被动语态及用法

被动语态及用法

一 概念：当句子的主语是动作的执行时，谓语的形式叫主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫做被动语态。

二 构成“助动词be+过去分词”主动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，也可以构成否定或疑问句。

不同时态的被动语态例句

1. The Great Wall is known all over the world.

2. This city was liberated in 1948.

3. The matter will be discussed tomorrow.

4. The question is being discussed at present.

5. The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.

6. The bridge has been built this month

7. The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema

8. He said the book would be returned as soon as he finished it.

三、 用法：

1 需要强调动作的承受者; 2 只知道动作的承受者，不知道谁是动作的执行者；

3 论述科技内容的文体需要强调客观性和科学性。

四、不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：

appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand

break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.

After the fire, very little remained of my house.

比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

(错) The price has been risen.

(对) The price has risen.

(错) The accident was happened last week.

(对) The accident happened last week.

(错) The price has raised.

(对) The price has been raised.

(错) Please seat.

(对) Please be seated.

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

五、 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：

fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

This key just fits the lock.

Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

六、 系动词无被动语态：

appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

1） It sounds good. 2）The steel feels cold

3) The method proved (to be ) effective.

七、 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：

die, death, dream, live, life

She dreamed a bad dream last night.

八、当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。

(对) She likes to swim.

(错) To swim is liked by her.

九、“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：

1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:

:

The glass is brok． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）

The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）

2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：

The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）

The door is locked． 门锁着。（系表结构）

The door has already/just been locked．门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）

The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）

The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态

3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

所以下列句子都是被动语态：

The machine is being repaired． 机器正在修。

A new school will be built here． 这里将要建一所新学校。

十、用某些不及物动词表示被动意义，如

carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示

被动意义。例如：

Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。

His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。

The car drove easily.这车很容易开。

Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。

在上述句子中，主语通常指物，起动作承受者的作用，也可以说是不及物动词的逻辑宾语。但是有时也有用人称主语的。例如：

The girl does not photograph well.这女孩不上像。

比较：The girl has not been photographed well.这女孩的照片没拍好。

十一、某些感觉动词的主动态表示被动意义。例如：

This shirt feels much softer than that one.

这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多

That book smells old.那本书有一股霉味。

These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。

以上这些动词都不能用进行时表示。若用进行时，则表示主动含义。

比较：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在闻油漆的气味。

十二、动词get,come,go之后接过去分词，表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言，更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意义的过去分词。例如：

After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年，终于得到提升。

They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.

由于节日交通阻塞，他们被耽误了。

The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松开了。

The woman”s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。

十三、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中，动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。例如：

The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花园需要浇

水。 The problem requires studying with great care.

The problem requires to be studied with great care.这个问题需要仔细研究。

These jobs want doing at once.

These jobs want to be done at once.这些工作需要马上就做。

用法相似的结构还有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,习惯不用动词不定式。如： That won”t bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。

The little girl can”t stand criticizing.小女孩经不起批评。

The food is not worth eating.这种饭菜不值一吃。

It”s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.

很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这事。

值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用动名词的主动式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。

十四、在某些性质形容词＋动词不定式的句型中，其动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。（difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerous）例如：

The question is easy to answer.这问题容易回答。

That book is difficult to understand.那本书难懂。

在这种句型结构中，动词不定式和主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的动宾关系，可以说是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于It”s easy to answer the question.和It”s difficult to understand that book.由于把动词宾语放在主语位置，所以和不定式的关系构成一种被动关系。

7、有些动词不定式不论用主动形式还是被动形式，动词不定式和主语的关系都是被动的。例如：

Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.

这个事故，谁也不能责怪。

The house is to let (to be let).这房子出租。

There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有许多书要读。

Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽车出租。

三、被动语态的用法：

1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。

The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。

He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。

2、 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。

The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。

The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。

3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：

The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。

The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。

4、表示客观的说明常用\"It is + 过去分词.\"句型。

It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。

It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。

其它常见的\"It is + 过去分词+ that\"句型还有

It is reported that…据报道

It is said that…据说

It is believed that…大家相信

It is suggested that…有人建议

四、主动语态变为被动语态

转换图示：

1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：

（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：

注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：

Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.

（2）将动词改为\"be+过去分词\"。

注意：

They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.

他们昨天开会了。

（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。

注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。

He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.

2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：

（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示\"人们\"、\"大家\"的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去\"by…\"，但原主语被强调者除外。如：

They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.

这所医院建于1975年。

Only he can finish the job. → 只有他能完成这项工作。

The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。

（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。

Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。

We were told the truth by Jack.

The truth was told (to) us by Jack.

五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意

以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等。下列动词没有被动式：happen， cost，take，have

An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。

An accident happened yesterday.（ ）

The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。

The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。

This book sells well.这本书畅销。

六、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）

1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）

English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。

Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。

The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。

2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)

The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。

He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。

My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。

3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)

A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。

A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。

I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。

4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)

The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。

The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。

A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。

5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)

Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。

The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。

Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。

6．过去完成时(had been+done)

They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。

She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。

He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.

他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。

2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

There are two books to be read. →

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?

把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：

1.先找出谓语动词；

2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语；

3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；

4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。

例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.

2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

3.He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.

4.They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

5.Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

6.You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1.不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动

语态时，须加上to 。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.