一、概念定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所
修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、定语等；关系副词有
when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。
who whom whose which that as
3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。
语。
宾语，
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
（一）定语从句中有关系代词（二）关系代词的作用
;
1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。（三）关系代词的用法
A plane is a machine that can fly. He is the man that is good at English. There are some films( that )I’d like to see.He isn’t the boy that he used to be. 注意：that引导定语从句时：
1.That:代表的先行词为人或物，在从句中做主语，宾语和表
1）作宾语时that可省略。2）That前不可用介词。如：His dog ( that)I gave him became ill and dead.
The room in which I live is large.
2.which: 代表的先行词为物，在从句中做主语，宾语The film (which) I saw last night was wonderful.
This is the book (which) I bought yesterday.Gui lin is a city which has a 200-year history. 注意
1）作宾语时，which可以省略。
2）Which 也可以代替前面的一个句子或句中的一部分
He said he was invited ,which was a lie. Where is the manwho was here?
The manwho gave the speech is our head master.
That is the man who teaches us English.He is the man who I spoke to. 4.whose; 代表的先行词为人或物，在从句中做定语。
I saw the man whose face is red.This is the window whose glass is broken. I borrowed a book whose writer is a farmer. Nobody wants the
house __________________________(房顶塌了的)
)
This is the teacher ___________________________(她的名字已为人所知5.whom: 代表的先行词为人，在从句中做宾语. Where is the man whom I met this mornin ?
The man____________________________(你与之说话的) is a worker. She married the man (whom )she was engaged to.
Mr. Smith ( whom )________________(你昨天见到的)is a friend of mine.
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Tai Wan is part of china ,which we all know.
3.who; :代表的先行词为人，在从句中做主语和宾语。
6.关系代词that和which的区别(1)只能用that的情况1)如果先行词是
all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不
that，不用which。例如：
定代词，关系代词一般只用
All the people _______________(出席的) burst into tears. Everything ________________(我们看到的) was interesting 2)如果先行词被
all ,little，none，any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系
代词常用that,不用which,
如：I read all the books that you gave to me. 3)如果先等词被序数词修饰，关系代词常用4)如果先等词被最高级修饰，关系代词常用
that,不用which。that,不用which。
This is the first book____________________(用英语写的) This is the best film _____________________(我曾经看过的) The tallest tree ___________________(我发现的) is this.
5)如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用This is the only book that I really like. 6)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物如:
The boy and the dog _______________（在图画里的）are very lovely. 7)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句
中，关系代词用
that.
Who is the person __________________________________(刚才站在这里的) Which of us_________________________(懂英语的)doesn’t know this?8)关系代词作表语时，关系代词用
that.
He is not the man that he used to be.
It took us many years to make the city _____________（今天这样的）(2)只能用which的情况1)非限制性定语从句Bei jing ,which is china
中，不能用关系代词
that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：，关系代词应该用
that。而不用who, which.
that,不用which
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.
’s capital, is rich in culture.
that。
A shop should keep those goods which sells well.
This is the room in which he lived.
代替主句所表示的整体
不用that..例
它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，
2)“those/that +名词”后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词That pen which he took is mine. 4) which还有一种特殊用法，概念或部分概念。
3)介词后只用which,whom 不能用that.
在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，
which.
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用(3)只用who,whom.而不用that的情况1)如果先行词是
anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those,ones等关代
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What’s that which flasned in the sky just now?
词该用who 或whom，不用which .that。如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?
which;
2)当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。Mr Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导定语从句在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充
当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。1.when 表示时间, 充当时间状语
when=on/ in/ of /at
…+which
I still remember the day when I join the party
1)关系代词和关系副词都可以引导定语从句，但是它们在句中所作成分不同。
I still remember the day ____we spent together。May 1 is the day _____ I will never forget 2)当先行词为
by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first
time ,thelast time 时，关
系词不用when而用that或者省略
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980 By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that或when 均可I will never forgt the time when(that) we met for the first time. 3)当先行词为way 时，关系词用
in which ,that, 或省略均可。
This is the way that/ in which / 不加he smiles. 2. where:表示地点。做地点状语
where=in/at/on/during
…+which
Do you knoe the street where he lives?This is the factory where we worked . 注意：
That is the villiage I was born.This is the factory ____________we visited That is the house ________ he lived in..The place_______we had been to was far. The shop that /which
we saw is beautiful.
3.why 表示原因（先行词只有一个reason），做原因状语。
Why= for which
That is the reason why he was late 注意：在先行词
reason后错用关系副词
why的情况。
判断下面句子的正误，并说明理由：
Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？（）Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？（
）I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late
（
）
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I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．（）
四、定语从句中需要注意的几个问题
1.从句中的主语和谓语一致
1）关系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。
The boy who is standing at the door is my son. 2）在one of the +
复数名词+定语从句”结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其
谓语动词用复数形式。This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject. 3）在“the only one of the +
主语，其谓语动词用单数。
This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject. 2. 关系代词和关系副词的选择
复数名词+定语从句”结构中，
one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作
先行词是表时时间、地点、原因的名词，引导定语从句是用关系副词还是用关系代词，
如果充当状语，就用关系副词引导定与从句；
关如果充
键在于关系词在从句中充当的成分。当主语或宾语，则用关系代词。
1)This is the school where Mr Cheng works2) This is the
school that Mr Cheng set up ten years ago.3)I will never forget the day when I joined the Party4)I will never forget the day that I spent with Mr Isaak.5)That was the reason that he gave me yesterday.That was the reason why he gave me a note yesterday.
1）关系副词一般可以改为“介词The reason why/for which I didn
+which”。
’t come this morning is that it rained har
d.
This was the city where /in which he was taken away by the enemy
注：、“介词+ 关系词”及关系副词when, where, why
1). The box is full of bottles. He is standing on the box. ----> The box on which he is standing is full of bottles. The box where he is standing is full of bottles.
2). This is the train. We work on the train.---->This is the train on which we work.
五This is the train where we work.
3). I know the reason. She did it for the reason.---->I know the reason for which she did it. I know the reason why she did it.
4). The man is our school master. You shook hands with the man just
now.
----> The man with whom you shook hands is our schoolmaster. 5). The pen is made in Shanghai. She is writing with the pen. ----> The pen with which she is writing is made in Shanghai.
不能拆开的词组：look for / look after / catch hold of /take care of / put on / take off…
why
不能引导非限制性定语从句。
that
在有些情况下有一种特殊的用法
。That 在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，
或“介词+which
”。
,代替when , where, why,
关系代词
表示时间、地点、原因和方式
We will never forget the year that(= when)SARS broke out in China.
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That is the place that(=where)the health workers fought against SARS. 3.关系代词的省略
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略；作宾语时在口语中可以省略。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。A plane is a machine that can fly.
The finger (that )I put into my mouth was not the one (that)I had dipped into the cupHis mother
4.as和which
, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.
指整个主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
as和which指整个主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句有时可以通用。1）as引导的定语从句可以位于句首、句中；于句首。
2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；系代词只能用
which.。
know, see, report, say, expect, announce
等动词连用which引导。
which
引导
的这类定语从句时常作实意动词的主语，即从句中谓语动词为行为动词时，则从句中的关3）as引导的定语从句常与
which 引导的定于从句一般只位于句中，不置
4）当从句与主句之间含有并列关系或结果关系时，非限制定语从句一般用
As we all know ,China is a country with a long history. China is a country with a long history, as is known to us all. Tom did not pass the exam, which made his mother very angry. 5.误将强调句型当定语从句。比较下面的句子：
误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn正：Was it beca
use it snowed last night that you didn
7.but, than也可作关系代词。
You spent more money than （which）was intended to be spent. There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。
but = who don't
．
’t come’t come
？？
．
六、非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充，说明的作用，用逗号分开。关系代词用who(m), which，关系副词用where ,when. 非限制性定语从句不能用that来引This was the American Civil War, which lasted 4 years before the North won in the end. He was taken to another room, where he found a wounded boy, who was dying. 七、as 作为关系代词，习惯上用于下列词组：the same....as such ...as as ... as，so…as
1.Take as many books as you want.2Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. 3.He read such books as will make him wiser.
4.The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is. As 用于非限制性定语从句，常见以下句型：
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as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out
as与which的用法区别：as与which在非限制性定语从句中，都可指代整个主句，但as引导的从句可放在主句的句首, 句中或句尾，而which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth, as we have seen.
She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour. 八、the same…as, the same …that 的区别This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. （相似的事物）I am wearing the same coat that I wore yesterday. （同一事物）九、定语从句和同位语从句的区别:
定语从句相当于形容词作定语，对先行词加以限制或修饰，同位语从句相当于名词，对先行词加以补充或说明，连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分，而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分.
The promise that my uncle gave me made us happy. （定语从句）
The promise that my uncle would give me a new bike made us happy. (同位语从句) The news that they had won came.
十、关系代词what和that, which的区别:
先比较下列句子中的what和that:
He told us the things that he had seen. --> He told us what he had seen. This is the words which I said. --> This is what I said.
可以看出what 实际上等于是“thething that(which)即”, “先行词+关系词”. 因此在句中如果已有先行词，则不能用what，而只能用that(which)，如没有先行词，则用what。what是一个没有先行词的关系词。
1. We are learning English, a language _____ is used in many places in the world.
2. Most Americans love Chinese food, ____ is cooked in a different way from western food.
3. This magazine belongs to the teacher ____ teaches us history.
4. Anyone ____ comes to China will surely visit the Great Wall near Beijing. 5. Anyone ____ has a cold should have a good rest.
6. The house _____ stands on the top of the hill was built last month. 7. The medicine _____ he bought is good for your health. 8. He is the only person ______ saw the accident yesterday.
9. Tom is trying to read in the room _____ the others are watching TV. 10. We won’t forget the day _____the hero was killed.
11. The student _____ the teachers are talking about has won the first prize in the English contest.
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12. The newspaper ____ you are reading is two days old.
13. Do you remember the time _______ we got lost in the park? 14. I’ll never forget the time ____ we spent together in the army camp. 15. They are building a hospital on the street ___ we used to live.
16. The present _____ he gave her yesterday evening is still unopened. 17. Happiness is one of the things _____ money cannot buy. 18. This is the hospital ______ her mother works.
19. I’ll never forget the day _______ I joined the League.
20. The house ________ was pulled down last week is being rebuilt. 21. The man _______ wife died last year has gone to Japan. 22. Tell me the reason ______ the American lady left.
23. Do you know the boy ______ was praised at the meeting? 24. I know the girl ________ the teacher praised yesterday.
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