1. Reading for fun
Lesson 3 Pencils and Pens
Let’s read it.
No one knows who invented pencils or when it happened. A Swiss described a pencil in a book in 1565.
He said it was a piece of wood with lead inside it. (Lead is a very heavy, soft, dark gray metal. Pencils weren’t popular, and people continued to write pens. They used bird feathers as pens.
Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from graphite, and they became very popular. Graphite is like coal. (Coal is black, and we burn it for heat and energy. Today, people make pencils in the same way. They grind the graphite, make it into the shape of a stick, and bake it. Then they put it inside a piece of wood. One pencil can write 50,000 English words or make a line 55 kilometers long.
People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with mental points. They had to dip the point ink after every few letters. Next, someone invented a fountain pen that could hold ink inside it. A fountain pen can write several pages before you have to fill it again.
Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the ballpoint pen. They left Hungray and started making ballpoint pens in England in 1943, during World War II. English pilots like the pens. They couldn’t write with fountain pens in airplanes because the ink leaked out. Later, a French company called Bic bought the Biros’ company.
Some people call ballpoint pens “Bics.” Australians call them “biros.” Whatever we call them, we use them every day. (256 words)
A. Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. ballpoint pen shape holds
1. They couldn’t write with fountain pens in airplanes because the ink __________ out. 2. A fountain pen can write several pages before you have to __________ it again. 3. He said it was a piece of wood with __________ inside it.
4. People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with mental __________. 5. Next, someone invented a __________ that could __________ ink inside it. 6. They had to __________ the point__________ after every few letters.
7. They __________ the graphite, make it into the __________ of a stick, and bake it.
points grind ink
lead dip fill
leaks whatever fountain pen
graphite
8. Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the __________. 9. __________we call them, we use them every day.
10. Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from __________, and they became very popular.
B. Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for the words in the text. ballpoint pen shape hold
points grind ink
lead dip fill
leaked whatever fountain pen
graphite
1. Our shower __________. A little water runs out of it all day. 2. A bathtub __________ a lot of water.
3. You should have a good __________ on your pencil.
4. I hope they __________ the hole in the road soon. It’s dangerous. 5. The sun has the __________ of a circle.
6. Students a hundred years ago always had a bottle of __________ on their desks. 7. She __________her fingers in the water to see if it was cold. 8. We __________ coffee before we mix it with hot water.
9. Most people use __________, but some people prefer fountain pens. 10. At a cafeteria, you can choose __________you want to eat. 11. Pencils are still made with __________. 12. Elena filled her new __________ with purple ink.
C. Reading comprehension Choose the best answer.
1. ______ kinds of pencils and pens are mentioned in the passage. (★) A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
D. Six
2. ______ invented the ballpoint pen. (★) A. Hungray. C. Bics.
B. Ladislao and Georg Biro. D. A Swiss.
3. What does the underlined word ‘it’ refer to? (★★)______ A. Fountain pen.
B. Graphite.
C. Ink. D. Lead.
4. How did people make graphite pencils? (★)______
A. People burn graphite for heat and energy and make it grind. B. People change feather pens into pens with mental points.
C. People invented it a piece of wood with lead inside it. D. People grind the graphite to make it into a stick, and bake it.
5. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? (★★)______ A. The pencils with lead in them are very popular. B. One pencil with ink inside it can write about 50,000 English words. C. Pilots like ballpoint pen.
D. People didn’t have to dip the point ink after writing for a while. 6. What is the passage mainly about? (★★★)______
A. There are several kinds of pens and pencils before ballpoint pens. B. We use pens and pencils every day. C. The history of materials of pens and pencils. D. Pens and pencils are very useful inventions.
概述
代词是代替名词的一种词，中考要求学生主要掌握的有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词和it的用法。 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 我 I me my mine myself 我们 we us our 你 you you your yours yourself 你们 you you your 他 he him his his himself 他们 they them their 她 she her her hers herself 它 it it its 2.语法：代词
Presentation
名词性物主代词 反身代词 注意：
ours ourselves yours yourselves theirs themselves its itself 1. 人称代词顺序口诀：单数二三一，复数一二三，受到批评我在前，承认错误你在后。
例如：You, he and I are all the winners. We, you and they are three groups.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
2. 名词性物主代词可以用在of 后做定语，相当于“of+名词所有格”表示带有部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。
例如：He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一位朋友。 3. 反身代词还和一些动词或介词构成固定搭配。 teach oneself 自学
be pleased with oneself 对自己满意
enjoy oneself=have a good time =have fun 玩的高兴 help oneself to 随便吃
by oneself 单独地，独自地
lose oneself 专心于某事，埋头于某事 look after oneself 照顾自己
指示代词
表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。 注意：
1. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that 或those 代替。
例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. 2. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。 例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what 和which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如： 疑问代词 who whose whom 意思 谁 谁的 谁 用法 问人 问主人 问人（宾语） 这,这个 this 那，那个 that 这些 these 那些 those
which what 不定代词
哪一个 什么 问选择 问东西、事物 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。不定代词没有确定的对象，常用的有：
all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no 以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。 都 都不 或者（任一个） 每一个 注意：
neither / none of +名词的复数形式+谓语动词三单。 neither…nor…或either …or…用就近原则。
it的特定用法
1. 代替前面提到的事物。
例如： - Where is the book? – The one with V-neck.
The old houses have been pulled down, and lots of new ones will be built. 2. 作主语，表示时间、距离、天气等。
例如：It’s time for us to have lunch.
It’s ten minutes’ ride from my home to the shopping mall. It’s raining so heavily that we must put off our sports meeting. 3. 指婴儿或不知道对方是谁。
例如：It’s a lovely baby.
-There is a knock at the door. Who is it? – It’s me. 4. 做形式主语。
例如：It is necessary for children to have more sports in the sun.
It takes two hours to do my homework every day.
两者 both（2/2） neither(0/2. either(1/2. each（≥2） 三者或三者以上 all(3/3. none(0/3. any(1/3. every（≥3）
I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given pronouns. （用所给代词的适当形式填空。） 1. ________ father didn’t let ________ go to the movie. ( they) . 2. He is a classmate of ________. ( I ). 3. Who’s there? It’s ________ . ( I ). 4. He took the fish from ________ cat. ( he ). 5. The lady bought ________ a new hat. ( she ).
6. If ________ are careless, you will hurt ________. ( you ). 7. Betty cleaned her own room and ________, too. ( we ). 8. Your work is not so tidy as ________. ( her ). 9. She has a car, ________ color is white. ( it ).
10. I’ll be glad to lend ________ books to ________ friends. ( I ) .
II. Choose the best answer. （选择最恰当的答案） (
) 1. Sorry, I can't answer your question. I know ______ about the subject. ★
A. little
B. a little
C. few
D. a few
Practice
(
) 2. All the students are busy, so ______ of them will go to the concert. ★
A. many
B. little
C. a few
D. few
(
) 3. Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room, ______.★★
A. you, he and I C. he, I and you
B. I, you and he D. you, I and he
(
) 4. I've just bought five stamps. One is a German stamp, ______ are American stamps. ★★
A. the other
B. the others
C. other
D. others
(
) 5. The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. ______ are
climbing the hill. ★★
(
A. Others B. Other C. Another D. The other
) 6. At the party ______ child was given a bag of sweets. ★★
A. every one
B. each
C. everyone
D. all
( ) 7. ______ said that the concert was very good.
A. All students
B. All of students C. All the students D. The all students
( ) 8. --Could you give me some books to read? -- ______ will do. A. Anyone
B. Any one
C. Everyone D. Every one
( ) 9. --Oh, you’ve bought a lot of food. Is ______ coming this afternoon?
--Yes, Mr. Johnson. A. any
B. someone
C. one
D. some one
( ) 10. I don’t know why I never had ______ luck in exam.
A. some
B. any
C. no
D. any of
III.选择适当的词填空。 A. all neither both none
1. ______ of the answers is correct. Try a third time. 2. There are many trees on ______ sides of the street. 3. ______ of the languages is easy to learn.
4. The students in our class ______ like the Chinese teacher because she is active.
B. other others the others
another
1. She will be in hospital for ______ two weeks. 2. We study Chinese, English and ______ subjects.
3. Many students are having a good time in the playground. Some are running, some are walking, ______
are playing games.
4. Some students in our class have read the book, ______ haven’t.
I. Choose the best answer. （选择最恰当的答案） (
) 1. Tom, Please pass ______ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. ★
A. you
B. me
C. him
D. her
Homework
(
) 2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it. ★★
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
(
) 3. --You want ______ sandwich? ★
--Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
(
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
)4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than
______. ★★
(
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
) 5. --Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange juice or a bottle of milk? ★★
--______, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea. A. Either
B. Neither
C. Both
D. None
(
) 6. --Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. ★★★
--Never mind. You can have ______. A. us
B. ours
C. you
D. yours
(
) 7. --Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? ★★★
--______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow. A. Either
B. Neither
C. Both
D. None
(
) 8. --How are you going to improve ______ this term? ★★
--Work harder than last term. A. ourselves
B. myself
C. himself
D. yourself
(
) 9. --Could you tell me ______ she is looking for? ★★★
--Her cousin, Susan. A. whom
B. whose
C. who
D. which
(
) 10. --Is ______ here? ★★★
--No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave. A. everybody
B. somebody
C. anybody
D. nobody
(
) 11. --Which one would you like to take, this one or that one?
--I would like to take ______.
A. two B. both C. all D. two of them
( ) 12. These two pianos are very good. You can choose ______ of them.
A. both
B. each C. either D. any
( ) 13. Either Bill or Black said that he himself was right, and ______ of them would give in.
A. none B. both C. no D. neither
( ) 14. I looked through several books, and I liked ______ of them.
A. neither B. no C. none D. nothing
( ) 15. On ______ side of the street we could see shops and restaurants.
A. either B. every C. both
D. all
( ) 16. Please come at ______ time. I’ll show you ______ my stamps.
A. any, all B. all, any
C. some, some D. any, every
( ) 17. I’m afraid I don’t like these postcards. Can you show me some ______?
A. another B. other C. others D. /
( ) 18. He has bought two colour TV sets, ______ is made in Shanghai, and _______ is made in
Japan.
A. One, another B. One, other C. Each, other
D. One, the other
( ) 19. The students are planting trees in the park. ______ are digging, and ______ are watering the
trees.
A. Some, the others B. Some, others C. One, other D. One, another
( ) 20. They said hello to ______ when they met on the ship.
A. each other B. one other C. one the other D. one after another
( ) 21. --Is he your brother? I didn’t know you had ______brother.
--Oh, I have two brothers. A. another B. the other
C. one the other D. one after another
( ) 22. They gave me some ideas, but ______ of them can solve my problem.
A. none B. no C. not any D. nothing
( ) 23. Soapy tasted the two dishes, and said he didn’t like ______.★★★
A. neither B. any C. anything D. either
二、 用所给代词的适当形式填空。
1. This is not my pencil-box. __________ is in the bag. (I)
2. Trees are planted in __________ country every year, which makes our country more and more beautiful. (we)
3. The lady gave her money to the homeless, although she is not rich __________. (she) 4. Don’t always depend on __________ parents because you have grown up. (you) 5. Their English teacher is from America, but __________ is from England. (we)
阅读A篇能力要求：
1. 能掌握所读材料大意，抓住要点，获取关键信息； 2. 能根据上下文的意思，推测生词的意义； 3. 能对文章整体理解，归纳主旨；
4. 能在整体理解的基础上进行适当的推理和判断，领会作者意图。
A. Choose the best answer.（根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案）
As teenagers, you have many dreams. These dreams can be very big, like winning the Nobel Prize. Or they can be small. You may just want to become one of the ten top students in your class.
Once you have a dream, what do you do with it? Do you ever try to make your dream real?
Follow Your Heart written by an Australian writer, Andrew Mathews, tells us that making our dreams real is the biggest challenge in our lives.
You may think you’re not very good at some school subjects, or it is impossible for you to become a writer. These kinds of ideas stop you from pursuing your dream, the book says.
In fact, everyone can make his dream come true. The first thing you must do is to remember what your dream is.
Don’t let it leave your heart. Keep on telling yourself what you want. But the biggest difficulty comes from yourself. You need to decide what the most important is. Studying instead of watching TV will help you save time, while saving ten yuan instead of buying an ice cream means you can buy a new book. (
) 1. Follow Your Heart is _______.
阅读A篇答题步骤
1. 快速浏览全文→心中有数； 2. 读题划关键词；
3. 带着问题读原文，遇与原文相关句子，在句子下面划线，并标序号→解题依据、便于检查； 4. 检查
3.阅读A篇
Presentation
A. the first thing you must do to make your dream real B. the most important dream to have for teenagers C. the name of a famous Australian writer D. the name of a book
(
) 2. If you want to make your dream real, first you should ______.
A. remember what your dream is B. study instead of watching TV C. not buy an ice cream
D. try to start with all the things above
(
) 3. From the text, we know the word “challenge” in paragraph 3 means ______.
A. 变化
B. 挑战
C
任务
D
态度
(
) 4. If you want to make your dream come true, you shouldn’t ______.
A. always remember what your dream is B. do what you should do step by step C. waste time watching too much TV
D. read more, learn more and find new interests
(
) 5. What is the best title of the text?
A. My dream
B. How to find your real dream C. Make your dream real D. Teenagers have many dreams
Practice
A. Read the passage and choose the best answer. （根据短文内容选择最恰当的答案）
Small talk is a good way to kill time and make friends. If you travel to other countries, do you know what to say to start small talk with foreign people?
In Britain, the best topic is the weather. British weather changes quite often. It’s also a safe topic. You can start small talk simply by saying “It’s a lovely day today, isn’t it?”
Besides weather, it’s good to talk about gardens with the British. For example, you could say, “Those roses look really beautiful, don’t they?” British people love their pets. So it’s also nice to start with ”What a
lovely dog! What is his name?”
In America, people like to talk about sports, such as American football. They also talk about clothes by saying “It’s a nice shirt! Where did you get it?” Weather is a safe topic there, too.
Of course, there are also a lot of topics to avoid during small talk in Western countries.
Don’t ask people “How old are you?” Age, especially for women, is usually a secret. Never ask “How much money do you make?” It makes people uncomfortable.
Don’t ask strangers whether they are married or if they have a girlfriend or boyfriend. Poltics or religion is not a good topic for two people that have just met, either. ( ( ( (
) 1. What does “small talk” mean?
A. 扯皮
B.小声交谈
C.随意聊天
D. 小型会话
) 2. What is a safe small talk topic for both Americans and British?
A. clothes
B. weather
C. money
D. age
) 3. If two people haven’t met before, we call them ______.
A. friends
B. relatives
C. strangers
D. schoolmates
) 4. Which is NOT a good topic for small talk?
A. It’s a nice shirt.
B. Lovely weather, isn’t it? D. Are you married?
C. Where did you get that nice shirt?
(
) 5. What is passage mainly about?
A. Reasons for starting small talk.
B. Good and bad topics for small talk. D. People who like to talk about sports.
C. Ways of killing time and making friends.
A. Read the passage and choose the best answer.（根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案）
The Han Dynasty in China ruled from 206 B.C. to 25 A.D. Liu Bang was the first ruler of the Han Dynasty. He followed the teaching of the Chinese thinker Confucius(孔子). The teachings stressed love, goodness, and learning. Liu set up a school for children to learn Confucianism（儒教）. They also learned writing, poetry, and art. A latter Han ruler, Wudi, created a civil service examination. People could go to school to study for this test. Those who passed became government officials. Wudi opened the Silk Road. This trade route linked China with other countries.
To the Han people, family included all of the living generations. It also included ancestors who had died and people who had not been born yet. The Han people believed that it was good luck to have five generations living together. The father was the head of the family. He decided what his children would do and whom they would marry. A woman could be the family head if her husband died. Boys were educated at school, but girls received their education at home.
Most of the people were farmers. They lived in mud houses. More than one family might live together and work the land. They worked from sunup until sundown.
About 10 percent of the people lived in the cities. Cities were laid out（布局）in a square. A wall surrounded each city. People entered or left through a gate, watched by guards. People shopped in the marketplace. At that time people lived peacefully and happily. (
) 1. The Silk Road is ______.
A. the road leading to the ruler’s palace
B. a trade route that linked China with other countries C. the longest road in China D. a marketplace in the west
(
) 2. It was good luck for the Han people to have ______ living together.
A. people of five
B. five generations
D. a husband, a wife and children
C. three generations
(
) 3. From the passage, one can infer that Liu Bang ______.
A. wanted only to be rich C. valued education
B. liked war very much D. valued trade
(
) 4. Han cities were laid out ______.
A. in a circle
B. in a square D. along rivers
C. along a long street
(
) 5. The underlined word “shopped” in the last paragraph means ______.
A. carried things C. brought things
B. bought things D. made things
(
) 6. The best title for this passage is ______.
A. Learning and Trade. B. Han people
C. Life of People during the Han Dynasty
D. Silk Road in China
词汇加油站
牛津 Unit 2 Work and play单词预习 音标 ['sɪmɪlə] [ɪk'spekt] [ˈbɪznɪs] [sək'sesfʊl] ['lʌkɪlɪ] ['pɒpjʊlə] [rɪ'spɒnsɪb(ə)l] [seɪl] ['klaɪənt] ['bɔːrɪŋ] ['sɪmp(ə)l] [ə'tʃiːv] [feɪl] [ɪg'zæm] [rɪ'tɜːn] [ə'tend] [ə'sɪst] [kən'tɪnjuː] ['seldəm] ['juːʒʊəl] [rɪ'piːt] [ɪk'spleɪn] ['enədʒɪ] [sel] [fɔːs] [hiːt] ['fɪzɪk(ə)l] 词性 adj. v. n. adj. adv. adj. adj. n. n. adj. adj. v. v. n. v. v. v. v. adv. adj. v. v. n. n. n. n. adj. 中文 相像的 预料 生意 成功的 幸运地 著名的 有责任的 销售 委托人 令人厌烦的 简单的 达到 不及格 考试 回来 出席 帮助 持续 很少 通常 重复 解释 能量 细胞 力 热 身体的 单词 similar expect business successful luckily popular responsible sale client boring simple achieve fail exam return attend assist continue seldom usual repeat explain energy cell force heat physical
article ['ɑːtɪk(ə)l] n. 文章 Match the words in Column A with their meanings in Column B. （为A栏中的单词与B栏中的释义配对）
A
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
B
A) buying and selling things B) go on
C) nearly the same as D) get
E) a person who gets services or advice from others F) not pass
G) liked by a lot of people H) test I) not often J) that happen often K) having gained an aim
L) think that somebody or something will come or that something
will happen
) 1 similar to ) 2 expect
) 3 business ) 4 successful ) 5 popular ) 6 client
) 7 achieve ) 8. fail ) 9 exam
) 10 continue )11 seldom ) 12 usual
新世纪U2 Robots单词预习 单词 robot tidy prepare dangerous perform operation machine nothing difference housework somebody memory 音标 ['rəʊbɒt] ['taɪdɪ] [prɪ'peə] ['deɪn(d)ʒ(ə)rəs] [pə'fɔːm] [ɒpə'reɪʃ(ə)n] [mə'ʃiːn] ['nʌθɪŋ] ['dɪf(ə)r(ə)ns] ['haʊswɜːk] ['sʌmbədɪ] ['mem(ə)rɪ] 词性 n. v./a. v. a. v. n. n. pron. n. n. pron. n. 中文 机器人 整洁的/整理 准备 危险的 进行 手术 机器 没有东西 差别 家务活 某人 记忆
fantastic factory anybody nobody everybody model efficient industrial dusty medical practise [fæn'tæstɪk] ['fækt(ə)rɪ] ['enɪbɒdɪ] ['nəʊbədɪ] ['evrɪbɒdɪ] ['mɒdl] [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] [ɪn'dʌstrɪəl] ['dʌstɪ] ['medɪk(ə)l] ['præktɪs] a. n. pron. pron pron n. a. a.. a. a. v. 好极了的 工厂 任何人 无人 每人 款式 效率高的 工业的 多尘的 医学的 练习 Match the words in Column A with their meanings in Column B. （为A栏中的单词与B栏中的释义配对）
A
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
B
) 1 robot A) to do an exercise regularly B) a copy of original object C) the work at home D) ready to do
E) ability to remember things F) likely to hurt or harm
G) a machine can move automatically H) everyone
I) arranged neatly and everything in order J) connected to industry
) 2 prepare ) 3 model
) 4 dangerous ) 5 industrial ) 6 everybody ) 7 memory ) 8 housework ) 9 practice ) 10 tidy up
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