2020江苏英语高考-任务型阅读.

Human capital(资金) flight, more commonly referred to as “brain drain”, is the large－scale emigration(移民) of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into the departure of educated and professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions.

Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the part of value of their training sponsored by the government or other organizations. The contrary phenomenon is “brain gain”, which occurs when there is a large－scale immigration of technically qualified persons.

The term itself was coined by the Royal Society(英国皇家学会) to describe the emigration of “scientists and technologists” to North America from post－war Europe. Another source indicates that this term was first used in the United Kingdom to describe the influx(流入) of Indian scientist and engineers.

The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively(分别地) come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment such as lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks, etc. in source countries and rich chances, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions, etc. in host countries. In terms of individual reasons, there is family

influence(overseas relatives ), and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc.

Brain drain is common amongst developing nations, where marketable skills were not financially rewarded.

With rapid GDP growth and a higher degree of openness towards the rest of the world，China has also been facing brain drain. There has been upsurge in Chinese emigration to Western countries－particularly the United States，Canada and Australia—since the mid－first decade of the 21st century. China became the biggest worldwide contributor of emigrants in 2007. According to the official Chinese media, 65,000 Chinese secured immigration or permanent resident status(地位) in the United States, 25,000 in Canada and 15,000 in Australia. The largest group of emigrants consists of professionals and experts with a middle－class background，who are the backbone(骨干) for the development of China.

However, in recent years, China's rapid development and the increasing number of international companies registering to do business in China have led many Chinese living abroad to swap their lives there for a new life back in China. According to the government statistics, more than 130 thousand people came back in 2010, and more in the following years. Better jobs, special government policies and more chances to make use of the experience and skills gained abroad have made the future look bright indeed for the overseas Chinese coming home.

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