英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 A new study from brain researchers helps explain how the human brain evolved or changed over time, to permit people to speak and write.

Michael Ullman, the lead researcher, a professor at Georgetown University Medical School in Washington, D.C, has been studying language learning for more than 20 years.

Ullman says his research shows that the human brain does not have a special area or system for making language. Over time we have simply reused or co-opted (指派) parts of our brain for language. And those parts, he says, are ancient-older even than humans themselves.

\"This study examines the theoretical framework (准则) that language is learned, stored and' processed in two ancient learning and memory systems in the brain.\"

Ullman, Hamrick and the rest of the team looked at data from 16 other studies on language. They found that people learn language using two memory systems: declarative and procedural. Memorizing vocabulary, for example, is a declarative memory process. But learning grammar is, mostly, a procedural memory process.

\"Declarative memory, in humans at least, is what we think of as learning memory', such as, 'Oh, remember what you said last night' or things like that. And procedural motor memory is what we often call motor memory' such as how you learn to ride a bicycle.\" Or, Ullman adds, \"These procedural memory skills become so deeply leaned that we are no longer aware that we are doing them.\"

However, Ullman explains that the two long-term memory systems can share tasks. And, he adds, the adult brain uses the systems to learn language a bit differently than a child's brain. \"Adult language learners of a second language may use their declarative memory for using grammar patterns. They think about it purposefully. For a child, the grammar may come more naturally. They don't have to think about the grammar rules before speaking.\"

In addition to language learners, Ullman's study could help people who have a brain injury that affects speaking and writing. This knowledge can also help those who have learning disabilities such as dyslexia (阅读障碍). People with dyslexia have difficulty recognizing words and symbols accurately.

（1）How did Ullman study human's memory systems? A. By examining the brain with his team. B. By studying language learning over years. C. By comparing different languages year after year. D. By referring to data from other studies on language.

（2）Which of the following is an example of \"motor memory\"? A. Learning to make a model plane. B. Remembering the grammar patterns C. Repeating what you heard. D. Memorizing what you read.

（3）What does the underlined word \"it\" refer to? A. Declarative memory. B. An adult language learner. C. Using grammar patterns. D. A second language.

（4）What's the main idea of the text? A. Ullman has advanced our language understanding. B. A new research helps people learn a new language. C. Learning memory is more active than motor memory. D. Human beings learn language in pre human area of brain. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述Michael Ullman和他的团队的研究称人类大脑前区的为语言学习区，由此解开了人类大脑进化过程之谜。在最古老的大脑学习记忆区域，陈述性记忆和运动记忆分工合作，来完成语言学习。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“Ullman, Hamrick and the rest of the team looked at data from 16 other studies on language.”可知，该团队通过研究其他语言学习的成果，得出的结论，故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的\"And procedural motor memory is what we often call motor memory' such as how you learn to ride a bicycle.\"可知，程序性运动记忆就是我们常说的运动记忆，比如学习骑自行车等技能，故选A。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据倒数第二段中的\"Adult language learners of a second language may use their declarative memory for using grammar patterns.\"可知，成年语言学习者在学习第二语言时，是刻意地在使用语法句式。所以it是指代using grammar patterns，故选C。 （4）考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的“Ullman says his research shows that the human brain does not have a special area or system for making language. Over time we have simply reused or co-opted (指派) parts of our brain for language.”以及全文可知，人类的语言学习是由大脑前区完成的，该区域早于人类本身。所以选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Moving in with a boyfriend causes women to eat more unhealthily and put on weight. But the opposite is true for men, whose long-term health benefits when they move in with a female partner.

Dieticians at Newcastle University said both partners try to please one another, and so change their dietary habits to suit their other half.

It leads men to eat more light meals, such as salads, fruit and vegetables, while women choose to make creamier, heavier dishes curry or rich pasta sauces, which may please their partner. Women still have the strongest long-term influence over the couple's diet and lifestyle, as they still have the traditional role of shopper and cook in most households.

The report, by Newcastle University's Human Nutrition Research Centre, reviewed the finding of a variety of research projects from the UK, North America and Australia, which looked at the eating and lifestyle habits of couples.

The research shows that women are more likely to put on weight and increase their consumption of foods high in fat and sugar when they move in with their partner

Women also use food as a comfort when dealing with emotional stress and have been found to gain weight when a relationship ends, while the same finding has not been observed in men. Many couples reported food as being central to their partnership, and eating together in the evening was particularly important to many.

Report author and registered dietician Dr. Amelia Lake said, \"The research has shown that your partner is a strong influence on lifestyle and people who are trying to live healthier lives should take this factor into consideration.\"

（1）According to the passage, moving in with a girlfriend, men ________. A. have few changes of their dietary habits B. have to eat more unhealthy foods C. don't like foods high in fat and sugar at all D. try to eat foods that their girlfriends like （2）The underlined word \"light\" (in Paragraph 4) probably means ________. A. not very heavy B. less in fat and sugar C. gentle D. not serious or important （3）According to the report by Newcastle University's Human Nutrition Research Centre, ________.

A. women put on weight only because they want to suit their other half B. when men are faced with emotional stress, they will change their dietary habits C. eating together in the evening is a good way to communicate for couples D. it is wrong to change your dietary habits to suit your partner （4）From the passage, we can infer that ________.

A. women should pay more attention to their partner's influence on them B. more men will play roles of shopper and cook in most households

C. couples will not change their dietary habits and lifestyle to please their partner D. long-term health of men benefits when they move in with a female partner （5）What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Don't be silly any more, women! B. Which are better dietary habits? C. Boyfriends make you fat D. Dr. Amelia Lake and his study 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）C （4）A （5）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，纽卡斯尔大学的营养学专家的研究表明，同居让女

人发胖让男人更健康。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“which may please their partner”可知，男女双方会改变自己的饮食习惯来迎合对方，因此男士会吃他的女伴喜欢吃的食物。故选D。 （2）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“salads, fruit and vegetables”可推断，light在此是“清淡的”的意思，脂肪和糖的含量比较少。故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“eating together in the evening was particularly important to many.”晚上一起吃饭对许多人来说特别重要，可知选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“The research has shown that your partner is a strong influence on lifestyle and people who are trying to live healthier lives should take this factor into consideration.”研究表明你的伴侣对你的生活方式有很大的影响,那些试图过上健康生活的人应该考虑到这一因素。可选A。

（5）考查主旨大意。纽卡斯尔大学的营养学专家的研究表明，同居让女人发胖让男人更健康。C项幽默风趣，能吸引读者的注意，并切中文章的主题。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解

You know those nutrition guidelines the government issues every few years? It turns out that following them isn't just good for your health. It's good for the planet, too.

\" What we found is that impacts vary across nations, but in the high-impact nations, in general, you can see that, if you follow a nationally recommended diet, despite the fact that these diets don't mention explicitly—or most of them don't explicitly mention—environmental impacts, that you are going to have lower environmental impacts due to that. So that's sort of fairly clear across all the high-income nations.\" said Paul Behrens, an environmental scientist at Leiden University in the Netherlands.

The food we eat takes a big toll on the environment. A third of the ice-free land on Earth is used for agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer runoff also leads to other problems, like the algae blooms in Lake Eerie and the Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico.

However, following dietary guidelines would reduce those impacts, especially in wealthy countries like the US. \"Most of the reductions come from meat and dairy,\" which have an outsized impact on land use and pollution, and are a major source of greenhouse gases.(That's partly due to cow farts. Seriously.) Following the suggestions would also mean eating fewer calories, since many people here eat more than they need.

Overall, in high-income countries, Behren's team estimates that following the rules could result in as much as a 17 percent reduction in land use, a 21 percent reduction in nutrient pollution, and a 25 percent drop in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Cutting down on how much food we waste—which is roughly a third in the US—could help even more. The results are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Of course, people are notoriously bad at following diets. But: \"These nationally recommended

guidelines do actually have a knock-on effect on other areas of policy making. So if I'm developing a new healthy-eating-for-schools program then that's going to be based off a lot of detail that I get from the nationally recommended guidelines. So while it might not necessarily be the case that people follow directly …they actually are quite influential on the preparation of other advice.\"

It seems that a smaller environmental footprint and a healthier lifestyle could go hand in hand. （1）Which of the following statement will Paul Behrens approve of?

A. Following a nationally recommended diet can have similar impacts in different countries. B. Following a nationally recommended diet can do good to our health. C. Not all the countries have recommended diets in an explicit manner.

D. Some high-income nations don't mention the diet explicitly for its impacts can be ignored. （2）What do the underlined words \" takes a big toll on\" in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. shows signs of B. has a bad effect on C. takes full advantage of D. makes up for （3）Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Food production can lead to about 20 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas with only a third of the ice-free land used.

B. It is estimated that following dietary guidelines can lead to decrease in more land use than in nutrient pollution.

C. Paul Behrens' new program concerning healthy eating for schools is likely to be based on national nutrition guidelines.

D. Some wealthy countries tend to reduce meat and dairy though the other areas of policy making isn't effected much. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了营养指南对地球也有利。通过膳食指南，似乎可以减轻对环境的伤害，人类自己也可以过上健康的生活，二者可以兼得。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的\" What we found is that impacts vary across nations, but in the high-impact nations, in general, you can see that, if you follow a nationally recommended diet, despite the fact that these diets don't mention explicitly—or most of them don't explicitly mention—environmental impacts, that you are going to have lower environmental impacts due to that.” 我们发现（营养膳食指南的）影响因国家而异，但总的来说，在影响力较大的国家，如果你遵循国家推荐的膳食指南，即使这些膳食并未明晰对环境的影响，或者大多数膳食没有明确说明这一点，但是你对环境的影响会因为遵循指南而减轻。由此推断出\" 并非所有国家都以明确的方式推荐饮食\" ，这个观点Paul Behrens会赞成，故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“A third of the ice­free land on Earth is used for agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer runoff also leads to other problems, like the algae blooms in Lake Eerie and the Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico.”地球上三分之一的无冰区被用于农业生产，根据一些估算，食物生产大约占到了人类造成的温室气体排放量的五分

之一。肥料径流也导致了其他问题，例如伊利湖的藻类爆发以及墨西哥湾的死亡区域。由此推断出划线词所在的句子意思是我们所吃的食物给环境带来了巨大代价。takes a big toll on固定短语，“付出了巨大的代价”，故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A third of the ice­free land on Earth is used for agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human­caused greenhouse gas emissions.”地球上三分之一的无冰区被用于农业生产，根据一些估算，食物生产大约占到了人类造成的温室气体排放量的五分之一。由此可知。A选项的描述\" 粮食生产可导致约20%的人为造成的温室气体，而只使用了三分之一的无冰土地\" 正确，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia (痴呆) and other limitations live independently in their own homes.

The Robot Activity Support System or RAS, uses sensors installed in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owner to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.

\"RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected,\" said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

Currently, an estimated 50 percent of adults over the age of 85 need assistance with every day activities such as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial strain on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone. RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to incorporate into their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that demonstrates how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.

\"While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising,\" Minor said. \"The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea of what prompts, video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot.\" （1）How does RAS serve elderly people?

A. Through sensors. B. Through objects.

C. Through a mobile robot. D. Through their daily activities. （2）What can we know about RAS?

A. It is the first robot used in daily life. B. Its function remains to be tested.

C. It can locate people and do any task. D. It can cook for owners on its own. （3）What's Minor's attitude toward the future of RAS?

A. Doubtful. B. Negative. C. Optimistic. D. Uncertain. （4）What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Elderly people leave the nursing home. B. Smart Home Tests first elder-Care robot. C. RAS, the first robot to make home smart. D. Older adults have benefited from RAS. 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人，可以帮助那些痴呆或有身体缺陷的老年人在家里过上自立的生活。

（1）考查细节理解。根据章第二段中的“ The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors （传感器）equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities”可知机器人活动支持系统（RAS）使用WSU智能家居中配备的传感器（传感器）来确定其居民在哪里，他们在做什么以及何时需要日常活动的帮助，说明传感器起到了重大的作用，故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance…”可知，这台机器人的表现还要经过进一步的测，说明正在测试阶段，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“ While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising”可知，Minor对这款机器人的未来发展充满信心、非常乐观，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人。再根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance ”可知，机器人目前还在华盛顿州立大学的智能屋里进行测试，故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

A new study suggests a link between exposure to greenery and reduced desires for alcohol cigarette and junk food.

The study is the first to investigate the possible relationships between exposure to nature and desires and negative emotions. Researchers at the University of Plymouth's School of Psychology surveyed 149 respondents (应答者) aged 21 o 65 about the proportion( 比例 )of green space in their neighborhood, the presence of green views from their home, their access to a garden and how often they use public green space. The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety, as well as desires for things like caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. Participants rated the intensity( 强度), imagery, and intrusiveness(侵扰性) of their desires on an

11-point scale.

Researchers found the presence of visible green space contributed to decreased desires for junk food. The effect was particularly noticeable when more than 25 percent of a respondent's view was greenery.

Previous scholarship(学术研究) has dealt mostly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study out of the University of Michigan found 90- minute group nature walks were effective at combatting depression and relieving other mood disorders. But for people who struggle with accessibility or don't have time for a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just looking out a window at a tree can help fight off a bad habit.

\"It has been known for some time that being outdoors in nature is linked to a person's well-being,\" lead author Leanne Martin said in a statement.\" But for there to be a similar association with desires from simply being able to see green space adds a new dimension to the previous research.\"

A 2018 study from Denmark's Aarhus University for example, found that. Having access to green space throughout childhood decreased a person's risk of developing mental health problems as an adult.

（1）What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A.The results of the new study. B.The purpose of the new study. C.The significance of the new study. D.The content of the new study.

（2）What does the underlined word \"combatting\" in paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Reducing. B.Developing. C.Understanding. D.Encouraging

（3）According to the passage, the new study _____. A.mainly referred to exercise in nature

B.has enriched the previous research to some degree C.was carried out by the University of Michigan

D.found exposure to greenery helped cure mental problems （4）n which section of a newspaper may this passage appear? A.Entertainment B.Business World C.Tech &Science D.Environment 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）B （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的研究成果---多看绿色植物和吃垃圾

食品这两者看似风马牛不相及，可研究结构却表明它们之间存在着一种奇妙的关系：多看绿色植物能帮助人们克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。

（1）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的 “Researchers …surveyed 149 respondents aged 21 o 65 about the proportion of green space in their neighborhood…”研究人员调查了年龄在21~65岁之间的149名参与者小区内的绿植比例……；以及“The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety…”研究中还问了与抑郁及焦虑有关的问题……等可知，第二段主要介绍了新研究的调查内容，故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据常识可知，在大自然中散步对人体有各种各样的好处，再结合句中出现的“relieving other mood disorders(缓解其他情绪紊乱)”不难推断出， combatting depression应表示“减轻抑郁”。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“…adds a new dimension(方面) to the previous research”为以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某种程度上丰富了之前的研究成果。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一项科学研究的研究成果，所以该文章最有可能出现在“技术与科学”版块。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．Directions: Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland's past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods(间冰期)in northwest Greenland.

Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. \"As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there,\" Axford said. \"We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙).\"

This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. \"Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,\" said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. \"One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today,\" said Axford.

People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial

periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.

Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核) and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.

（1）Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A.They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland. B.They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud. C.They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought. D.They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic. （2）The new information about Greenland is important because______________. A.researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland's warming speed B.it can help researchers better predict Greenland's response to warming C.people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland D.it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming （3）Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A.It is easier for today's scientists to find ancient lake deposits. B.People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today. C.Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud. D.Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities. （4）Which do you think is the best title of the passage? A.Greenland Used to Be Much Greener B.Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods C.Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters D.Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）D （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在古代沉积物中发现的一条微小线索揭开了格陵兰岛过去和未来气候的大秘密。就在广阔的格陵兰冰原的西北边缘，研究人员发现了在最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥。现在研究人员认为，格陵兰北部的冰盖经历了比之前认为的更强烈的变暖。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.”在格陵兰岛西北部，泥浆和常见苍蝇的残骸记录了两次间冰期；以及第二段中的“Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the

mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. ”尽管研究人员很早就知道这两个时期——全新世早期和最后一次间冰期——在北极经历了变暖，但混合的蝇类表明格陵兰岛甚至比之前认为的还要热。可知，在前两段中提到苍蝇的残骸是为了证明格陵兰岛的温度比之前认为的要高得多。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. ”可知，这些新信息可以帮助研究人员更好地测量格陵兰岛对气候变暖的敏感性。故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. ‘Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,’” 可知，格陵兰岛覆盖了这个北极国家的80%，拥有相当于全球海平面20英尺的冰。“格陵兰西北部可能真的感觉很遥远，但冰盖的变化将关系到世界上每个沿海城市的每个人。”故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。本文通过最新的发现——最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥及湖泥中的苍蝇残骸及其相关研究说明格陵兰岛之前可能更暖和。因此，本文的最佳标题应为“格陵兰岛曾经更加绿色”。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

If American waterways had ever been voted on the yearbook, the Buffalo River could easily have been named Ugliest. It could be hard to find hope there. It took decades for public perception of the river to shift. But activist citizens, who collaborated with industry, government, and environment groups never gave up on their polluted river—the Buffalo River gradually went from being considered a lost cause to a place worth fighting for. And by now the cleaned—up water is one of Buffalo'S biggest attractions.

By the 1960s, the river was seen as one of the worst sources of pollution pouring into the Great Lakes. The Buffalo River had caught fire many times. The surface had an oily layer, and any fish caught there were not eatable.

The waterway's fate started shifting in the mid-1960s. Stanley Spisiak was a local Polish—American jeweler by day, but by evening he was the kind of guy who'd chase down dumpers(垃圾车)he spotted on the Buffalo River. By 1966 he found himself winning the National Wildlife Federation's \"Water Conservationist of the Year\" award. And before long he got a nickname:\" Mr. Buffalo River. \"But there was only so much he could do—the river was still declared biologically dead in 1969.

Jill Spisiak Jedlicka is his great-grandniece. She picks up where he left off by directing the river's protector organization, Buffalo Niagara Waterkeeper. Professor Schneekloth and seven friends founded the organization as an all-volunteer nonprofit in 1989, after organizing the first river

cleanup that year. Today the group employs 27 full-time workers and has helped oversee the Buffalo River's $100 million restoration.

So far, the Buffalo River's water quality has restored, but it is still an ongoing issue, as sewage(污水)can overflow into the river after storms. Habitat restoration continues as well; fish and plantings are still being sampled to measure how well it's gone. （1）What did the Buffalo River use to be?

A. A waterway on the yearbook. B. A river heavily polluted. C. A great attraction of Buffalo's. D. A place worth fighting for. （2）Why was Mr.Spisiak named \"Mr. Buffalo River\"? A. Because his fate shifted in the 1 960s. B. Because he spotted dumpers on the River. C. Because he spared no efforts to protect the river. D. Because the river was declared biologically dead. （3）How long did it take for the river to restore?

A. More than half a century. B. Just four decades. C. About 30 years. D. Only 27 years. （4）What can be a suitable title for this text?

A. The restoration of the Buffalo River B. Stanley Spisiak: The \"Mr.Buffalo River\" C. The future of the Buffalo River D. River protection: A long way to go 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）A （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了被污染的the Buffalo River的恢复。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”never gave up on their polluted river—the Buffalo River gradually went from being considered a lost cause to a place worth fighting for.“；第二段中的”By the 1960s，the river was seen as one of the worst sources of pollution pouring into the Great Lakes. The Buffalo River had caught fire many times. The surface had an oily layer，and any fish caught there were not eatable.“可知，the Buffalo River过去是一条被严重污染的河。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的”Stanley Spisiak was a local Polish—American jeweler by day，but by evening he was the kind of guy who'd chase down dumpers(垃圾车)he spotted on the Buffalo River. By 1966 he found himself winning the National Wildlife Federation's \"Water Conservationist of the Year\"award. And before long he got a nickname: ‘Mr. Buffalo River.’\"可知，Mr. Spisiak被称为“Mr.Buffalo River”是因为他不遗余力地保护这条河。故选C。 （3）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“It took decades for public perception of the river to shift.”公众对这条河的看法改变花了几十年的时间；第二段中的“By the 1960s，the river was seen as one of the worst sources of pollution pouring into the Great Lakes.”到了20世纪60年代，这条河被认为是五大湖最严重的污染源之一。；以及最后一段中的“So far，the Buffalo River's water quality has restored，”到目前为止，布法罗河的水质已经恢复”可知，这条河花了多半个世纪才恢复。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。第一段和第二段说明了the Buffalo River严重受污染的情况，第三、四段介绍了为改变污染状况所做的努力，以及最后一段中的“So far，the Buffalo River's water quality has restored，but it is still an ongoing issue，as sewage(污水)can overflow into the river after storms. Habitat restoration continues as well；fish and plantings are still being sampled to measure how well it's gone.”是其现状。综上可知，本文讲述的是被污染的the Buffalo River的恢复。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

It is the ideal way for traveler to ensure they wake up with the perfect view — a portable Eco-capsule that can be set up anywhere in the world. The egg-shaped pod (独立舱) ensures travelers can camp in the most extreme corners with all the luxury of a hotel room.

Looking like something in a sci-fi movie, the pod is equipped with solar panels, which guarantee solar energy as its power. In this way the tiny home can let you live comfortably wherever you travel. It even has its own shower and toilet, sleeping area for two, and a small kitchen. The 3,306 ib pods can be transported in a sea-container, meaning the possibilities are endless.

Bratislava-based Nice Architects are behind the extraordinary Eco-capsules and said they initially designed them for people who stay in the nature for a long time. However, it quickly became apparent that they could be opened up to the wider public and even used in urban areas to fight against high rent and placed on roofs for studio space or living quarters. The Eco-capsule can serve as a cottage, a pop-up hotel or even as a charging station for electric cars.

The Eco-capsules could even be quickly imported for housing for emergency teams who have been quickly arranged to help with natural disasters. Described by the website as a \"Swiss Army knife\" — it packs everything you need, the self-contained unit can sustain long periods of time without external resources.

The 86 sqft pods are able to sleep two people for up to year and for those worried about a cold night's sleep, the Eco-capsule has a thick layer which significantly reduce heat loss.

The pod is designed to cope with extreme weather conditions due to its innovative (创新的) design and materials used. No wonder the Nice Architects are so confident about its future and the producers are receiving heavy orders.

（1）Where does the Eco-capsule get power?

A. From a charging station. B. From a portable battery. C. From solar panels. D. From electric cars. （2）Whom may be the Eco-capsule initially designed for?

A. Astronauts. B. Office ladies. C. Homeless people. D. Field biologists. （3）The Eco-capsule's users don't worry about coldness because _______. A. it is a self-contained unit B. it is equipped with a thick layer C. it has a solar panel D. it has an air conditioner

（4）How do the designers view the Eco-capsule's future market?

A. Optimistic. B. Negative. C. Worried. D. Doubtful. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）B （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款便携式产品——Eco-capsule的功能、设计原理、大小、技术构造等情况。该产品配有太阳能电池板和可伸缩的风力发电涡轮机为其提供太阳能和风能，可以让两个人同时入住，有良好的保暖效果。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”Looking like something in a sci-fi movie, the pod is equipped with solar panels, which guarantee solar energy as its power.“看起来就像科幻电影里的某种东西，该产品里面装有太阳能电池板，保证太阳能作为它的动力。可知该产品从太阳能板获得能量。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的”Bratislava-based Nice Architects are behind the extraordinary Eco-capsules and said they initially designed them for people who stay in the nature for a long time.“位于布拉迪斯拉发的尼斯建筑事务所是这些非凡的Eco-capsules的设计者，他们表示，最初是为长期生活在大自然中的人们设计的。可知Eco-capsules是专门为野外生物学家设计的。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的”The 86 sqft pods are able to sleep two people for up to year and for those worried about a cold night's sleep, the Eco-capsule has a thick layer which significantly reduce heat loss.“这86平方英尺的独立舱可以让两个人睡上一年，对于那些担心晚上睡不好觉的人来说，这种Eco-capsule有一层厚厚的保护层，可以显著减少热量损失。可知Eco-capsule的使用者不用担心寒冷，因为它有一层厚厚的保护层。故选B。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”No wonder the Nice Architects are so confident about its future and the producers are receiving heavy orders.“难怪尼斯的建筑师们对它的未来如此有信心，制造商们也接到了大量订单。可知设计师对Eco-capsules的未来市场非常乐观。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

On December 26, 2004, hundreds of tourists relaxed on Sri Lanka's Yala National Park's beaches. But at mid-morning the park's elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill. The puzzled keepers could tell the animals were worried about something but what?

What the keepers did not know was that a 30-foot wall of water was headed straight toward them. This tsunami(海啸) had been caused by an earthquake more than 1, 000 miles away in the Indian Ocean. When the huge wave hit the coast, it caused severe damage. Many people died. The elephants, however, were not swept away by the water. They stood safely on the hill. Scientists have long suspected that animals sense natural disasters before humans do. People

have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths.

It's unlikely that an animal's so-called sixth sense comes from some magical power to see into the future. Experts believe that animals may be more sensitive than humans to changes in temperature and other environmental conditions that take place before a natural disaster. The elephants in Sri Lanka, for example, may have picked up vibrations from within the Earth, a sign that earthquake was coming. Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast.

A few scientists are calling for a system to track reports of strange behavior in people's pets, hoping that these reports can serve as a warning system that a natural disaster is about to happen. But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says, \"It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?\"

（1）What happened to the elephants in Yala National Park on December 26, 2004? A. They died in the natural disaster. B. They were disturbed by the tourists. C. They moved from the hill to the seaside. D. They behaved strangely before the tsunami. （2）The author supports his point of view in paragraph 3 mainly by . A. giving examples B. making comparisons C. telling interesting stories D. showing research findings （3）The underlined word vibrations in paragraph 4 means . A. changes in temperature B. a kind of chemical power C. continuous shaking movement D. serious environmental pollution

（4）What may be Marina Haynes' attitude towards the warning system in the last paragraph? A. Positive. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Supportive. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，长期以来，科学家们一直怀疑动物比人类更能感知自然灾害。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“But at mid-morning the park's elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill.”但在上午10点左右，公园里的大象开始狂呼乱叫，从海里跑开，爬上附近的一座小山。由此可知，2004年12月26日，亚拉国家公园的大象在海啸前表现得很奇怪，故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“People have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed

in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths.”人们讲过这样的故事:狗不愿出门，鲨鱼在飓风前游到较深的水域。在2004年的海啸之后，人们说他们看到老虎、猴子和水牛在洪水涌入之前逃到地势较高的地方。即使在受灾最严重的南亚地区，也很少有动物死亡。可推断出作者在第三段主要通过举例来支持自己的观点，故选A。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast.”由于地面的震动比海浪的传播速度快得多，大象可能早在海啸到达海岸之前就已经感受到引发海啸的地震。由此可以推断出\"vibrations\"意思是连续晃动，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says,‘It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?’\"但是费城动物园的动物行为科学家Marina Haynes说:\"这是一种不可靠的预测灾难的方法。很难知道动物在做什么。是因为地震即将发生而感到紧张，还是因为附近有敌人而感到害怕?\"由此推断出，Marina Haynes在最后一段对这种预警系统持怀疑态度。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

The world's insects are going down the path of extinction, threatening a \"catastrophic collapse of nature's ecosystems\％of insect species are declining and third are endangered, the analysis found. The rate of extinction is eight times faster than that of mammals, birds and reptiles.

\"It should be of huge concern to all of us, for insects are at the heart of every food web. They pollinate (授粉) the large majority of plant species, keep the soil healthy, recycle nutrients, control pests, and much more. Love them or 1oathe them, we humans cannot survive without insects, \"said Prof Dave Goulson at the University of Sussex in the UK.

The analysis, published in the journal Biological Conservation, says intensive (集约型) agriculture is the main driver of the declines, particularly the heavy use of pesticides. Urbanisation and climate change are also significant factors.

\"If insect species losses cannot be stopped, this will have catastrophic consequences for both the planet's ecosystems and for the survival of mankind. It is very rapid. In 10 years you will have a quarter less, in 50 years only half left and in 100 years you will have none,\" said review author Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, at the University of Sydney, Australia.

One of the biggest impacts of insect loss is on many birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish that eat insects. \"If this food source is taken away, all these animals starve to death,\" he said. Such effects have already been seen in Puerto Rico, where a recent study revealed a 98％fall in ground insects over 35 years.

Matt Shardlow, at the conservation charity Buglife, said: \"It is thoughtful to see this evidence that shows the pitiful state of the world's insect populations. It is increasingly obvious that the planet's ecology is breaking and there is a need for a strong and global effort to prevent and change these terrible trends.\"

（1）Why are people worried about the insect decline? A. They are vital to ecosystems. B. They provide food for pests. C. They pollinate all plants. D. They enrich the soil.

（2）What is the main cause of insect losses? A. More and more trees. B. Restrictions on pesticides. C. Upgrading agriculture. D. Friendly environment.

（3）Where can you find the exact time of insect losses?

A. In paragraph 1. B. In paragraph 2. C. In paragraph 3. D. In paragraph 4. （4）What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Humans can survive the punishment of nature B. Insect declining is breaking nature's ecosystems C. Nature's ecosystems are influenced by humans D. Insects and animals are dying out in Puerto Rico 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）D （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，昆虫数量的减少正在破坏自然生态系统。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“The world's insects are going down the path of extinction, threatening a ‘catastrophic collapse of nature's ecosystems’.”可知，人们之所以担心昆虫数量的减少，是因为他们对生态系统至关重要。故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The analysis, published in the journal Biological Conservation, says intensive (集约型) agriculture is the main driver of the declines, particularly the heavy use of pesticides.”发表在《生物保护》杂志上的分析说集约农业是昆虫下降的主要驱动力，尤其是大量使用农药。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“In 10 years you will have a quarter less, in 50 years only half left and in 100 years you will have none.”可知在第四段中可以找到昆虫损失的确切时间。故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的\"It is thoughtful to see this evidence that shows the pitiful state of the world's insect populations. It is increasingly obvious that the planet's ecology is breaking and there is a need for a strong and global effort to prevent and change these terrible trends.\"看到这些显示世界昆虫种群的可怜状态的证据是发人深思的。越来越明显的是，地

球的生态正受到破坏,为了预防和改变这些可怕的趋势，需要一个强大和全球的努力。由此推知，本文最佳主题是B项Insect declining is breaking nature's ecosystems（昆虫数量的减少正在破坏自然生态系统）。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。