大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷284 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1.8% in the final year of that period. Electricity and heat production remains the main source of sulphur oxides emissions, followed by manufacturing industries and construction sources. In contrast, agricultural activities were responsible for the vast majority of ammonia emissions— livestock manure and fertilisers accounted for more than 90% of the emissions.
1． In order to control air pollution in the past years, the EU has tried to _____. A．impose strict laws on pollution control B．cut down on the number of vehicles C．restrict the sources of nitrogen oxides D．trim the discharge of car exhausts
正确答案：D
解析：第2段中的efforts to reduce emission表明欧盟努力减少“排放”，而结合上文提到的空气污染的主要来源可以推断这里的“排放”应该是指汽车尾气的排放，由此可见，D是对reduce emission的同义改写，为本题答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读
2． According to the EEA, what is the second most important source of PM10 and PM2.5 particles?
A．Air pollution. B．Nitrogen oxide. C．Road transport.
D．Organic compounds.
正确答案：C
解析：本题要考查的是第4段开头It的所指。本文开头四段都提到了source一词，第1段和第2段都提到了汽车、交通是造成空气污染的主要来源，虽然第3段和第4段没有明确指出段落中的source是什么，但结合上两段就可以知道这四段的source所指是相同的，因此，本题应选C。 知识模块：仔细阅读
3． What can we infer about “eutrophication”? A．It is resulted from air pollution. B．It comes from oxygen production. C．It brings about air pollution.
D．It brings about oxygen production.
正确答案：A
解析：第7段中的responsible和leading to描述了一个关系链：air pollution导致eutrophication，而eutrophication导致河流和湖泊中的氧气供给减少，由此
可见，本题应选A。 知识模块：仔细阅读
4． The campaign group T&E advocates that air pollution should be reduced by _____.
A．raising people’s awareness B．imposing an economic stimulus C．increasing government fundings D．calling for international cooperation
正确答案：B
解析：第8段末的pay和第9段末的tolls的词义都与“收费”有关，结合第8段内容可知T&E认为应该采取“谁污染谁付钱”的经济措施，可见，本题应选B。 知识模块：仔细阅读
5． The report published by the EEA.is aimed at revealing_____. A．the types of air pollutants B．the effects of road transport
C．the measures against air pollution
D．the prospect of environment protection
正确答案：A 解析：本文开头五段和最后三段讲的主要是造成空气污染的来源，不同的来源由不同的污染物造成，因此，也可以说本文EEA的报告主要列举了各种造成空气污染的污染物／污染源，由此可见，本题应选A。 知识模块：仔细阅读
The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate (硅酸盐) that are semi-molten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust. There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth’s surface. The rocks of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million years old, while those of the ocean floor are less than 200 million years old. The crusts and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness, at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These plates move over the semi-molten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical (地形学的) features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates. There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move apart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth’s crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions (爆发) of lava (火山 熔岩) at mid-ocean ridges. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift (裂缝 ) is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and
Afro-European plates moved in opposite directions. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle (起褶皱) to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.
6． The Earth’s crust_____.
A．can be classified into two types
B．is formed along the margins of the plates C．consists of semi-molten rocks
D．is about 70 to 100 kilometers thick
正确答案：A
解析：事实细节题。选项A与文章第1段第2句所述一致，为正确答案。此类题可采用排除法。根据第2段第2句的内容可以知道选项B所指的只是地壳中的一种，而不是所有地壳。选项C与文章第1句的内容不符。选项D的主语应该是地壳和上层的地幔，不仅仅是地壳。 知识模块：仔细阅读
7． The 15 plates of the Earth are formed from _____. A．the oceanic crusts and continental crusts B．the crusts and the mantle
C．the crusts and the top and solid part of the mantle D．the continental crusts and the solid part of the mantle
正确答案：C
解析：推理判断题。此题可定位到第1段倒数第3句。题干中的15 plates是原文该句中的宾语，且该句的谓语中心词是consist of(由……组成)，题干的谓语是are formed from，这意思一致，但题目用的是被动语态，表明答案可从原文该句的主语得到。主语中的top和solid并列修饰part of the mantle。选项C为该句的同义替换，故正确。 知识模块：仔细阅读
8． Seriously-deformed zones appear_____. A．whenever the crusts move over mantle B．when the plates move towards each other
C．in the narrow boundaries where two plates meet D．to be the major topographical feature of the Earth
正确答案：C
解析：事实细节题。选项C是对第1段最后一句的同义改写。文章中没有提到选项A中the crusts move overmantle这种现象；选项B提到的现象在第2段第1句才讨论到，与题干无关；文中也没有提到严重变形的地区是地球的主要地形特征，因此选项D不正确。 知识模块：仔细阅读
9． According to the second paragraph, the formation of the Atlantic Ocean is the
example of_____.
A．spreading contacts
B．the influence of volcanic eruptions C．converging contacts D．transform contacts
正确答案：A
解析：事实细节题。第2段主要分成两部分：第一部分谈板块活动的三种形式，第二部分分别举例说明。其中在说明spreading contacts时，引用了大西洋的例子：“The Atlantic Ocean formed like this…”，所以答案为A。 知识模块：仔细阅读
10． This passage is probably_____. A．a newspaper advertisement B．a chapter of a novel
C．an excerpt from a textbook
D．a scientific report of new findings
正确答案：C 解析：主旨大意题。由本文的语言风格和描述内容可以判定这篇文章既不是商业性的，也不是文学性的，同时文中叙述的内容具有科普性质，不可能是太前沿性的，因此A、B、D三项都不正确，选项C为此题答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读
A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more. Insects can be found almost everywhere—on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colors and various shapes. Insects are extremely useful to humans, pollinating (授粉) our crops as well as flowers in meadows, forests, deserts and other areas. But ticks and some insects, such as mosquitoes and fleas, can transmit disease. There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range of natural and artificial foods—paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals. Because they are small, they can hide in tiny spaces. A strong, hard but flexible shell covers their soft organs and is resistant to chemicals, water and physical impact. Their wings give them the option of flying away from dangerous situations or toward food or mates. Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day. Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective color. An insect may be right before our eyes, but
nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen (青苔), a seed or some other natural object. Some insects use bright, bold colors to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, confusing their enemies. Some insects also imitate bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them.
11． Insects can be found in large amounts in the following places EXCEPT_____.
A．on the mountains with little air B．in the cold polar areas C．in the hot desert areas D．in the open oceans
正确答案：D
解析：事实细节题。本题考查对复合句的理解。本题涉及两个段落，第2段及第3段都提及昆虫大量生长的地方，第3段第3句中的The one place指出了答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读
12． Insects protect themselves from chemicals by_____. A．hiding in tiny spaces B．having a strong shell
C．flying away when necessary D．changing colors or shapes
正确答案：B
解析：事实细节题。本题考查对复杂句的理解。第4段第1句指出了答案。protect…from…是对resistant to的同义替换。 知识模块：仔细阅读
13． Some insects disguise like natural objects so as to _____. A．frighten away their enemies B．avoid being discovered C．send warning signals D．look bitter-tasting
正确答案：B
解析：推理判断题。本题考查对长句的理解。最后一段第2句中的nearly invisible表明昆虫伪装是为了不被发现，因此B为正确选项。其他选项虽然都是昆虫伪装的目的，但都与伪装成自然物体无关。 知识模块：仔细阅读
14． The passage mentions that insects_____. A．can be found in any extreme environments B．have survived longer than any other creatures
C．can be fed on any natural or man-made foods D．are important for the growth of crops and flowers
正确答案：D
解析：推理判断题。本题考查对含有分词结构句子的理解。根据第2段倒数第2句中的useful及分词结构pollinating可推断昆虫对植物的生长有益处。选项A、B、C中都有any，过于绝对。由第3段第2、3句可知选项A不对。文章虽在开头指出昆虫存活的年代久远，但全文未提到它是存活时间最长的生物，所以选项B错误。至于昆虫的食物，第3段倒数第2句有提及，但只是a wide range of，由此可排除选项C。 知识模块：仔细阅读
15． The passage is mainly about_____. A．how insects survive in different places B．why insects can survive so successfully C．what insects can do to the environment D．where insects can be found in quantity
正确答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。本文前两段首先描述了昆虫生存了很长的时间，并能在各种地方生长，然后引出文章要讨论的重点，即昆虫为什么能成功存活。第3段第1句为本文的中心句，因此本题正确选项为B。 知识模块：仔细阅读
Federal Express is a company that specializes in rapid overnight delivery of high-priority packages. The first company of its type, Federal Express was founded by the youthful Fred Smith in 1971, when he was only 28 years old. Smith had actually developed the idea for the rapid delivery service in a term paper for an economics class when he was a student at Yale University. The term paper received a less-than-stellar grade because of the infeasibility of the project that Smith had outlined. The model that Smith proposed had never been tried; it was a model that was efficient to operate but at the same time very difficult to institute. Smith achieved efficiency in his model by designing a system that was separate from the passenger system and could, therefore, focus on how to deliver packages most efficiently. His strategy was to have his own planes so that he could create his own schedules and to ship all packages through the centralized hub city of Memphis, a set-up which resembles the spokes (轮辐) on the wheel of a bicycle. With this combination of his own planes and hub set-up, he could get packages anywhere in the United States overnight. What made Smith’s idea difficult to institute was the fact that the entire system had to be created before the company could begin operations. He needed a fleet of aircraft to collect packages from airports every night and deliver them to Memphis, where they were immediately sorted and flown out to their new destinations; he needed a fleet of trucks to deliver packages to and from the various airports; he needed facilities and trained staff all in place to handle the operation. Smith had a $4 million inheritance from his father, and he managed to raise an additional 91 million dollars from venture capitalists to get the company operating.
16． The most appropriate title for this passage is “_____”. A．The Problems and Frustrations of a Business Student B．The Importance of Business Studies C．The Capitalization of Federal Express
D．The Implementation of a Successful Business
正确答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。本文讲述了“联邦快递”公司的创立。其创立者在学生时代就有了这个想法，后来设法使计划可行。克服了许多困难之后，他筹集到足够的资金，创办了这家公司，只有选项D能概括全文的主要内容。选项A、B、C提到的都只是细节，不是文章的主题。 知识模块：仔细阅读
17． What is stated in the passage about Smith’s term paper? A．Smith submitted it through a delivery service. B．It was written by a student of Smith’s. C．The grade was not quite satisfactory.
D．The professor thought it had great potential.
正确答案：C
解析：事实细节题。本题考查名词infeasibility的理解。第1段第4句中的less-than-stellar和infeasibility都有助于推断史密斯论文的情况。虽然stellar是超纲词，但是利用构词法可以推断infeasibility是由in+feasibl(e)+ity构成的，并由此可推断其意义为“不可行”，不可行的方案自然分数也不会令人满意了，因此选项C是正确答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读
18． What was Smith’s key idea?
A．That he should focus on passenger service.
B．That package delivery should be separate from passenger service. C．That packages could be delivered on other companies’ planes. D．That passenger service had to be efficient.
正确答案：B
解析：事实细节题。本题考查复合句的理解。选择依据见第2段第1句。选项A和D说的都是passenger system，但史密斯关注的是package delivery；选项C与本段第2句不符。 知识模块：仔细阅读
19． What difficulty did Smith confront to make his idea true? A．No hub city was found before the company’s operation.
B．The entire delivery system had to be built up before the company’s operation. C．No plane was available to him before the company’s operation.
D．No bicycle wheel was available to him before the company’s operation.
正确答案：B
解析：事实细节题。第3段第1句提到，让史密斯的点子难以实现的是在公司开始运营前，必须建立一个完整的速运系统，B项符合原文意思。 知识模块：仔细阅读
20． It can be inferred from the passage that Smith selected Memphis as his hub city because it_____.
A．was near the middle of the country
B．had a large number of passenger aircraft C．already had a large package delivery service D．had a favorite passenger airport
正确答案：A
解析：推理判断题。第2段第2句提到通过中心枢纽城市孟菲斯(through the centralized hub city of Memphis)运送所有的包裹，由此可推断孟菲斯处于美国中部，选项A正确。 知识模块：仔细阅读
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