Translation Skills（正反，反正译法）
I. Teaching Objectives:
To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to syntax
To help them apply them to translating
II.Important points:
The ways of translating English negative sentences to Chinese
III. Difficult points
The ways of translating English negative sentences to Chinese
IV. Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ. Teaching procedures:
（1） Wet paint! Keep upright!
油漆未干！ 切勿倒置！
（2） I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before.
我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的记录。
原文从反面表达，译文从正面表达。如译成“这是他从前从未达到的记录”则显得很别扭。
（3） I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.
我读过你的文章，但没料到你这样年轻。
本句如译成“我读过你文章，但我料想会见到一个年纪更大的人”则不符合汉语表达习惯。
(4) A radar screen is not unlike a television.
雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。
本句如果译成“雷达荧光屏不是不像电视荧光屏一样”则不够通顺。
从以上四例中，我们可以看到，有些句子从正面译不顺，不妨从反面译；反面译不顺，则不妨从正面译，因为同一个概念，一个民族正着说，以为是合乎表达习惯的，而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。因此，在恰当的场合灵活运用正反译法不失为确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手段。正反译法适用的范围很广，不仅包括动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等不同词类，而且还包括一些词组或短语以及从句等。下面分别予以举例说明。
(3) I regret to learn that you have failed in the examination.
得知你未能通过考试，深表遗憾。
(4) Water is a good lubricant, if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.
如果能设法使水不漏出来或不蒸发掉，那么水就是一种很好的润滑剂。
(5) On Sunday Jim idles away his time.
星期天吉姆无所事事。
(3) A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs can create problems.
不注意文化差异或当地习俗可能会产生问题。
(4) How can machines work in the absence of electricity?
没有电时，机器如何运转？
(3) The explanation is pretty thin.
这种解释理由很不充分。
(4) It would be the most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.
甚至只要有一点风声泄露出去，其结果就不堪设想。
(5) Worm gear(涡轮) drives are quiet and vibration free.
涡轮传动没有噪音，没有震动。
(6) “It was the most influential private group,” says one of the founder members.
该组织的创始人之一说：“这个组织曾是影响最大的非官方集团。
(3) She modelled between roles.
她不演戏时当模特儿。
(4) Only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months.
他们中只有一个真正在乡下生活过，不过这个人不到半年就返回了城里。
(4) You can safely say so.
你这样说不错。
(5) The relay(继电器) acted vainly due to negligible current.
电流太小，继电器不能启动。
(4) Wear your coat or you’ll catch cold.
穿上大衣，不然你会着凉的。
(5) Unless England improve their game, they’re going to lose the match.
英格兰队如果不改进打法，就会输掉这场比赛。
正说与反说
（汉译英）
（1） 她是外乡人。
She is a stranger here.
She is not a native.
（2）黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。
The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions.
The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent.
（3）我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的希望。
We will live up to the expectations of our people.
一、汉英两种语言的习惯用法不同
（1） 油漆未干
Wet paint.
（2）在他还没有来得及阻挡我之前，我已经跑出教室。
Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom.
（3）在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。
Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid.
（4） 如果没有他的帮助，我早就失败了。
But for his help, I should have failed.
（5）俗话说，‘男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处’嘛。
As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt”.
As the saying goes, “Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt.”
二、 为了加强语气以便获得较好的修辞效果
（1）我们讨论问题时，不能忘记这些基本观点。
These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion.
三 为了更加确切表达原文含义
（1）王同志这几年一直是全勤。
Comrade Wang has never missed a day’s work for years.
（2）正如没经历过大事的人一样，她是经不起成功也经不起失败的。
Like those of little experience, she was easily elated by success and deflated by failure.
（一）英语中含有否定语气的词语有：
1．动词：
Fail miss lack ignore refuse withhold refrain (from) neglect
Deny overlook exclude
(1) 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。
To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account.
(2)他不愿接受那笔款子。
He refused to take the money.
(3)他上火车站去接他的朋友,可是未能在人群中见到他。
He went to the station to meet his friend, but he missed him in the crowd.
(4)她看了看桌子上的点心，摇了摇头，一点也不吃。
She ran her eyes over the refreshments on the table but shook her head and
refused to touch anything.
2．名词
Absence failure refusal ignorance neglect exclusion
(1) 他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。
His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
(2) 我们完全不知道他的计划。
We are in complete ignorance of his plan.
(3) 他未能履行诺言，我们大家都很失望。
His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.
（1）这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。
The show was far from being a failure, it was a great success.
（2）她的作文中几乎没有语法错误。
There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition.
4．副词和副词短语
little
otherwise
too…to
(1) 他显然有不同的想法。
He evidently thinks otherwise.
3．形容词和形容词短语
Few little free from far from safe from short of
(2) 她兴奋得说不出话来了。
He was too excited to speak.
5．连词
Unless before until (rather) than or
(1) 不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。
Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary
knowledge.
(2) 她宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。
She will die of hunger before she steals.
(3) 快一点，否则你就要迟到了。
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
6．介词和介词短语
Without above except beyond instead of in place of out of
（1） 社会主义无疑比资本主义优越。
Socialism is beyond doubt superior to capitalism.
（2） 我要铅笔，不要钢笔。
I want a pencil instead of a pen.
（3）要不是你帮忙，那件任务我是无法按时完成的。
Without your help, I could not have fulfilled the task in time.
（二）英语中含有半否定语气的词有
Seldom hardly barely scarcely rarely
（1）没有工作经验，出点差错，几乎是不可避免的。
Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work.
（2）那些黑人挣到的钱几乎不够养家糊口。
The Negroes barely earn enough money to keep their families alive.
（3）他太自私了，几乎谁也不喜欢他。
Hardly anybody likes him, because he is too selfish.
（4）我最近不常见他。
I have seen him very seldom recently.
练习题
一、汉译英
1、日子很快过去了，她做工作却丝毫没有松懈。
2、他不在，我感到很寂寞。
1. The days passed quickly, but she worked as hard as ever.
2. In his absence, I felt very lonely.
3、我很高兴看见你安然无恙。
4、他不自然地咳了起来。
3. I am glad to see you safe and sound.
4. He coughed with embarrassment.
5、你早晨来看我的时候，我还没有起床。
6、他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。
7、他没有同伴，只一个人坐在车厢一角动也不动。
5. When you called on me this morning, I was still in bed.
6. His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone
present.
7. Traveling alone, he was sitting still in the corner of the carriage.
Lecture Eight
Translation Skills（被动结构的译法）
I. Teaching Objectives:
To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to
passive structure
To help them apply them to translating
II.Important points:
The ways of translating English passive structure to Chinese
III. Difficult points
The ways of translating English passive structure to Chinese
IV. Time allotment: 4 periods
Ⅴ. Teaching procedures:
• 一般被动语态有四种情况：
• 第一，无从说出、无需提及主动者
• When will the new bridge be built?
• 什么时候建新桥？
• 第二，出于某种考虑，无意说出主动者
• Generally it is considered not polite to do so.
• 一般认为，这样做是不礼貌的。
• 第三，强调动作的承受者
• The room was cleaned by a little girl.
• 房间是一个小女孩打扫的。
• 第四，为了上下文的衔接和句子连贯
• Students asked a lot of questions. Most of them have been satisfactorily.
• 学生们问了好多问题。大部分问题已经被圆满解决了。
• 很多时候译成主动句式更好
• 例如：
• Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.
• 已经注意到采取防腐新措施。
• 一、译成中文的主动句
• （1）保留原文主语
settled • 翻译某些被动句时，如无需指出动作的发出者，动词的动作不带有受动色彩，通常可以按照原文语序顺译，原文的主语仍旧充当译文的主语。
• 例：visitors are requested not to touch the exhibition.
• 观众请勿触摸展品。
• Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.
• 水能从液体变成固体。
• （2）将原文主语译成宾语。如果原文中没有施动者，必要时，可在译文中添加不确定的主语。如：“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等。
• If you are asked personal questions, you need not answer them.
• 如果有人问你的私事，你可以不必回答。
• Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.
• 大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
• English is considered very important for Chinese students.
• 人们认为英语对中国学生来说是很重要的。
• I am afraid I shall be laughed at.
• 我怕大家笑话我。
• （3）把原文句中的一部分转译成主语
• 英语中一些被动句译成中文时，需要将句子中某个适当的成分转译成主语。既要做到不违背英文原文，又符合中文规范。表示方位的地点状语转译成主语的情况较多
• 例：The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
• 中国在四千年前发明了指南针。
• The answer are provided in the next chapter.
• 下一章提供答案。
• 有时原句中的宾语也可转译成主语
• My daughter was given a present by Mr. Green.
• 我女儿的一份礼物是格林先生给的。
• I was told the story by my mother when I was young.
• 这个故事是小时候妈妈讲给我的。
• （4）把施动者译成主语
• We are kept strong and well by fresh air.
• 清新的空气使我们身体健康。
• Those towering peaks are only to be scaled by the most daring.
• 只有最勇敢的人才能攀登那些高耸的山峰。
• The magnificent hotel had been completely destroyed by the big fire.
• 大火把这座富丽堂皇的宾馆完全烧毁了。
• （5）译成无主句
• 英文原句中没有提到施动者时，有时可将被动句译成无主句。
• The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.
• 必须立即中止这种讨厌的噪声。
• Very often, introductions are made using both first and last name.
• 介绍的时候往往是连名带姓。
• The use of the satellite makes it possible to observe the universe much better.
• 利用卫星，能够更好地观察宇宙。
• （6）译成带表语的主动句
• The element of helium was first found in the sun.
• 氦元素最初是在太阳里发现的。
• The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
• 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
• But the march could not be stopped with bullets now.
• 但这时候游行已经不是枪弹所能阻止得了的。
• The first explosive in the world was made and used in China.
• 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。
• 以it做形式主语的被动语态巨型的习惯译法。
• 以it做形式主语，被动语态的动词做谓语，再接that引导的主语从句的结构是英语中常见的一种句型。在译成中文时，常要变成主动句。有时不加主语，有时则要加一些泛指的不确定的主语，如“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等。
• 不加主语：
• It is said that 据说
• It is supposed that 据推测
• It has been calculated that 据计算
• It was estimated that 据估计
• It must be stressed that 必须强调
• It will be seen from this that 应当指出
• It can be clearly seen that
可以清楚地看到
• It was so decided that 就此决定
• It has been proved that 业已证明
• 可加主语
• It is admitted that 大家承认
• It is asserted that 有人主张
• It is believed that 有人认为
• It is found out that 人们发现
• It is known that 众所周知
• It is noted that 人们注意到
• It is thought that 有人认为
• It is taken that 人们认为
• It is generally considered that 大家普遍认为
• It is understood that 人们明白
• 二、译成中文的被动句
• 有些英语被动结构不宜转译成汉语主动句式的，就可带着这些被动标记，译成被动句式。
• 例如：
• He had been fired for refusing to obey orders.
• 他因拒绝接受并令而被解雇了。
• He was set upon by two masked men.
• 他遭到两个蒙面人的袭击。
• Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
• 我们的外交政策受到全世界人民的支持。
• The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine.
• 那部科幻小说是由我得一个朋友译成中文的
• The old man was knocked down by a speeding truck.
• 那个老人让一辆超速的卡车撞倒了。
• Those books have been affected with damp.
• 那些书受潮了。
• 在现代汉语中有些主动表达句式同样具有被动意义
• 问题应及时加以解决。
• Problems should be resolved in good time
• 这事必须马上办。
• This must be done immediately.
• 这个提案不错，但还可以进一步改进。
• This proposal is better, but can still be improved.
• 一点水声也没听见。
• Not a sound of water was heard.
• Exercises:
• 1、Do you know why the boy was scolded?
• 2、I know the child would be well looked after in the kindergarten.
• 3、English is spoken in Britain, the U.S. and some other countries.
• 4、Several study techniques are mentioned in this book.
• 5、If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged.
• 6、A force is needed to stop a moving body.
• 7、Brief reference should be made here to the law of universal gravitation.
• 8、Care is to be taken to do away with the bad habit.
• 9、When the anthem had been played, the group callisthenics began.
• 10、Metals may be cast into various shapes.
• 11、It may be asked why plants can run a fever.
• 12、It is rumoured that she is going to divorce her second husband.
• Keys:
• 1、你知道这个男孩子为什么挨了骂吗？
• 2、我早知道这孩子在幼儿园会得到很好的照顾
• 3、英国、美国和其他的一些国家讲英语。
• 4、这本书里提到了好几种学习方法。
• 5、如果原子失去了一个或更多的电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。
• 6、要使运动着的物体停下来，就需要用力。
• 7、这里应该简单地提一提万有引力规律。
• 8、要注意改掉这个坏习惯。
• 9、国歌演奏完，团体操就开始了。
• 10、金属可以铸成各种形状。
• 11、有人或许会问，为什么植物也能发烧
• 12、据说，她打算和第二个丈夫离婚。
• 晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有鱼的地方大都是由好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。
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