六、推理判断——
写作意图题
(2018·北京，C)
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场)，and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it，but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene，which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours，and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams，or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown，the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14
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hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass—apparently broken down by enzymes(酶) from the worms’ stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini，co-author of the study，says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic.“Wax is a complex mixture，but the basic bond in polyethylene，the carbon-carbon bond，is there as well，” she explains.“The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”
Jennifer DeBruyn，a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee，who was not involved in the study，says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.But compared with previous studies，she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step，DeBruyn says，will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一项科学发现：一种吃塑料的虫子——大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，从而为人们解决塑料污染问题提供新的途径。
43.What can we learn about the worms in the study? A.They take plastics as their everyday food. B.They are newly evolved creatures. C.They can consume plastics. D.They wind up in landfills. 答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“...found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene...”和第二句中的“the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams”可知，研究人员在研究中发现大蜡螟蠕虫可以分解塑料中的聚乙烯，
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显然也可以分解垃圾中的塑料，与选项C中提到的“吃塑料”吻合。
44.According to Jennifer DeBruyn，the next step of the study is to . A.identify other means of the breakdown B.find out the source of the enzyme C.confirm the research findings D.increase the breakdown speed 答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“The next step...Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)？”可知，接下来人们需要证实的就是酶是从哪里产生的。选项B “查明酶的来源”与此吻合。
45.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A.help to raise worms B.help make plastic bags C.be used to clean the oceans D.be produced in factories in future 答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply ‘millions of worms...’”可知，研究人员期望在某种工业流程中使用这种化学制品，而不仅仅是把数百万的虫子扔到塑料上。这与选项D中提到的“今后工厂可能生产这种化学制品”吻合。 46.What is the main purpose of the passage? A.To explain a study method on worms. B.To introduce the diet of a special worm. C.To present a way to break down plastics. D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance. 答案 C
解析 写作意图题。作者通过本文介绍了一项消除塑料垃圾的研究，显然是为人们提供了一条清除塑料垃圾的新途径。选项C与此意吻合。
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一、题型解读
各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图题。设问形式常有： 1.整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
(1)The writer writes this passage in order to . (2)The purpose of the text is to . (3)What is the main purpose of the passage?
(4)The writer of the story wants to tell us that . 2.某处细节的写作目的/意图：
(1)The writer uses...in the first paragraph to . (2)The writer uses the example of...to .
(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to . 二、解题技巧 1.文体特点推意图
(1)记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。
(2)应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。 (3)说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。
(4)议论文：提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。 2.看写作手法找答案
(1)在文章开头提出问题或介绍与主题有关的其他事物时答案中往往会含有to bring in/to introduce the topic等字眼。
(2)举例或引用某人的话时答案中往往会含有to support/to show...
例如：【真题感悟】中的第46题，文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现——蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推断该篇文章的写作意图是告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。
A
(2018·天津部分区县二模)
Are you sick of going to bed late and waking up tired? Then grab your hiking boots and a tent.A new study suggests that a couple days of camping in the great outdoors
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can reset your circadian clock and help you get more sleep.
The circadian clock，more commonly known as the body clock，is an internal system that tells our bodies when it’s time to go to sleep and when it’s time to go to wake up.Scientists track this clock by measuring the amount of melatonin(褪黑激素) circulating in a person’s blood at any given time.
In a healthy sleeper，melatonin levels rise a few hours before bedtime，stay high through the night，and then settle back down when it’s time to wake up.
In our modern society，however，most of us stay up many hours past sunset and would probably sleep in many hours after sunrise if we could.And the trouble is，your melatonin levels may still be high when your alarm clock goes off in the morning，which leads to grogginess.It may also have other health consequences as well，such as diabetes(糖尿病)，overweight and heart disease.
Professor Kenneth Wright of the University of Colorado in the US wanted to see if our body clocks can be reset by a short stay in nature.His team recruited 14 physically active volunteers in their 20s and 30s.Nine went on a weekend camping trip，while the other five stayed home.
At the end of the weekend，the researchers reported that in just two days，the campers’ body clocks had shifted so that their melatonin levels began to rise more than an hour earlier than they did before they left on the trip.By contrast，the body clocks of the group that stayed home shifted even later over the course of the weekend.
“This tells us we can reset our clocks fast，” Wright said.
Therefore，if you want to change your sleep patterns，you could try to increase your exposure to nature light during the day and decrease the amount of artificial light you see at night.And if that doesn’t work，there’s always camping. 1.The author wrote this article mainly to .
A.explain why it is bad for our health not to sleep enough B.inform us of a possible way to adjust the circadian clock C.analyze how the circadian clock influences our sleeping habits D.explore how the circadian clock is connected with melatonin levels 答案 B
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解析 写作意图题。根据文章内容“A new study suggests that a couple days of camping in the great outdoors can reset your circadian clock and help you get more sleep.”可知，作者写作本文主要是告诉我们一种调整生物钟的可行的方法。
2.The underlined word “grogginess” in Paragraph 4 probably means “ ”. A.tiredness C.refreshment 答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“And the trouble is，your melatonin levels may still be high when your alarm clock goes off in the morning，which leads to grogginess.”和第三段内容可知，褪黑激素是促进睡眠的，如果早上闹钟响起而体内褪黑激素依然保持较高水平，那么人应该是会感到疲劳的。故可推知，“grogginess”指的是“疲劳”。
3.How does the author develop the passage? A.By categorization. B.By comparison. C.By the order of time. D.By the order of space. 答案 B
解析 篇章结构题。根据文章内容可知，作者是将待在室内与待在室外的人进行比较，得出的结论。by categorization归类；by comparison比较；by the order of time按时间顺序；by the order of space按空间顺序。
4.What did Wright’s team discover from their experiment? A.The body clocks of the two groups didn’t show much difference. B.The body clocks of those who stayed home remained the same.
C.Those staying outdoors reset the clock inside their bodies over a short period. D.Changes to the circadian clock don’t necessarily affect melatonin levels in our bodies. 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第六段的内容可知，通过对比两组人群的睡眠表现发现，那些待在户外的人可以在短时间内调整好生物钟。
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B.excitement D.pressure
5.According to the article，we’d better to improve our sleeping habit. A.spend weeks sleeping outdoors
B.try to reduce melatonin levels at night C.set an alarm clock to go off every morning
D.expose ourselves to more nature light in the day and less artificial light at night 答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，我们可以通过待在户外，接触更多的自然光以及夜晚减少照射人造光来改变我们的睡眠习惯。
B
(2018·河西区一模)
One evening I went out and left my 17-year-old son in charge of his 8-year-old brother and 4-year-old sister.On this occasion，the work was made less troublesome by the presence of his girlfriend.I left with complete confidence that the older children would do a wonderful job of babysitting the younger children.Later，I discovered that complete confidence was the last thing I should have left home with.
I had decided to return home earlier than planned so that my son and his girlfriend could go out.I called home with this happy news.But instead of hearing his cheerful，grateful voice on the other end of the line，all I heard was the sound of a telephone ringing.
It was，I should point out，after 10 p.m.，when the two younger children should have been in bed，and when the two older children should have been answering the phone.“I’ll give him a lesson，” I said.I decided they must be outside.Why they might be outside at 10∶30 on a winter night？I had no idea，but it was the only explanation I could come up with.
Finally，in desperation，I called his girlfriend’s house.After what seemed like countless rings，his girlfriend answered.“Yes，” she said brightly，“He’s right here.”
He came to the phone.I was not my usual calm，rational self.After all，one of the rules of survival for modern parents is that you can’t trust modern teenagers.“Where are the children？” I said.He said they were with him.They had
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done nothing wrong.My son had taken the younger children over to his girlfriend’s house just for ice cream and cake.This was too good to be believed.Well，it turned out that I shouldn’t have believed it.It was only part of the truth.
The following Saturday evening we were at my parents’ home，celebrating my birthday.My oldest son gave me the children’s gifts.Mounted and framed were a series of lovely color photographs of my children，dressed in their best clothes，and wearing their most wonderful expressions.They are pictures to treasure a lifetime，all taken by the father of my son’s girlfriend.
6.The author went out and left her eldest son in charge of the younger children because .
A.she knew that her eldest son was a good baby-sitter
B.she thought it no hard work to take care of the younger ones C.she believed he could do well with his girlfriend’s help D.she could not find a baby-sitter on that winter night 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句“On this occasion，the work was made less troublesome by the presence of his girlfriend.I left with complete confidence that the older children would do a wonderful job of babysitting the younger children.”可知，作者离开时非常自信，认为在他女朋友的帮助下，年纪大的孩子可以照顾好小孩子。 7.When the author called home that evening，she found that . A.there was no one answering the telephone
B.the children were preparing a birthday gift for her C.her son was quarrelling with his girlfriend D.her son had brought his girlfriend home 答案 A
解析 细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“all I heard was the sound of a telephone ringing”可知，作者听到的只有电话铃声，家里没人接电话。 8.According to Paragraph 3，“it” means . A.the two younger children have been in bed B.the older children have been answering the phone
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C.the author will give her older son a lesson D.the older son went outside with his girlfriend 答案 D
解析 代词指代题。根据第三段中的“I decided they must be outside.Why they might be outside at 10∶30 on a winter night？”可知，it指的是作者的大儿子和他的女朋友出去了。
9.What might the children do that evening? A.They had a birthday party. B.They had their pictures taken. C.They framed some photographs. D.They made some beautiful clothes. 答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段，作者收到的孩子们的礼物是一些照片“all taken by the father of my son’s girlfriend”而且这些照片都是儿子女朋友的爸爸拍的，可见吃冰淇淋和蛋糕并不是孩子们做的所有的事情，他们还给妈妈准备了生日礼物。 10.What does the author intend to tell us by the story? A.Modern teenagers are not worth trusting. B.It is no easy job to look after young children. C.It is no good to have a girlfriend at an early age. D.Her children have a caring and tender heart. 答案 D
解析 写作目的题。文章通过描述了孩子们为妈妈精心准备珍贵的照片作为生日礼物，说明孩子们的关心和体贴。
题型组合练(九)
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.No one was hurt in the accident，and we all breathed a sigh of .(2018·宿迁高一期中) A.relief
B.surprise
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C.embarrassment 答案 A
D.disappointment
解析 句意为：在事故中没人受伤，我们都宽慰地松了一口气。relief轻松，宽慰；surprise惊奇；embarrassment尴尬；disappointment失望。根据句意，故选A项。
2.Last month，part of Britain was struck by snowstorms，from effects most passengers in Heathrow were suffering a lot，especially those with children. A.which B.what C.that D.whose 答案 D
解析 句意为：上个月，英国的一部分地区遭到了暴风雪的袭击，在Heathrow的大多数乘客都深受其苦，特别是那些有孩子的人。此处snowstorms是先行词，与effects有所属关系，故用whose引导定语从句，whose在从句中作定语，故答案为D。 3.—I wonder what makes you a good salesperson.
—I as a waiter for three years，which contributes a lot to my today’s work. A.serve C.had served 答案 D
解析 句意为：——我想知道什么使你成为一个优秀的销售员。——我当过三年的服务员，这对我现在的工作有很大帮助。根据句意，回答者现在是一名优秀的销售员，做服务员的三年发生在过去，所以用一般过去时。故选D。
4.It was already late，so when I came to the street，there was nobody . A.in advance C.in return 答案 D
解析 句意为：天早已经晚了，当我到街上的时候，看不见任何人。in advance 预先，提前； in turn 轮流；in return 作为……回报；in sight 看得见。根据句意，故选D项。 5.—How long do you expect it before the African can keep the disease under control?
—As soon as possible. A.is C.will be
B.have served D.served
B.in turn D.in sight
B.has been D.will have been
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答案 C
解析 句意为：——你预料要过多久之后非洲人才能控制住这一疾病？——尽快。固定句式：It will be ＋一段时间＋before...，多久之后才会……，并由答句“As soon as possible.”可知句子用一般将来时态。故选C。
6.Next door to ours ，who seem to have settled in this community for quite a long time.
A.are living a black couple B.live a black couple C.are a black couple living D.do a black couple live 答案 B
解析 表示地点的状语Next door to ours置于句首，且主语为名词“a black couple”，所以句子要用完全倒装，完全倒装一般不出现进行时态，故选B项。句意为：我们隔壁住着一对黑人夫妇，他们似乎已经在这个社区定居很久了。故选B。 7.—Look at the noisy kids!
—Haven’t you heard the saying “ ”？ A.There’s plenty of fish in the sea B.All that glitters is not gold
C.When the cat is away，the mice will play D.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush 答案 C
解析 There’s plenty of fish in the sea天涯何处无芳草；All that glitters is not gold闪光的未必都是金子；When the cat is away，the mice will play山中无老虎，猴子称霸王；A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。句意为：——看这些吵闹的孩子。——你没听说过“山中无老虎，猴子称霸王”吗？根据句意可知选C。
8. fired，your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A.Would you be B.Should you be
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C.Could you be D.Might you be 答案 B
解析 句意为：你如果被解雇了，你的医疗保险和其他的利益不会被立刻取消。本题考查了虚拟语气的倒装。如果虚拟语气的条件从句中的谓语动词中含有were，had，should；有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were，had，should之后，构成倒装。故选B。 9.How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? A.them C.those 答案 D
解析 句意为：如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目，这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了，你会怎么想？固定表达how would you like it if...，在此结构中it代替后面if从句的内容。
10.After a long vacation，Mike came back . A.freshly and strongly B.being fresh and strong C.fresh and strong D.to be fresh and strong 答案 C
解析 句意为：长假后，麦克回来时精力充沛。作主语补足语，对主语补充说明或对主语状态的描述用形容词。副词是对动词的修饰，“精力充沛”是对人而言的，不是对动作“came back”而言的，所以A项错误。 Ⅱ.阅读理解
Most parents will tell you that travelling internationally with kids is no day at the beach.
“For families with young children，spending a long period of time in an airport terminal can be a kind of pain.Partly because of all the waiting around but also because the airport is just a stop—usually the first stop—in a long journey.” said Suzanne Rowan Kelleher，a family travel expert and managing editor of MiniTime.cn.
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B.one D.it
But a new beach-themed play area for children in the international terminal at Los Angeles International Airport(LAX) gives kids a chance to have some fun and burn off some of their energy before they get on a flight.
Opening on Thursday，in the new Tom Bradley International Terminal with a party featuring the LAX therapy dogs，some gift bags and cupcakes，the 971-square-foot，post-security play area is titled “LAX Beach.” Open to kids aged 2 to 8，the play space has soft，sculpted foam pieces that resemble waves，surfboards，beach toys and dolphins and is keeping in with the terminal’s overall architectural theme，which was inspired by the Pacific Ocean to the west of the airport.
“I think it is safe to say that happy children make better flights，” said Los Angeles World Airports Executive Director Gina Marie Lindsey.“And with the opening of LAX Beach，we are going to see a lot more happy children on our international flights.”
There are likely going to be a lot more happy adults seated around those children on international flights as well with LAX Beach appearing in the international terminal.
The play space—the first children’s play area in any LAX terminal—was built for the Los Angeles World Airports by terminal management company Westfield for 350,000.In addition to the beach-themed foam pieces，there’s a slide，an interactive light table and lifesavers for children to crawl through.
The nearby seating overlooking the space offers a place for parents to relax and keep an eye on their kids.
“Having a kid-centric place where kids can work off a bit of energy can be a real lifesaver，” said Rowan Kelleher.“The beach theme attempts to offer a sense of place，too，which is nice.”
11.What message does the writer try to get across to the readers? A.Most parents traveling with their children like to travel by air. B.It cost Westfield more than 350,000 to build the airport.
C.The feeling for parents with kids who are waiting for a long time in an airport is terrible.
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D.Children who play in LAX Beach always sleep in the plane. 答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“For families with young children，spending a long period of time in an airport terminal can be a kind of pain.Partly because of all the waiting around but also because the airport is just a stop—usually the first stop—in a long journey.”可知，对于那些在机场等待很长时间的孩子的父母来说，这种等待的感觉很糟糕。
12.What do you know about LAX Beach? A.It opens just on every Thursday.
B.It’s designed with some oceanic features. C.You can see some doctors played by dogs.
D.Adults are not allowed to get into it but parents. 答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“sculpted foam pieces that resemble waves，surfboards，beach toys and dolphins and is keeping in with the terminal’s overall architectural theme，which was inspired by the Pacific Ocean to the west of the airport.”可知LAX的设计带有海洋的特色。
13.We can infer from the passage that LAX . A.will build more theme beaches B.is to the west of the Pacific Ocean C.will open to people of the city D.brings joy to children at the airport 答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段内容及第五段中的“And with the opening of LAX Beach，we are going to see a lot more happy children on our international flights.”可知，LAX机场给孩子们带来欢乐。
14.According to Rowan Kelleher，LAX Beach . A.is a landmark of Los Angeles B.is aimed for children’s safety C.offers kids a place to rest well
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D.offers parents a place to play with kids 答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The beach theme attempts to offer a sense of place，too，which is nice.”可知，Rowan认为这个机场是洛杉矶的地标性地点。 15.What’s the main idea of the passage?
A.Los Angeles airport will change its original style. B.Los Angeles airport gets beach-themed kids’ play area. C.Los Angeles airport will provide LAX Beach for kids for free. D.LAX Beach is the most popular place for kids in Los Angeles. 答案 B
解析 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍的是洛杉矶机场以海滩为主题的儿童游戏区，给孩子们带来了欢乐。故选B。 Ⅲ.阅读表达 (2017·和平区二模)
A generous stranger bought a plane ticket for a homeless mother to watch her three daughters compete at the AAU Junior Olympic Games.It is an annual event where kids in the US compete in sports.
Sisters Tai Sheppard,11，Rainn Sheppard,10，and Brooke Sheppard,8—who began training in track and field in January of 2015—all made it into the Junior Olympics to compete in various races.Brooke also competed in the high jump，an event which involves equipment that her training team doesn’t even have.That meant all of her jumps were practiced during competitions.
The girls，who live in a homeless shelter with their mother，Tonia Handy,46，were able to attend the games thanks to support from the girls’ training team and a successful GoFundMe campaign.Handy，however，could not afford a plane ticket of her own to watch them compete in person.
That was until Ken Smaltz Jr.，a complete stranger，read about the family.He reached out to Handy and offered to buy her a ticket.
“It just feels nice to help someone，”Smaltz said，who also didn’t intend for the gesture to be made public.
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On August 1，Handy surprised Rainn by showing up on the track right before she was about to run the 3,000m race.
Rainn was extremely excited.The mother and daughter hugged six times before they took each other’s hands and walked to the track together.
Shortly after their sweet reunion，Rainn won the gold medal in the race. Although the family’s athletic accomplishments are grand，their needs are simple.
“Do you have money to eat？” Rainn whispered into her mom’s ear after her race. “She knew I didn’t have money，” Handy later explained.“For me to be out here is an impressive achievement on its own.”
16.What is the AAU Junior Olympic Games？(no more than 15 words) It is an annual event where kids in the US compete in sports.
17.What was the problem that Brooke had before the game？(no more than 12 words) She didn’t get trained for the high jump at all.
18.What does the underlined sentence probably mean？(no more than 15 words) He also didn’t really want people to know what he had done to the family. 19.How did Rainn feel when she saw her mother appear on the track？(no more than 5 words)
She was extremely excited.
20.If you do the same as Smaltz did to the people who need help，what can you and the people you help benefit from it？(no more than 30 words) Answers may vary.
16
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