英语句子的种类总结
句子的种类:依照句子的内容意义的分类
(1)陈述句(Declarative Sentence)
定义 就事物依照其实在情形陈述的句子叫做陈述句。
本节A单元所讨论的肯定句和否定句皆为陈述句。陈述句的句末必须使用句号(Full Stop)“.”,以示句子的陈述结束。
(2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)
定义 表达疑问(亦即发问)或请求的句子叫做疑问句。
例:Is he a friend of your brother's?
(他是你哥哥的朋友吗?——发问)
例:Can you do this for me?
(你能替我做这件事吗?——请求)
疑问句的句末必须使用问号(Question mark)“?”来标示问句的结束。
疑问句可再分为一般疑问(General question)和特殊疑问(Special question)两
种。(Yes-no questions)
(a)一般疑问:用be或助动词置于句首,并以“Yes,…”,或“No,…”回答的问句称为一般疑问(也称Yes-no questions)。
①be 或 have(有)置于句首来表达疑问:
例:Am I wrong again?
(我又错了?)
Yes, you are (wrong again).
(是的,你又错了。)
No, you aren't.
(不,你没错。)
例:Is it your bicycle?
(这辆自行车是你的吗?)
Yes, it is.
(是的,是我的。)
No, it isn't.
(不,那不是我的。)
例:Were there many people at her birthday party?
(她的生日宴会来了很多人吗?)
Yes, there were.
(是的,来了很多人。)
No, there weren't.
(没有,没有很多人。)
例:Have you money with you?
(=Do you have money with you?——美语)
(你身上带钱了吗?)
Yes, I have.(Yes, I do.——美语)
(有,我带钱了。)
No, I have no money with me.
(No, I don't.——美语)
(没有,我没带钱。)
②助动词置于句首来表达疑问:
例:Shall I call a taxi for you ?
(需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗?)
Yes, please. Thank you.
(好的,谢谢你。)
(No, thank you.)
(不必了,谢谢你。)
例:Will you do that for her?
(你愿意替她做那件事吗?)
Yes, I will.(是的,我愿意。)
No, I won't.(不,我不愿意。)
例:Can she drive?
(她会开车吗?)
Yes, she can.(是的,她会。)
No, she can't.(不,她不会。)
③一般动词则使用“do”来表达疑问:
例:Do you speak Japanese?
(你会说日语吗?)
Yes, I do.(是的,我会说。)
No, I don't.(不,我不会说。)
例:Does she swim very well.
(她游泳游得好吗?)
Yes, she does. She is a good swimmer.
(是的,她游得好。她是游泳高手。)
No, she doesn't. She doesn't swim at all.
(不,她不会。她根本不会游泳。)
例:Did you tell her the truth?
(你向她说了实话吗?)
Yes, I did.(是的,我说了。)
No, I didn't.(不,我没说。)
例:Don't you like to have a cup of coffee?
(你不喜欢喝一杯咖啡吗?)
Yes, I do.(要,我要一杯。)
No, I don't. Thank you.
(不,我不要。谢谢你。)
注:依循否定疑问要表达否定答案时,中文的习惯是“是的,……不……(或没有……)”,但是英语应为“No, …not.”,不可如中文说成“Yes,…not.”。
(b)特殊疑问(Wh-questions):使用疑问词(what,who,which,how,why,when,where,etc.)发问,不能用“Yes,…”或“No,…”回答的问句叫做特殊疑问句(也称Wh-questions)。
例:What is that in your hand?
(你手里拿的是什么?)
It's a brooch, a present from my elder brother.
(是胸针,是我哥哥送我的礼物。)
例:Who is the young lady sitting beside your mother?
(坐在你母亲旁边的那位年轻女士是谁?)
She is my aunt on my mother's side.
(她是我的姨妈。)
例:Which do you like to have, tea or coffee.
(你要哪一种,茶还是咖啡?)
Coffee, please.
(请给我咖啡。)
例:How often do you have you English class in a week?
(你的英语课一星期有几次?)
Four periods a week.
(每星期有四节课。)
(c)疑问句的音调:
疑问句的基本而正常的音调如下:
①一般疑问:
②特殊疑问:
Drilling Square
Ⅰ.请把下列各句陈述句改为疑问句。
1.There is no water in the bottle.
2.She can sing and dance very well.
3.He has a brother in the United States.
4.It often rains in summer here.
5.Her cousin lives in Suzhou.
6.They always played together at that time.
7.Tom got home very late yesterday.
Ⅱ.下面各题都是答句,请写出各题的问句。
1.Yes, he does. He come here very often.
2.No, I wasn't. I was out yesterday evening.
3.Yes, I did. I always lock the door of my room when I go out.
4.He is my new teacher of English.
5.I brush my teeth two times a day.
6.He didn't go to school yesterday because he was sick.
7.She lives at 68 on Park Street.
(3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence)
定义 用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。
祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。
Go and wash your hands.
(去洗你的手。——命令)
Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.)
(请安静。——请求)
Be kind to our sister.
(对姊妹要和善。——劝告)
Watch your steps.
(走路小心。——警告)
Look out!Danger!
(小心!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句)
Keep off the grass.
(勿践草坪。——禁止)
No parking.
(禁止停车。——禁止)
解说祈使句的否定通常使用“Don't …”,例如:
Don't let the dog in.
(不要让那只狗进来。)
Don't touch, please.
(请不要用手触摸。)
Don't be silly.
(别傻了。)
祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些,例如:
You go and tell him, Chris.
(克立斯你去告诉他。)
(4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)
定义表达强烈情绪(喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐等)的句子叫做感叹句。
强烈情绪的表达通常有下列三种方式。
(a)使用感叹词(请参考第三章,构词法与词类——词类,H)
(b)只用情绪感觉的语词,例如:
Water! Water! Quick!
(水!水!快!——如救火或救人时。)
What taste!
(这是什么味道啊!——如吃到怪味时)
(c)使用“How…!”或“What(a)…!”的句式,例如:
How beautiful you are, Helen!
(海伦,您是多么地美!)
What a beautiful flower it is!
(这一朵花多么地美!)
本句式的主语动词也可以省去以突显情绪的强烈感,例如:
How cruel/(they are)!
(真是惨绝人寰!——如听到绑票的撕票案等。)
How beautiful (these flowers are )!
(d)使用简短的陈述句配合音调也可以表达感叹,例如:
You are kidding!
(你在开玩笑!——表示惊讶)
I hate you!
(我恨你!——表示愤怒或绝望)
Drilling Square
请在下列短文找出祈使句和感叹句,若是祈使句请在该句下面加线,若是感叹句则请加上感叹号。
“Tom Susan”said Betty.
“Will you come here?
Come and see what I have.
See what is in my box.”
Tom said,“Here we come.
We will come fast.
We want to see what you have.”
“Look, Tom, look”said Susan.
“Look at the white kitten.
What a little kitten.
I like this little Pet.”
“Look, Susan”said Tom.
“See the kitten run to Betty.
The kitten likes Betty.”
“Tom Tom” said Betty.
“See my white kitten run.
See my kitten run to the tree.
Will you get my kitten, Tom?”
Tom said,“Here I go.
I will got the kitten.”
Tom said,“Look up in the tree.
See the kitten go up in the tree.”
“My, My”said Father.
“This kitten can run fast.
What a frisky little kitten”
“Frisky Frisky”said Betty.
“You are Frisky kitten.
Frisky kitten is my little pet.”
—The Little White House , Odille Ousley
句子种类:肯定句和否定句
定义含否定词的句子称为否定句(Negative Sentence),不含否定词的句子就称为肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)。例如:
例:Mr. Walker is an Englishman.
(华克先生是英国人。——肯定句)
例:He is not an American.
(他不是美国人。——否定句)
简单地说,表达事物的“Yes”这一面的句子就是肯定句,“No”的一面的就叫做否定句。
传统的英语入门都是先学肯定句,然后再学肯定句的反面,亦就是否定句。
否定句的表达方式基本上有下面的两种。
(1)使用副词否定词“not”,例如:
(a)be,have为主要动词:
例:I am not a good swimmer.
(我不是一个游泳的好手。)
例:He was not at home yesterday afternoon.
(昨天下午他不在家。)
例:I have not much money.
(我没有很多钱。)
例:He has not many friend here.
(在这里他没有很多朋友。)
解说“be/have +not”常缩短成一词,尤其是日常谈话更是如此。例如:
例:You aren't [a:nt] a friend of his, are you ?
(你不是他的朋友吧,是不是?)
例:He isn't [!znt] my brother.
(他不是我的兄弟。)
例:I wasn't [w&znt] there at that time.
(当时我没有在那儿。)
例:There weren't [w+:nt] many people at the party yesterday.
(昨天没有很多人参加宴会。)
“am +not”不是“amn't”,而是“aren't”或“ain't[eint]”,例如:
例:I ain't ready.
(我还没准备好。)
例:I am very nice to you, aren't I?
(我对你很不错,是不是?)
美国人用“ain't”很随便,应该是“are not,is not,have not,has not”的地方,他们也会“ain't”一下就带过去,宜注意。
下面例句是“have not,has not”的缩短形。
例:I haven't[h$vnt] a headache.
(我没有头痛。)
例:He hasn't[h$znt] come yet.
(他还没来。)
(b)be,have为助动词
例:You aren't going to go to her birthday party, are you?
(你不打算参加她的生日宴会,是不是?)
例:It isn't raining outside.
(外面没有在下雨。)
例:She wasn't asked to speak at the meeting.
(她没有被请求在会上讲话。)
例:I haven't done anything wrong to her.
(他没有做对不起她的事。)
例:He hasn't yet paid the money.
(他尚未付钱。)
be+ V -ing(进行时),be +P.P.(过去分词)(被动词态),have(has,had)+P.P.(完成时)等的“be,have(has,had)”皆为助动词。例1的“be going to …”在学校文法中也常被视为助动词。
(c)“助动词+V”时
动词带有助动词“will,shall,can,may,must,need,dare,ought to,used to,had better”等时,将“not”置于助动词与主要动词之间。例如:
例:I will not do it again.
I won't[wount] do it again.
(我不愿意再做这种事。)
例:The old man cannot find his way home.
(那个老人找不到回家的路。)
例:I couldn't sleep last night.
(昨夜我无法入睡。)
例:You ought not to swim in the river.
(你不应该在河里游泳。)
例:You had better not tell her everything.
(你最好不要样样事情都告诉她。)
注:“can”的否定形式是“cannot or can't”,不可写成“can not or cann't”。
(d)使用助动词“do”的否定句
一般动词的否定句通常使用助动词“do”,句式如下:
句型 do(does, did)+not + V(原形动词)
例:I don't know her very well.
(我并不很了解她。)
例:He doesn't like Chinese tea very much.
(他并不很喜欢中国茶。)
例:She didn't come to school this morning.
(今天早上她没有来上学。)
例:Don't believe him.
(不要相信他的话。)
注:“have”表达“有”以外的意义时,其否定句通常使用助动词“do”,例如:例:Usually I don't have (=eat) breakfast on Sunday morning.
(通常星期天早上我不吃早餐。)
例:She doesn't have (=drink) coffee for breakfast.
(她不把咖啡充作早餐喝。)
例:We didn't have (=enjoy) a good time there yesterday.
(昨天我们在那里玩得不愉快。)
不过美式英语“have”作“有”的意义使用时也如一般动词使用助动词“do”,例如:
例:I don't have brothers.
(我没有兄弟。)
例:We didn't have time enough to finish the work.
(我们当时没有足够的时间完成那件工作。)
(2)使用“not”以外的否定词
“not”以外的否定词有:
(a)副词:never,seldom,hardly,little,neither,etc.
例:She never comes to school late.
(他上学从不迟到。)
例:She seldom comes to see me.
(她不常来看我。)
(b)形容词:no,few,little,etc.
例:I have no brothers.(=I don't have brothers.)
(我没有兄弟。)
例:He has few friends in Hong Kong.
(他在香港几乎没有朋友。)
(c)代词:nothing,nobody,none,etc.
例:I know nothing about computer.
(对于电脑我一窍不通。)
I found nobody about computer.
(在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)
注:1.有些文法书认为“Not +V”为句子否定法,是否定句,而“no +n.或如nothing,etc.”为单词否定法,不宜称为否定句。例如:
例:He doesn't have brother.(否定句)
He has no brothers.(单词否定,但应视为肯定句,因为谓语动词是肯定。)
请注意下面两句的意义上的区别。
例:He doesn't have a breakfast.
He has not a breakfast.
(他不吃早餐。——否定句)
例:He has no breakfast.
(他没有早餐可吃。——单词否定,肯定句)
2.否定也可以借用前缀或后缀来表达,例如:
例:He is honest.
(他是诚实的。)
He is dishonest.(=He in not honest.)
(他不诚实。)
例:They have children.
(他们有小孩。)
They are childless.(=The don't have children.)
(他们没有小孩。)
Drilling Square
Ⅰ.请把下列各句改为否定句。
1.Amy is the best student in my class.
2.Jim has a lot of stamps.
3.John studies very hard this semester.
4.Bill broke the glass yesterday.
5.Did he write you a letter last week?
6.Open the window, Peter.
7.We had a walk after dinner yesterday.
Ⅱ.请把下列各句改为肯定句。
1.She doesn't have to go to school today.
2.My father doesn't go to his office by bus.
3.I didn't see him yesterday.
4.Mr. Smith won't teach us next year.
5.You need not do it today.
6.She cannot run very last.
7.She doesn't wash her clothes herself.
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