦空间》、《山楂树之恋》到年底的三大贺岁片《赵氏孤儿》、《让子弹飞》、《非诚勿扰2》,考生可选择讨论的电影很多。根据题目要求,正文首段可以直奔主题;第二段可以首先简介一下电影的故事梗概及特色,然后详细说明;结束段可以提出自己希望对方喜欢这部电影等。另外考生还要注意正确的书信格式。
SAMPLE
Dear Marry,
I highly recommend you to see Inception, a 2010 American science fiction film written,
-----
produced and directed by Christopher Nolan, who has worked on the screenplay for a decade.
It is a movie about ideas, reality and heartbreak. The fact that Inception is much fun, emotional and thrilling, though not quite perfect, makes it a true marvel. As a heist film set within a brandnew universe in which dreams can be shared, it explores how two people can meet in a dream and in reality with different results.
You will enjoy the movie, I bet.
With Love
Li Ming
首段开门见山说明写信的目的,只有一句话,句中a 2010 American science fiction film是Inception的同位语,written, produced and directed by Christopher Nolan是film的后置定语,此外本句还包含了一个who引导的非限制性定语从句来说明前面的Christopher Nolan,实属精彩之笔。第二段采用了总分结构,首句概括影片内容,第二、三句详细说明。在本段中,the fact that同位语从句和第三句中出现的in which, how引导的从句也是非常能够体现作者写作功底的佳句。最后一段用简短的一句口头语来表达,既体现了作者和对方之间的关系,也从文章结构上做到了长短句结合。
Part B
2011 年大作文自 2000 年以来连续第十二年考察了图画作文这一题型。图画中间有一只小船,有两个游客坐在船上,一边游览一边不停地往河里扔东西,旁边的河面上漂浮了大量的垃圾,
-----
在图画下面有四个汉字:旅游之“余”,意思是旅行时留下大量的垃圾。不难看出,这幅画的寓意是当前旅游业的发展对环境带来的破坏。围绕这一主题,根据提纲要求,本文结构设计如下:第一段简要描述图画内容,如boat, tourist, rubbish等;第二段揭示漫画中隐藏的含义,说明旅游业的发展对环境带来的负面影响,破坏了生态平衡;第三段阐述作者的看法,一方面要呼吁民众对环境保护的责任心,另一方面要确立法律法规来规范旅游业和游客的行为,唯有如此才能在发展旅游业的同时维护我们的自然环境。
SAMPLE
With the rapid development of tourist attractions,a growing number of people throng to the scenic spots during their vacations. As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, in the middle of a lake alive with rubbish rows a boat, riding two tourists, who are littering while enjoying the scenery. We can deduce from the picture that the drawer is trying to capture our attention to the tragedy of the destruction of the rivers and lakes, which is part of the threat to the ecological balance of the planet. It must be admitted that occurrences of water pollution caused by the rapid development of tourism industry is understood by many people with wide and insightful views. Unfortunately, in real practice, tourism has developed in a manner which often conflicts with the environment. To some extent, the faster the tourism economy develops, the worse the environment becomes.
What is the significance of tourism development if the ecological balance is destroyed? In my view, measures should be taken without any delay to address the problem before price is paid for the negative development of the tourism. What should be done first is to make more people aware of the importance of environment protection. Otherwise, sightseeing,
as
a
relaxation
for
most
city
dwellers,
would
be
an
-----
impossibletoberealized wish in a few years. Meanwhile, related laws must be laid
down to protect the fragile environment and to penalize those who violate the law. Only in this way would we enjoy a wonderful natural ecosystem and an advantageous, fastgrowing tourism economy.
首段用两句话简短描述了图画中的信息,throng to在此处用得形象,而修饰two tourists的由who引导的非限制性定语从句也很精彩。
第二段进行意义阐释,采用总分结构。首句是主题句,点出了漫画的象征意义,紧接着用三句话进行详细说明。在本段中,capture one's attention是闪光词组,unfortunately和to some extent对句与句之间的逻辑关系起到了很好的衔接作用,而两个which引导的从句也让本段的句式显得很有特色,段尾使用了the more…the more的比较级结构。
第三段是归纳总结段,首句以设问形式出现,第二句是本段的中心句,第三、四、五句是作者提出的两点建议,末句以倒装句式结束全文。本段的亮点有in my view, otherwise, meanwhile这些连接词,另有to make不定式做补语,as a relaxation for most city dwellers作插入语,以及who violate the law作限制性定语从句等多变的句式。
-----
因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容