美国文学史复习

第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land

2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians

4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想：

1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式

2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位

3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William

他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.

5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet

7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南：

1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘

Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the \"purity\" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total

depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.

3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.

4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质：

The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790

1）\"Poor Richard's Almanac\" 穷人理查德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation

2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题

3）established America's first circulating library, founded the

college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学—就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

4）first applied the terms \"positive\" and \"negative\" to electrical charges. 5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 \"Great Common of Mankind\" 最平凡的人

1）famous pamphlet \"Common Sense\" 著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a \"Declaration for Independence\agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，使分裂活动发展成最后危机。

2）\"American Crisis\" 《美国危机》，signed \"Common Sense\" (p31,第一段）

The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊

1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言

2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者

1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period. 2)has been called the \"Father of American Poetry\" 美国诗歌之父 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地

学习指南：

1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds. 2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.

美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms) (2009-01-17 18:58:09) 一、文学特征： 1、Environment:

1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境

2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮 2、美国文学特点：

pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾

3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。 4、Transcendentalism 超验主义 1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

3）they believe in the transcendence of \"over soul\for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。

4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善

Thoreau梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”

5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。

6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。 二、代表作家：

1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution

① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家

②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》

A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；

The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。

②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。

③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波

Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特

佩奇的手稿

3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人

①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。

②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。

③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡

①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。

②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）

③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,

“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。

④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。 5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生

①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.

③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。

④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》

⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。 6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗

①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。

②“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作

③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。 ★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑

①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。

②“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。

③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。

④“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》

⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。 ⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。

⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。 ⑥（课堂笔记提及的）“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》 ⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。

⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 → 欲望，只要快乐 →Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego 自我 → 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实 →Hester 女主角

Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人，牧师

⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process

⑦“The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.

★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

①“Moby Dick”《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。

⑦“Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.

9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人 ①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of

teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。

②殊荣：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。

③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。

④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。

⑤特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评 美国文学史复习4（Realism） (2009-01-17 19:44:25)

一、Background

1）Mechanization 机器化 2）Urbanization 城市化 3）Industrialization 工业化

4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始

5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用 二、文化特征：

1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多 2）开始关注Mid class

3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。 一、时期综述：

1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。 2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。

3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to

describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.

反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting

characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。

The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,

Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞. 6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世纪美国现实主义文学泰斗，提拔许多年轻作家

②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.

不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。 ③中央视角：an objective point of view 二、代表作家：

1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼

①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚

②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗

Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “Leaves of Gr6ass”are about man and nature.

③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual

④诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his

expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。 2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森

①作品： “I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same “Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径

②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. 3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century

代表作：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”汤姆叔叔的小屋 关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serf's system 4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温

①美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)

②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.

③contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受

④代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写

“Life on the Mississippi”

5、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说

①特点：tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人; usually short简单; plots are exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语.

②代表作：“The Four Million”《四百万》 小说集 、“The Gift of the Magi”《麦琪的礼物》 单部小说

★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育

①心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.

②特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式

对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩

(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述 (3)omniscient 全视角是不真实的;

③家庭背景：father: philosopher哲学家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理学家,哲学家；

④创作原则：The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;

⑤贡献contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。

⑥代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品)

Last full-length novel ==“The Wings of the Dove”、“The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl”

⑦The name of the heroine “in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James’ mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of

Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse. 7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦

①代表作：“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、“The Sea Wolf”、

“Martin Eden”(autobiographical novel自传体小说)

②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel. 8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞

①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood. “The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲

②“An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。