科技英语复习资料

Part I Reading Comprehension Passage 1

Geology is a natural science. With it men can discover all kinds of useful minerals. Geology studies the earth. But of the three spheres, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, it only directly studies the lithosphere. It studies the composition and distribution of material in the earth’s crust. It studies also the formation, changes and development of rocks and minerals in the earth’s crust. Geology is a very complex science. There are many branches in geology. Mineralogy is the science of the minerals. Petrology is the science of the rocks. Geomorphology deals with origin of landscapes and changes in them. Historical geology traces the evolution and development of the earth and of the animals and plants on it. Stratigraphy studies the sequence of the rocks in the earth’s crust. Paleontology deals with the ancient animals and plants. These are just a few of the most important branches of geology. Geology is a very important science. We depend upon geology for the discovery of mineral deposits needed by the various industries. A lot of minerals are used as fuel and raw materials. Without them industrialization is impossible. Minerals are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. China is very rich in mineral deposits of all kinds. The study of geology will help us to discover them. Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid, or in more than one of these states at a single place. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities. Liquid petroleum, which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil, is the most important commercially. It consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons, with varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens, and impurities. Petroleum gas, commonly called natural gas to distinguish it from manufactured gas, consists of the lighter paraffin hydrocarbons, of which the most abundant is methane gas (CH4). The semisolid and solid forms of petroleum consist of the heavy hydrocarbons and bitumens. Geology plays an important role in the search for oil and natural gas. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil (and gas) to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1) The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2) The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3) A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upward through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4) A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples. A fault zone may itself be impervious, or faulting may have shifted an impervious bed so that it now blocks a reservoir bed. Stratigraphic traps tend to be more difficult to locate and may form where tilted reservoir beds are overlain unconformably by impervious layers or where the reservoir beds become thinner up-dip and wedge out within

enclosing impervious beds. Thus oil that was once distributed in sparse amounts throughout a very large volume of rock may now be richly concentrated within the uppermost portions of favorable reservoir rocks. The task of the geologist is the location of promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for the occurrence of the other prerequisites. Drilling a hole is then the only known method of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure.

1. What is mainly dealt with in the passage?C A. The formation of oil. B. The formation of rocks. C. The general introduction of geology.

D. The roles of geology in finding oil.

2. Geology is a natural science and it does NOT study__D____. A. the minerals in the earth’s crust

B. the rocks in the earth’s crust

C. the evolution and development of the earth

D. the origin of the atmosphere surrounding the earth

3. One prerequisite for oil to accumulate in quantity is that the oil originates in _A_____. A. a source rock B. a black mud C. the seawater D. organic compounds

4. In the formation of oil, a nonpermeable layer above a reservoir bed is necessary because it can __B____.

A. accelerate the travel speed of the oil

B. hinder the oil to move upward

C. help the oil to move upward D. help people to discover the oil 5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?B

A. Drilling a hole is one of the known methods of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure. B. A geologist usually tries to locate promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for the occurrence of the other prerequisites. C. An unfavorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil. D. A permeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed.

Passage 2

In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is. I shall take the simple-minded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality. A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.For example, Aristotle’s theory that everything was made out of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, was simple enough to qualify, but it did not make any definite predictions. On the other hand, Newton’s theory of gravity was based on an even simpler model, in which bodies attracted each other with a force that was proportional to a quantity called their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Yet it predicts the motion of the sun, the moon, and the planets to a high degree of accuracy.

Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can

never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. In practice, what often happens is that a new theory that is devised is really an extension of the previous theory.

The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. If we know what the universe is like at any one time, these physical laws tell us how it will look at any later time. Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that science should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for religion. They would say that God could have started the universe off any way he wanted. That may be so, but in that case he also could have made it develop in a completely arbitrary way. Yet it appears that he chose to make it evolve in a very regular way according to certain laws. It therefore seems equally reasonable to suppose that there are also laws governing the initial state.

It turns out to be very difficult to devise a theory to describe the universe all in one go. Instead, we break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories. Each of these partial theories describes and predicts a certain limited class of observations, neglecting the effects of other quantities, or representing them by simple sets of numbers. It may be that this approach is completely wrong. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation. Nevertheless, it is certainly the way that we have made progress in the past. The classical example is the Newtonian theory of gravity, which tells us that the gravitational force between two bodies depends only on one number associated with each body, its mass, but is otherwise independent of what the bodies are made of. Thus one does not need to have a theory of the structure and constitution of the sun and the planets in order to calculate their orbits.

Today scientists describe the universe on terms of two basic partial theories — the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of relativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, deals with phenomena on extremely small scales, such as a millionth of a millionth of an inch. Unfortunately, however, these two theories are known to be inconsistent with each other — they cannot both be correct. One of the major endeavors in physics today, is the search for a new theory that will incorporate them both — a quantum theory of gravity. We do not yet have such a new theory, and we may still be a long way from having one, but we do already know many of the properties that it must have.

6. According to the author, a theory is all of the following EXCEPT for ___D___. A. a model of the universe

B. a restricted part of the universe

C. a set of rules D. a reality

7. The difference between Aristotle’s theory and Newton’s theory is _D_____.

A. Aristotle’s theory can describe a large class of observations, while Newton’s cannot.

B. Newton’s theory can describe a large class of observations, while Aristotle’s cannot. C. Aristotle’s theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Newton’s cannot.

D. Newton’s theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Aristotle’s cannot. 8. The approach adopted by most scientists to devise a theory to describe the universe is ____A_____.

A. to break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories B. to invent one theory to describe the whole universe

C. to combine general theory of relativity with quantum mechanics

D. to study the origin of the universe

9．It is described in Newton’s theory of gravity that bodies attracted each other with a force which is _B_____.

A. inversely proportional to their mass

B. inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them C. proportional to the square of the distance between them

D. proportional to the constitution of them

10．According the passage, the great intellectual achievements of the first half of the 20th century are C______.

A. Newton’s theory of gravity and the general theory of relativity B. Newton’s theory of gravity and quantum mechanics

C. the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics

D. the general theory of relativity and the quantum theory of gravity

Passage 3

The current energy security system was created in response to the 1973 Arab oil embargo to ensure coordination among the industrialized countries in the event of a disruption in supply, encourage collaboration on energy policies, and deter any future use of an ―oil weapon‖ by exporters. Its key elements are the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA), whose members are the industrialized countries; strategic stockpiles of oil, including the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserves; continued monitoring and analysis of energy markets and policies; and energy conservation and coordinated emergency sharing of supplies in the event of a disruption. The emergency system was set up to offset major disruptions that threatened the global economy and stability, not to manage prices and the commodity cycle. Since the system’s inception in the 1970s, a coordinated emergency drawdown of strategic stockpiles has occurred only twice: on the eve of the Gulf War in 1991 and in the autumn of 2005 after Hurricane Katrina. Experience has shown that to maintain energy security countries must abide by several principles. The first and most familiar is what Churchill urged more than 90 years ago: diversification of supply. Multiplying one’s supply sources reduces the impact of a disruption in supply from one source by providing alternatives, serving the interests of both consumers and producers, for whom stable markets are a prime concern. But diversification is not enough. A second principle is resilience, a ―security margin‖ in the energy supply system that provides a buffer against shocks and facilitates recovery after disruptions. Resilience can come from many factors, including sufficient spare production capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along the supply chain, and the stockpiling of critical parts

for electric power production and distribution, as well as carefully conceived plans for responding to disruptions that may affect large regions. Hence the third principle: recognizing the reality of integration. There is only one oil market, a complex and worldwide system that moves and consumes about 86 million barrels of oil every day. For all consumers, security resides in the stability of this market. Secession is not an option.

A fourth principle is the importance of information. High-quality information underpins well-functioning markets. On an international level, the IEA has led the way in improving the flow of information about world markets and energy prospects. That work is being complemented by the new International Energy Forum, which will seek to integrate information from producers and consumers. Information is no less crucial in a crisis, when consumer panics can be instigated by a mixture of actual disruptions, rumors, and fear. In such situations, governments and the private sector should collaborate to counter panics with high-quality, timely information. As important as these principles are, the past several years have highlighted the need to expand the concept of energy security in two critical dimensions: the recognition of globalization of the energy security system, which can be achieved especially by engaging China and India, and the acknowledgement of the fact that the entire energy supply chain needs to be protected.

11. The energy security system was established for the following long-term purpose EXCEPT __A____.

A. protecting profits of industrialized countries during Arab oil embargo B. making effective coordination among those industrialized countries

C. promoting cooperation in making policies about energy

D. preventing oil exporters from using oil as a weapon against other countries

12. Which of the following statements about International Energy Agency is NOT true?B A. Its headquarter is located in Paris.

B. Its members include developed and developing countries. C. It monitors and analyzes the energy market and policies.

D. It makes great efforts to save energy and deal with oil disruption.

13. The first and foremost thing that both consumers and producers are concerned about is ___B___.

A. various supply sources C. the largest profits

B. stable energy markets D. reasonable prices

14. Integration, the third principle to maintain energy security, means to _C_____. A. recognize the reality of energy shortage B. guarantee the stability of energy market C. realize the unity of the worldwide market D. protect one’s independent interests

15. The main purpose of this passage is to _D_____. A. convince readers that energy security is important B. introduce the major energy organizations of U.S. C. inform readers what the energy security system is like D. present principles for ensuring energy security

Passage 4

I spent some of the most exciting days of my life working on the eastern shores of Kenya’s

Lake Turkana, searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. We did not always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover than the traces of our own predecessors. The fossils, some quite complete, others mere fragments, spoke of another world in which the ancestors of many of today’s African mammals roamed in the rich grassland and forest fringes between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago. The environment was not too different from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct.

One in particular I would have loved to see alive was a short-necked giraffe relative that had huge ―antlers‖, some with a span across the horns of close to almost 3 meters. There were buffalo-size antelopes with massive curving horns, carnivores that must have looked like saber-toothed lions, two distinct species of hippo and at least two types of elephants. We may never know the full extent of this incredible mammalian diversity, but there were probably more than twice as many species a million years ago as there are today.

That was true not just for Africa. The fossil record tells the same story everywhere. Most of life’s experiments have ended in extinction. It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone. So, should we be concerned about the current spasm of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable expansion of agriculture and industry? Is it necessary to try to slow down a process that has been going on forever? I believe it is. We know that the well-being of human race is tied to the well-being of many other species, and we can’t be sure which species are most important to our own survival.

But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the world’s biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can such countries justify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human encroachment and even access is forbidden? Is it legitimate to spend large sums of money to save some species — be it an elephant or an orchid — in a nation in which a sizable percentage of the people are living below the poverty line? Such questions make me uneasy about promoting wildlife conservation in impoverished nations. Nonetheless, I believe that we can — and should — do a great deal. It’s a matter of changing priorities. Plenty of money is available for scientific field studies and conferences on endangering species. But what about boots and vehicles for park personnel who protect wildlife from poachers? What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? That kind of funding is difficult to come by.

People in poor countries should not be asked to choose between their own short-term survival and long-term environmental needs. If their governments are willing to protect the environment, the money needed should come from international sources. To me, the choice is clear. Either the more affluent world helps now or the world as a whole will lose out.

Of course, we must be careful not to allow the establishment of slush funds or rely on short-term, haphazard handouts that the world would probably go to waste. We need a permanent global endowment devoted to wildlife protection, funded primarily by the governments of the industrial nations and international aid agencies. The principal could remain invested in the donor nations as the interest flowed steadily into conservation efforts.

How to use those funds would be a matter of endless debate. Should local communities be entitled to set the agenda, or should outside experts take control? Should limited hunting be allowed in parks, or should they be put off limits? Mistakes will be made, the landscape will keep

changing, and species will still be lost, but the difficulty of the task should not lead us to abandon hope. Many of the planet’s natural habitats are gone forever, bur many others can be saved and in time restored.

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A major challenge for the 21 century is to preserve as much of our natural estate as possible. Let us resist with all our efforts any moves to reduce the amount of wild land available for wild species. And let us call upon the world’s richest nations to provide the money to make that possible. That would not be a contribution to charity; it would be an investment in the future of humanity — and all life on Earth.

16. The purpose of the author’s work on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana was __C____. A. to discover the fossil history of African mammals B. to search for the traces of the extinct animal species

C. to discover the fossils of human being’s predecessors

D. to study the fragments of the fossils of the ancestors of African mammals 17. The following is true EXCEPT __C____.

A. The welfare of the human species is bound up with that of the other species.

B. Human development in agriculture and industry speeds up the process of distinction of some

species.

C. Fossil history suggests that 95% of the species will be a failure in their struggles for survival. D. The process of the extinction of species seems to be going on ceaselessly. C 18. To which of the following would the author probably say ―No‖?

A. Should we be concerned about the extinction of the species, which has been accelerated by

the expansion of agriculture and industry?

B. Should a nation, most of whose people are still living below the poverty line, spend large

sums of money to preserve species? C. Is it necessary to provide woodcutters in poverty-stricken nations with the economic

alternatives to making a living on cutting down trees? D. Is it necessary to change our priorities and provide more equipment and support for wildlife

protection personnel?

19. The author’s main purpose of writing this article is __A____.

A. to champion a global fund mainly from the affluent nations and international efforts to

preserve the wildlife B. to warn the rich nations against the losing out in protecting the global environment

C. to persuade the impoverished people to sacrifice their short-term benefit for long-term protection of the biodiversity

D. to take into account the difficulty of wildlife protection and stop endless debate 20. The author’s attitude towards preserving the natural habitats is ___B___. A. uncertain B. positive C. hopeless D. uneasy

Passage 5

The Internet seems to have just arrived, so how can we possibly imagine what will replace it? In truth, early versions of the Net have been around since the 1960s and 70s, but only after the mid-1990s did it begin to have a serious public impact. Since 1994, the population of users has grown from about 13 million to more than 300 million around the world.

What will the Internet be like 20 years from now?

Like the rest of infrastructure, the Internet will eventually seem to disappear by becoming

widespread. Most access will probably be via high-speed, low-power radio links. Most handheld, fixed and mobile appliances will be Internet enabled. This trend is already discernible in the form of Internet-enabled cell phones and personal digital assistants. Like the servants of centuries past, our household helpers will chatter with one another and with the outside help.

So many appliances, vehicles and buildings will be online by 2020 that it seems likely there will be more things on the Internet than people. Internet-enabled cars and airplanes are coming online, and smart houses are being built every day. Eventually, programmable devices will become so cheap that we will embed them in the cardboard boxes into which we put other things for storage or shipping. These passive ―computers‖ will be activated as they pass sensors and will be able to both emit and absorb information. Such innovations will facilitate increasingly automatic manufacturing, inventory control, shipping and distribution. Checkout at the grocery store will be fully automatic, as will payment via your digital wallet. The advent of programmable, mini-scale machines will extend the Internet to things with the size of molecules that can be injected under the skin, leading to Internet-enabled people. Such devices, together with Internet-enabled sensors embedded in clothing, will avoid a hospital stay for medical patients who would otherwise be there only for observation. The speech processor used today in cochlear implants for the hearing impaired could easily be connected to the Internet; listening to Internet radio could soon be a direct computer-to-brain experience!

The Internet will undergo substantial alteration as optical technologies allow the transmission of many trillions of bits per second on each Internet’s fiber-optic backbone network. The core of the network will remain optical, and the edges will use a mix of access technologies, ranging from radio and infrared to optical fiber and the old twisted-pair copper telephone lines. By then, the Internet will have been extended, by means of an interplanetary Internet backbone, to operate in outer space.

How will this pervasive Internet access affect our daily lives? More and more of the world’s information will be accessible instantly and from virtually anywhere. In an emergency, our health records will be available for remote medical consultation with specialists and perhaps even remote surgery. More and more devices will have access to the global positioning system, increasing the value of geographically indexed databases. Using GPS with speech-understanding software that is emerging today, we will be able to get directions from our Internet as easily as we once got them at a filling station.

Is there any downside to a society suffused with information and the tools to process it?

Privacy will come at a premium. Enormous quantities of data about our daily affairs will flow

across the Internet, working to make our lives easier. Despite our preference for giving up privacy in exchange for convenience, our experiences online may make us yearn for the anonymity of the past. Who should have access to our medical records and our financial information, and how will that access be controlled? Will we be able to search and use the vast information stored online without leaving trails across the Net? How will business transactions be taxed, and in what jurisdictions will disputed electronic transactions be resolved? How will intellectual property be protected? How will we prove that contracts were signed on a certain date, or that their terms and conditions have not been electronically altered? There are technical answers for many of these questions, but some will require international agreements before they can be resolved. Perhaps even more daunting, in the face of Internet-wide virus attacks, is the realization that

we will depend in larger and larger measure on the network’s functioning reliably. Making this system of millions of networks robust is a challenge for the present generation of Internet engineers. But I am an optimist and believe we are going to live in a world abundant with information and with the tools needed to use it wisely.

21. The main idea the author tries to convey is that __D____. A. the Internet has already arrived

B. the Internet began to have a serious impact in 1990s C. the Internet is getting more and more popular

D. the Internet is developing fast ever since its appearance

22. The Internet might seem to disappear because most access to the Internet is probably realized by _A_____.

A. high-speed, low-power radio links C. internet-enabled cell phones

B. handheld mobile appliances D. personal digital assistants

23. The Internet will have a significant change thanks to optical technology, which _B_____. A. will make the Internet access more flexible

B. will make the Internet transmission more rapidly

C. will make the Internet communication more convenient D. will make the Internet more useful in our life 24. The primary concern of online experience is _A_____. A. privacy

B. convenience

C. pricing D. conflict

25. The author’s attitude toward the future of the Internet is __B____. A. doubtful B. cheerful C. biased D. depressed

Part II Vocabulary and Structure

1. As parts of the world become _B____, millions of people will try to migrate to more ______ areas.

A. hospitable… uninhabitable B. uninhabitable… hospitable C. habitable… inhospitable D. inhospitable … uninhabitable

2. A(n) _C____ is someone who is being considered for a position, for example someone who is running in an election or applying for a job. A. astronomer B. scientist

C. candidate D. researcher

3. There are scientific satellites in __B_____ that measure wave heights, but too few to give reliable worldwide coverage. A. mark C. store

__B_____ the areas in greater depth.

A. classify B. investigate C. clear D. examine

5. Their marriage was in danger of breaking up last year but it seems quite __D__ now.

B. orbit D. line

4. The first-year courses provide short introductions to these areas, while the second-year courses

A. favorable B. critical

C. profitable D. stable

6. If individuals are awakened each time as they began a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even if their total amount of sleep has been __B__. A. efficient B. sufficient C. deficient time.

A. anxiety C. variety

D. proficient

7. Linda didn’t like the work because it lacked ___C___; she was doing the same thing all the

B. priority D. society

8. She wanted to ask him all about his private life, but wisely __C_____ herself. A. rescued B. held C. restrained D. curbed

9. After he was attacked, he managed to __D_____ to the phone and call for help.

A. pound B. come C. turn D. stagger

10. The issue was whether or not the bacteria (细菌) in his body would ____C___ the local ecosystem. A. break C. contaminate

B. balance D. contain

11. Moving to a new school can ___C____ a child’s education, especially between the ages of eleven and sixteen. A. upset B. balance C. disrupt D. disorder

12. China’s news media is following world trend by marketization and __D____into enterprises. A. conversion C. transplanting

B. translation D. transforming

13. Up to 22 people were killed and 187 others injured in a suicide bomb attack which _B___ a demonstration in a northern Iraqi city. A. transported B. targeted C. yielded D. aimed

14. The general secretary’s decision to invest was a __C_ mistake, resulting in a heavy loss of money. A. firm

B. private

C. costly D. incentive

15. I feel nervous about the _A__ of the experiment as it determines the future of this domain. A. outcome

B. outlook

C. output D. outline

16. Once attached to the host Program, the computer viruses then look for other programs to _C__. A. affect

B. effect

C. infect D. perfect

17. Their government always looks at problems from the financial viewpoint, and the social _C__ is never considered.

A. inspect B. prospect

C. aspect D. respect

18. One’s appearance does not always B__ with his quality, so don’t judge people by looks. A. compare B. coincide C. collide D. content 19. We work best in a peaceful and comfortable ___B___ so as to increase our productivity and relieve our exhaustion. A. pace C. rhyme lot of attention. A. vision

B. atmosphere D. hemisphere

20. The new _C_ of this dictionary has not been in use yet, but its appearance has aroused quite a

B. version

C. variation D. verification

21. The news slowly ___C____ through to everyone in the office; finally everybody felt worried about the uncertainty of the future. A. melted

B. froze

C. filtered D. flowed

22. We do remember your initial objections, but unfortunately you didn’t place them _D_. A. in register B. to document C. in between

D. on record

23. The cost may be lower than we first thought, but _B__ it will still be quite substantial. A. in no case B. in any case C. in case of D. in case

24. Sometimes you can _A__ valuable antiques by chance – for example when you’re clearing out an old building. A. come by C. come out

B. come in D. come down

25. Obviously you came here intending to ___D_ the United States and you will need a work visa. A. rest with B. resort to C. render into D. reside in 26. You will find how to help your child to develop good habits and how to __A_ with the bad ones that can cause so much embarrassment and distress. A. deal C. calculate

B. agree D. endeavor

27. We’ve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large _B_. A. quantity B. scale C. quality

D. proportion

28. It is a universal _C__ that man is different from all the other animals because man can communicate with each other by means of language. A. admission C. acknowledgement

B. permission D. advancement

29. Due to the limited seating _A_ of the hall, merely about 700 journalists were present for the press conference. A. capacity B. capability

C. possibility D. probability

30. When he applied for a _A__ in the office of the local newspaper he was told to see the manager. A. position B. location C. profession D. career 31. The island’s population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual ___D___ until only 40 people were left. A. declination C. inclination A. incredible C. staple

B. incline D. decline B. resistant D. massive

32. For such a tiny woman she had a(n)__A__ courage to fight against two thieves.

33. One cause of the current food crisis is _D_ and food prices are high in part because of the dry weather in these places. A. flood C. rough

B. cough D. drought

34. Coal can be _B__ into gas with the help of the modern technology. A. yield B. converted C. overcame D. reverted

35. Many Internet users are worried about their privacy being __A_ and their secrets being revealed by online hackers.

A. invaded B. intaken C. invented D. investigated

36. The new D__ edition of this book focuses specifically on the complexities of grammatical choices that students need to master. A. altered C. modified

B. converted D. revised

37. The poor condition of this apartment block is a danger to all its __B____. A. habitats B. inhabitants C. habits D. inherits 38. Enough lava had ____C__ from the volcano to bury the entire village. A. disrupted B. splashed

C. erupted D. spilt

39. You are legally _B__ to take faulty goods back to the store where you bought them. A. devoted C. accessed A. fall out C. wipe out A. dissolved

B. entitled D. contributed B. lose out D. put out B. solved

40. Time and time again, women seem to __B_ on promotion and career opportunities.

41. Scientists claimed yesterday to have ___B___ the riddle of the birth of the Universe.

C. involved D. revolved

42. Over 30 years, he devoted himself to __D_ the collections of the Summer Palace and to the research of their crafts.

A. identifying B. simplifying

C. clarifying D. classifying

43. Now the key issue is who is going to _D__ the responsibility and make up for the losses from this accident. A. undergo B. underlie C. underline D. undertake

44. Theories have been proposed by astronomers to __C_ electrical disturbances （干扰） in the atmosphere. A. apply for C. account for

B. allow for D. appeal for

45. The population isn’t _C__ evenly across the nation but unevenly among the forty neighborhood types, with distinct socioeconomic levels, family life cycles and ethnic makeups. A. attributed B. polluted C. distributed D. contributed

46. Before you begin preparing for the second C__ of the interview, you’d better make a list of topics related to your country, culture, lifestyle and personal interests. A. phrase B. case C. phase D. kind

47. It helps children to _D__ having the light off and the door shut during the night because darkness and quietness prepares the brain for sleep. A. use

B. used to

C. get using to D. get used to

48. The committee has made some recommendations, but it is __C__ the President to make the final decision. A. rest with B. apt to C. up to D. in accord with

49. She devised a plan __C_ they might escape from the tightly guarded prison. A. whereas B. wherein C. whereby D. whereabouts

50. All applicants are questioned by a __C____ of experienced interviewers. A. pack C. panel

B. school D. swarm

单选题：

1 Although he has his own ideas, he seldom _ ignore_____ advice from other people

2 The longer the economic decline is allowed to go on the more difficult it will be to _ reverse _____ it

3． The poor condition of this apartment block is a danger to all its __ inhabitants

4． It is expected that in the future robots will _ replace _____ man to do those dangerous jobs

5． Theories have been proposed by astronomers to _ account for

_____ electrical disturbances （干扰） in the atmosphere

6． As a _ sensible woman, she was then among the few mothers who sent their daughters to school and encouraged them to take part in social activities

7． The police are trying to find out the identity ______ of the woman killed in the traffic accident

8． Another comforting fact is that only 14 per cent of our household income is spent on our mortgages _ compared with _____ 40 per cent in the late 1980s

9． I wish I could _ get rid of_____ this cold; it’s been hanging about for two or three days now

10． Winning by a narrow margin ______, the Lakers now go on to play in the championship 11． The International Whaling Commission warns that if nothing is done to save the whales now the species will soon be _ exterminated

12． It is quite __ likely ____ that the committee will accept our recommendations of revising the contract

13． When compared ______ with the developed areas, people’s living standard of this province is not high at all

14． The world’s oil supply is not inexhaustible.If the reserves _ run out

_____, the situation will become extremely critical.

15． The present wave of strikes _ stems_____ from discontent among the lower-paid

16． Mr.Kobayashi was chosen to represent

______ the company at the national trade conference because of his competence

17． Every gift, __ small as it is____, is in reality great if given with affection

18． It was many years ago that ______ I met Mr. Smith in Shanghai

19． Please keep an eye on the kid and his dog that ______ are walking in the park。

20． There seems to be something wrong with the computer but we hope to _ put ______ it right before too long

21． The opposing political party is getting ready to _ mount _____ a powerful attack on the government

22． Many people ___ assume___ it is healthy to drink a lot of fruit juice, but actually it damages health

23． The oil spillage in the Gulf was of such _ magnitude ______ that its effects will last for decades

24． __ When he arrived---at the launching position, a lift took him up to the rocket, which was 65 feet above the ground

25． On the whole speculation is ___ frowned_ upon because it sometimes drives prices up

26． Regarding a job interview, though personality is much more important, don’t _ overlook_____ the importance of having a good appearance

27． The committee has made some recommendations, but it is ___ up to ____ the President to make the final decision

28． She devised a plan __ whereby they might escape from the tightly guarded prison

29． Congress has a responsibility to ___ ensure ___ that all peaceful options are exhausted before resort to war

30． The only way to solve the problem is to _ iron out _____ the effect of fluctuations, and this therefore must be the first objective of a computerized system。

1． 单选题 The spaceman found __ it a most exciting experience ____ to look at the earth away from it

2． So fast __ does light travel____ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed

3． You can open a readme file before _ install the operating system if you are not familiar with it

4． On the basis of the agreement by the two parties, the contract will be signed _ prior to _____ the ceremony.

5． They are trying to _ exploit _____ the waste discharged by the factory for profit

6． The report of an earthquake in Xinjiang was not _ confirmed _____ until late this afternoon

7． Our library is well equipped and students have easy _ access _____ to the books they want

8． Please bear in mind that correct conduction of precautions can reduce or ___ diminish ___

waterside corrosion to the minimum

9． It is the business of the petroleum industry to find crude oil and gas and to _ retrieve _____ them from the earth on-shore and off-shore

10． The methods used to achieve these aims will be described later, and __ for the present ____ can be seen broadly as a focusing on to a target

11． A marine shale, once believed to be a black mud rich in organic compounds, is a common source rock to __ originate____ oil

12． Every country tries to maintain a(n) __、favorable

____ balance of trade, which assures it of the means to buy necessary imports

13． Thank heavens! You have come back home.You should be thankful that you have escaped with only ___ minor ___ injuries

14． Your failure in the final examination is due to the fact that you didn’t _ attach _____ enough importance to your English

15． When confronted with such questions, my mind goes __ blank

____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth

16． For the time being, Philips could not say when such a product as this might be _ commercially_____ available, however

17． These soldiers have received strict training and made full preparation to _ fulfill _____ the new task

18． Most schools have plans in place for _ responding____ to fires, fights, medical emergencies and other situations that call for quick assessment and decisive action

19． Up to 22 people were killed and 187 others injured in a suicide bomb attack which _ targeted_____ a demonstration in a northern Iraqi city

20． Recent laws have tended to___ restrict___ the freedom of the press in this country

21． In spite of what _______ has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem

22． Look at the world around you and you _ will find _____ many things made of plastics

23． Obviously you came here intending to __ reside in_____ the United States and you will need a work visa

24． The general secretary’s decision to invest was a _ costly _____ mistake, resulting in a heavy loss of money

25． Time and time again, women seem to __、lose out____ on promotion and career opportunities

26． Joint ventures may __ sign ____ labor contracts with the employees according to their needs in production and management operations

27． They found a __ senior____ statesman to head the project — someone who could make the worlds of politics and business work together

28． The labor contract includes the rights and obligations of the employers and employees, employment and training of the worker, the _ valid _____ term of the contract, wage, etc

29． The employees’ wage rise and the wage of senior managerial personnel are decided by the _ board_____ of directors of the enterprise through discussions

30． Human beings are superior to animals _、in that_____ they can use language as a tool to communicate 1． 单选题 The managing director took the _ blame _____ for the accident, although it was not really his fault 2． We’ve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large _ scale _____

3． Now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent ______ of your parents’ help

4． He barely smiled and hardly looked in the __ mood ____ for a party since he had lost the game again

5． There are no seats _ available _____ for those who are late for the show

6． Each special committee shall be __ composed ____ of a chairman, vice-chairmen and members

7． The other likely change will be in the _ proportion _____ of the nation’s workforce while more people retire because of old age

8． A(n) __ candidate ____ is someone who is being considered for a position, for example someone who is running in an election or applying for a job. 9． The city council tries to ensure that any new building is _ integrated _____ with the existing

appearance of the city

10． Why don’t you do something about your room — it’s really a _ dump _____

11． As parts of the world become __ uninhabitable… hospitable ____, millions of people will try to migrate to more ______ areas

12． Hearing the joke, all the students burst into _ spontaneous _____ laughter

13． it seemed as though nothing could stop the ship from wrecking itself on the shore, where leaking fuel or an escape of Norway rats could trigger ______ an ecological catastrophe(灾难) for wildlife

14． The annual income of school teachers in this place was _ assessed _____ at＄900

15． His sources are confined _ uniquely _____ to those who are in a position to give valuable information, so we’d better believe what he has said

16． Scientists have discovered genetic variations that make people more likely to get __ hooked ____ on cigarettes and more prone to develop lung cancer

17． Tom is __ junior to ____ many other people who work here

18． After he had been in prison Peter was regarded __ as ____ the black sheep of the family

19． We must put the __ reverse ____ side of the policy into consideration to avoid possible mistakes

20． She considered that Mr. Smith had taken advantage ______ of his position

21． No sooner ______ is she in London than she rings up her old friend Mary

22． A _ workout_____ gives your cortisol(皮质醇) levels a boost, increasing energy without making you stressed

23． The survey has found that only 6% of Australians feel that their involvement______ in the Iraq war has made Australia more safe

24． It tries to understand, firstly, the forces which shape social life; secondly, the ways in which people __ relate____ to each other; and thirdly, the structures or patterns of these relationships

25． You will find that, in the long run, Jane will turn _ out _____ to be your best friend

26． The views of young people today on politics, social attitudes and life goals greatly __

differ ____ from their baby boomer parents’

27． Louis Herman, at the University of Hawaii, has _ devised_____ s series of new experiments in which some animals have learned to understand sentences

28． Then, as time progressed, I started to think about how I could __ exploit ____ my position in the public eye to raise real money for the fight against the disease

29． Many teachers __ incorporate ____ some form of role-playing in their lesson plans

30． All the illegal immigrants were __ confined____ to a small island in the harbour

Part III Cloze

Passage 1

If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths and weaknesses. Success or C in your work would A) , to a great extent, B your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best B. Of the utmost importance is your attitude. A person A begins a job, being convinced that he isn’t going to like it or C that he is going to fail, is exhibiting a weakness which can only hinder（阻碍） his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure in his D that he is probably as capable C doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerful attempt Dit possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well.

Cthe prerequisite （必须的） skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously a weakness. A bookkeeper who can’t add or a carpenter who can’t cut a straight line with a saw D hopeless cases.

This book has been designed to help you capitalize Dhe strength and B the weakness that you bring to the job of learning. But in group to measure your development, you must first B stock of where you stand now. A we get further along in the book, we’ll beD in some detail with specific processes for developing and strengthening C skills. However, B begin with, you should Ato examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical to your success or failure in school: your C, your reading and communication skills, and your study habits.

1. A. improvement C. failure 2. A. depend C. separate 3. A. in C. of

B. victory D. achievement B. present D. interact B. on D. to

B. advantage D. productivity B. what D. which B. assure

4. A. excess C. necessity 5. A. who C. that

6. A. ensure

C. sure

D. surely B. balance D. belief B. at D. for B. on D. at B. Had D. Had been B. been D. is B. but D. on

B. overcome D. overlook B. take D. give B. Till D. Out B. treating D. dealing B. learned D. learn B. to D. beside B. tend D. devote B. status D. weakness

7. A. version C. pattern 8. A. to C. of 9. A. near C. by

10. A. Have C. Having 11. A. being C. are 12. A. except C. for 13. A. overhear C. overtake 14. A. make C. do 15. A. As C. Over C. dealt

16. A. treated 17. A. learnt C. learning 18. A. around C. from 19. A. pause C. afford 20. A. strength C. attitude Passage 2

A consumer’s buyer behavior is influenced by four major factors; cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. These Acause consumers to develop product and brand preferences. Although many of these factors cannot be directly controlled by marketers, understanding of their B is essential as marketing mix strategies can be developed to appeal to the preferences of the target market.

One factor that can influence consumers is their mood state. Mood may be defined C a temporary and mild positive or negative feeling that is generalized and not tied Bany particular circumstance. Moods should be Dfrom emotions which are usually more intense, B to specific circumstances, and often conscious. In one sense, the effect of a consumer’s mood can be thought of inChe same way as can our reactions to the A of our friends — when our friends are happy and ―up‖, that trends to influence us positively, but when they are ―down‖, that can have a B impact on us. Similarly, consumers operating under a C mood state tend to react to stimuli (刺激) in a direction D with that mood state. Thus, for example, we should expect to seeB in a positive mood

state evaluate products in more of a Cmanner than they would when not in such a state.Amood states appear capable of D a consumer’s memory.

Moods appear to be B influenced by marketing techniques. For example, the rhythm, pitch, and volume of music has been shown to influence behavior such as theCof time spent in supermarkets orC to purchase products. B advertising can influence consumers’ moods which, in A, are capable of influencing consumer’ reactions to products.

1. A. factors C. units 2. A. result

C. target 3. A. with C. as 4. A. up C. under

5. A. divided C. depended 6. A. referred C. analyzed 7. A. thus

C. much 8. A. behavior C. signal 9. A. relative C. sensitive 10. A. fixed C. given 11. A. insistent

C. persistent

12. A. retailers C. businessmen 13. A. casual C. favorable

14. A. Moreover C. Nevertheless 15. A. lifting C. cultivating 16. A. rarely C. currently 17. A. extent C. amount 18. A. strategies C. intentions 19. A. In short

B. elements

D. procedures B. impact D. product B. about D. by B. to D. over B. derived

D. distinguished B. related D. associated B. still D. even B. gesture D. view B. negative D. decisive B. granted D. driven B. resistant D. consistent B. consumers D. manufacturers B. serious D. critical B. However D. Otherwise B. raising D. enhancing B. readily D. cautiously B. scope D. range B. functions D. reflections B. In addition

C. In fact 20. A. turn C. total Passage 3

D. In general B. depth D. detail

Throughout the past century humanity did everything in its power to control nature. We dammed earth’s rivers, C down the forests and exhausted the soils. Burning up fuels, we D a great deal of greenhouse gases into the air, A the chemistry of the atmosphere and warming the planet in just a few decades. And as our population began the year 2000 B the 6 billion mark, still spreading across the continents, dozens of animals and plant species were B every day, including the first primate to disappear in more than 200 years.

At the start of the 21 century there were unmistakable signs that nature was beginning to take its D. Melting ice in both poles of the earth suggested that the climate was changing rapidly. Weather was even more Athan usual, giving some places too little rain and others too much. Fires B) across the dried American West last summer, and recent storms Cdamages from Britain to China. No specific event could be directly Bon global warming, floods and drought will be more frequent – and severe. Others sad signs from an D planet include falling grain and fish harvest and fiercer C for scare water supplies.

B, there were also, in the year 2000, signs of great awareness. A by the Internet, hundreds of millions people gathered for the 30th anniversary of Earth Day. Governments from Washington to Lima C steps to protect the large wild areas from development. Progress was made toward using more D energy from the wind and the sun, and new cars that used both gasoline and electricity D fuel-economy statistics.

The goal for the new century is ― B development‖. Is that possible? It A on how well we understand that C is part of nature, not lord and master of it. 1. A. tapped C. chopped 2. A. drained C. reversed 3. A. altering C. composing 4. A. reached C. resided 5. A. killing off C. ending off 6. A. destiny C. damage 7. A. changeable C. exploitable

B. swayed D. tore B. streamed D. pumped B. extracting D. mounting B. beyond D. above B. dying out D. ceasing out B. condemn D. revenge B. inevitable D. accessible

st

8. A. rushes C. rates 9. A. scattered C. spread 10. A. accused C. answered

B. races D. ranks B. swept D. suffered B. blamed D. tied B. overtaken D. overburdened B. provision D. debate B. However D. Consequently B. Converted D. Confined B. made D. entered B. reversible D. renewable B. rested with D. kept on B. sustainable D. susceptible B. deprives D. defines B. species D. ecology

11. A. overwhelmed C. overpopulated 12. A. sacrifice C. competition 13. A. Therefore C. Besides

14. A. Connected C. Concentrated 15. A. put C. took 16. A. revisable C. retrievable 17. A. set aside C. spoke off 18. A. supportive C. successive 19. A. depends C. defends

20. A. development C. humanity Passage 4

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that A does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less B then, however, were the new, positive A that work against the digital divide. C , there are reasons to be B.

There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more D , it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential C there are. More and more B , afraid their countries will be left D, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be A together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will B rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for D world poverty that we’ve ever had.

Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to C poverty. And the Internet is not the

only tool we have. But it has Apotential.

To D advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices B respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an C of their sovereignty（主权）might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States C its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is A America’s Second Wave infrastructure— D) roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. 1. A. divide C. world

B. information D. lecture B. visible D. distinct B. obstacles D. surprises B. Entirely D. Continuously B. optimistic D. disappointed B. centralized

D. commercialized B. producers D. citizens

B. governments D. customers B. for D. behind B. worked D. organized

2. A. unclear C. invisible 3. A. forces C. events 4. A. Seriously C. Actually 5. A. negative C. pleasant 6. A. developed C. realized 7. A. users C. customers 8. A. enterprises C. officials 9. A. away C. aside 10. A. netted C. put 11. A. decrease C. neglect

B. narrow D. low

B. preventing D. combating B. beat D. fear B. endless D. numbered B. keep D. take B. with D. for

12. A. containing C. keeping 13. A. win

C. defeat 14. A. enormous C. numerical 15. A. bring C. hold 16. A. at C. of

17. A. infection C. invasion 18. A. invented C. built 19. A. why C. when C. according Passage 5

B. investment D. insult B. guided D. erected B. where D. how B. concluding D. including

20. A. concerning

In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the manipulation of life at a Alevel — the gene. The study of genetics has B a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it incorporates biology C modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in agriculture and are working passionately to Cseeds that give a high yield, that Bdiseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for A chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most A. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.

In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain C . A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering,Busually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another C to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze A from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. A then, biotechnology allows humans to breach the genetic walls that separate species.

Like the green revolution, Csome call, the gene revolution B to the problem of genetic uniformity—some say even more so A geneticists can employ techniques such Ccloning and organ culture (培养), processes that produce perfectly D copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new Asuch as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new B of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential Csaid science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 1. A. fundamental

B. governmental D. instrumental B. given rise to D. lived up to B. from D. for B. experiment D. gather

C. mental 2. A. got along with C. come up with 3. A. into C. with 4. A. raise

C. cultivate

5. A. restrict C. reverse 6. A. hostile C. hopeless 7. A. beneficial C. lasting 8. A. lines C. species 9. A. after all C. in any case

B. resist D. recur B. useless D. harmless B. disappointing D. glooming B. limits

D. ages

B. on the other hand D. as a rest B. in no case D. with regard B. superiority D. quantity B. In part D. In return B. where D. so

B. contributes D. break B. because D. when

B. for example D. is B. alike D. identical B. height D. goals B. era D. scheme B. mystery D. destination

10. A. to the point C. in an attempt 11. A. quality C. priority 12. A. In essence C. In advance 13. A. what

C. as

14. A. combine C. command 15. A. that C. if 16. A. like C. as

17. A. resembling C. similar 18. A. issues C. difficulties 19. A. spot C. deadline

20. A. navigation C. outcomes

Part IV E-C Translation

1. But dependency is no vice when the habit is healthful — and you don’t have to be an Olympian to benefit. .但依赖性也并非坏事，只要它是有益于健康的 — 你不必非是个奥运选手才能获益。

2. Despite our preference for giving up privacy in exchange for convenience, our experiences online may make us yearn for the anonymity of the past. 尽管我们愿意牺牲隐私来换取便利，网络经历可能让我们渴望回到―隐姓埋名‖的过去

3. While cautioning that margin of error was large enough for render data from the early centuries untrustworthy, they found that 20th century was the warmest of the millennium. 尽管他们告诫误差幅度较大，有关早前几个世纪的数据可能不太可靠，但同时他们也发现，20世纪的确是上一千年中最热的一个世纪。

4. There has been some concern that the larger denomination notes — a 500 note is worth approximately 315 at the current exchange rate — will be rich pickings for counterfeiters, especially in the early days as people get used to the new currency. 目前令人担心的是高面值欧元纸币可能出现的假币问题，500欧元的纸币按目前的汇率值315英镑，这为造假者牟取暴利提供了很大便利，尤其是在人们对欧元还不太熟悉的初期阶段。

5. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities. 从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃（碳和氢）化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。

6. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?

7. But genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation. 转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子在可耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。 8. If you are successful, you won’t have to go ask for a raise or accept what you’re given or worry about being turned out when a younger version of yourself comes along. 如果成功了，你就无须要求加薪或接受人家给你的工资，也不必担心年轻的新同事到来时就得走人了。 9. Planning involves setting the firm’s objectives over a period of time and deciding on methods to achieve these objectives. 拟定计划涉及到为公司制定阶段性目标以及确定如何实现这些目标 10. Your choices are usually limited: find a good job in the small business world, stand in line at unemployment, or accept a cut in pay and benefits. 你的选择总是很有限的：在狭小的职场里找到不错的职务，滞留在失业大军里，抑或是接受薪水与福利的削减。

11. In the most ambitious currency change the world has ever seen, more than 14.5 billion notes and 56 billion coins were distributed around the 12 participating countries and major public awareness campaigns were undertaken to ensure that the transition runs as smoothly as possible. 在这个雄心勃勃的前所未有的货币改革行动中，超过145亿的纸币和560亿的硬币在这12个国家发行。为了使这一巨大变革得以顺利进行，各地举行了大规模的宣传活动

12. Not everyone agrees and virtually all experts say that in any case, a reliable estimate of the human imprint’s magnitude still remains some distance off. 但是，这一观点并非人人赞同，而几乎所有专家都承认，不管怎样，准确评价人类对气候的影响程度尚有待时日。

13. All managers, regardless of their level, must have three basic kinds of managerial skills:

conceptual skills, ―people‖ skills, and technical skills. 所有的管理者，无论其层次高低，都

必须具备三项基本的管理技能：理念思维技能、人事技能以及技术技能。

Part V C-E Translation

1.请允许我向你的成功表示祝贺。(congratulate on) Allow (Permit) me to congratulate you on your success.

2.不管怎样，在我们对人类对环境的影响做出科学的评估之前，仍有很长的一段路要走。(in any case). In any case, there is a long way to go before we give a scientific assessment of human influence on the environment.

3.他虽然学识渊博，但对这种生物科技引起的情况他也不知道如何应付。(for all ) For all his learning, he didn’t know how to cope with the situation caused by the biotechnology.

4.管理者的层次越低，越有可能花时间去执行非管理性任务。(the more…, the more…) The lower the level, the more likely a manager is to spend time performing nonmanagerial tasks. 5.山起着稳定地球外壳的作用。（play a role in） Mountains play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth.

6.他日益发现一份奔波于全球的职业同传统的家庭生活很难兼具。(combine with) He increasingly finds a globe-hopping career hard to combine with a traditional family life.

7.借助清晰的图表，可以看出需求的增长如何影响利润。(by means of)

By means of a clear diagram, it is shown how an increase in demand may affect profits.

8.那位新的候选人决定参加竞选时，竞争对手们的竞选活动均已达到高潮。(in full swing ) The opponents' campaign efforts were already in full swing when the new candidate decided to run for election.

9.中国是一个富产宝贵的自然资源---原油的国家。(be rich in)

China is a country rich in crude oil, which is a precious natural resource.

10.采访者会连珠炮式得提出很多问题而不给你很多思考答案的时间。(fire off)

The interviewer could fire off questions very quickly without giving you much time to think about your answers.