英语：高考写作如何布局
一. 教学内容：
书面表达讲解与训练
1. 如何谋篇布局——写好篇章结构
2. 学习连接词——把握连接上下文的关键
（一）写作基础讲解与练习：
掌握如何写好篇章的技巧：
1. 注意篇章结构，合理布局
开始部分（opening paragraph ）----说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分 (body paragraphs) ---- 围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分 （concluding paragraph）----对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，去除与主题无关的内容。
2. 确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点：
（1）归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点
（2）提炼出一句具有概括性的话
（3）主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。
下面我们通过例子来学习、体会“主题句”
范例1：
something unpleasant happened to us on our way to the beach.
in the morning, while we were waiting to buy train tickets in the railway station, a bus driver came over to us. he told us he also was going to the beach, the ride was cheap, and the bus was air-conditioned. we felt grateful and got on his bus. as we were talking happily on the way, the bus suddenly stopped. the driver said he needed two hours to repair the engine. while he was working on the engine, he turned off the air-conditioner. he actually took four hours to finish his job, and we spent the whole morning sweating in the heat!
范例2：
i am an active boy and i talk more than listen. when i talk with my friends, i’m always ready to express myself. i’m not afraid to tell others what i think. i am usually the focus of the attention because i often have lots of ideas that interest everyone. in my opinion, people should share and exchange each other’s ideas. but when i am with the quiet people i feel the air is frozen. i’m always trying to find a topic and start a conversation. in this way, people will like me and feel happy.
in a word, i am optimistic and active and i can make everybody as confident as me.
范例3：
根据下面表格以“changes in people’s diet ”为题写一篇短文。
审题列提纲：
（1）state the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
（2）give possible reasons for the changes;
（3）draw your own conclusions.
diet is very important in people’s life. from 1986 to 1990, people’s diet changed a lot. grain was no longer regarded as the main food. and as the proportion(比例) of fruit and vegetable declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
what caused these changes? there are two reasons. one is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. the other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. they tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. they were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
with the development of our economy and improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.
看高考题体会主题句及篇章布局：
98年高考学生范文
i had been looking forward to today for long! seven in the morning we gathered at our school gate, and then, we six-grade students of no.1 middle school went to red star farm for a visit. on arriving there, we were welcomed warmly by the guard and several farmers. then the guard showed us around the whole farm. we were all struck by the sight of hard working. in the noon we had a wonderful picnic on the grass. we were so glad that after lunch we turned on the radio carried by mingming. most of us danced to music happily, while others also enjoyed themselves talking together. four in the afternoon, we said goodbye to the guard and all the farmers. what a nice day!
本篇文章思路清晰，要点明确，前后呼应，加强了文章的整体性。
高考书面表达参考答案：
today we visited a farm. early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together. the farm workers gave us a warm welcome. then the head of the farm showed us around. how glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. at noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. after a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes or stories. two of us even played a game of chess. the time passed quickly. before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers.
（二）学习连接词---把握连接上下文的关键
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词
下面请你认真学习并学会运用下列常见连接词
i表示罗列增加
first, second, third,
first, then/next, after that/ next, finally
for one thing…for another…,
on (the)one hand…on the other hand,
besides / what’s more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /another/ also,
especially/ in particular,
i表示时间顺序
now, at present, recently,
after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,
at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later, next, finally,
immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment , as soon as, the moment
from now on, from then on,
at the same time, meanwhile,
till, not...until, before, after, when , while, as, during,
i表示解释说明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover
furthermore, in fact, actually
i表示转折关系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except(for), instead, of course, after all,
i表示并列关系
or, and, also, too, not only... but also, as well as, both... and, either ...or, neither...nor
i表示因果关系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to..., due to..., therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so… that, such… that
i表示条件关系
as (so)long as, on condition that, if, unless
i表示让步关系
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether ...or..., however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)
i表示举例
for example, for instance, such as..., take... for example
i表示比较
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with(to)... just like,
just as,
i表示目的
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to , so as to,
i表示强调
indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly,
obviously, above all,
i表示概括归纳
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion,
as far as i know, as we all know, as has been stated，as i have shown,
finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,
看高考题体会连接词的运用：
高考试题
dear dick,
how nice to hear from you again. you want to know what is going on in schools in china? in short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. i don’t know about others, but i used to have work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. now i have more free time. i can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. in the evenings i can watch news on tv or read newspapers. what’s more, i can go to bed earlier. as far as i know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
best wishes,
li hua
用所给的词完成下面短文：
hfinally, then, at first, after that
i had a bad cold last week. __________, i had a running nose, but i did not take it seriously. ________i began to cough. ________, i had a fever and felt weak. ___________, i was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.
答案： at first, then, after that, finally
hand , but, finally, immediately, now, at first, one day, then, so,
the naughty boy in the story “the boy who cried wolf” has grown up. _______he works as a weatherman in his village. _________he studied the weather carefully _______found that a storm was coming. ____________, he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather, ______ no one believed him. __________, the weather was fine, ________ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. ________the weather suddenly changed ________a storm wind came. all the villagers tried to save the crops _______ it was too late. _________, the storm ruined all the crops.
答案：now, one day, and, immediately, but, at first, so, then, and, but, finally
ibut, moreover, of course, for one thing, in addition, however, first, furthermore, then, second
foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the united states than american-made cars. ___________, foreign cars cost more to buy. _________, there are reasons for this. the quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. _______, high tariffs（关税）on many foreign models have raised prices. ___________, foreign cars often cost more to register. _________, insurance rates can be higher. _________, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for american cars. _________, there are some financial advantages to owning a foreign cars. ______, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than american cars do. _____, their resale value is higher. the price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what it cost new. ______ the price for a year-old american car will be around $1,000 less.
答案：
foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the united states than american-made cars. for one thing, foreign cars cost more to buy. of course, there are reasons for this. the quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. then, high tariffs(关税) on many foreign models have raised prices. furthermore, foreign cars often cost more to register. in addition, insurance rates can be higher. moreover, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for american cars. however, there are some financial advantages to owning foreign cars. first, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than american cars do. second, their resale value is higher. the price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what it cost new. but the price for a year-old american car will be around $1,000 less.