2007
Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life. Creativity has come to be valued, because new technologies, new industries and new wealth flow from it. And as a result, our lives and society have begun to echo with creative ideas. It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the underlying spirit of our age.
Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today, and in many senses always has been. The big advances in standard of living –-not to mention the big competitive advantages in the marketplace--always have come from” better recipes, not just more cooking.” One might argue that’s not strictly true. One might point out, for instance, that during the long period from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to modern times, much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine, but from the widespread application of “cooking in quantity” business methods like massive division of labor, concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale. But those methods themselves were creative developments.
2008
The term ”business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what- if questions about the critical assumptions on which. your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.
2009
With the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.
Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.
Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.
Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue’s, and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks.
2010
In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2
“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didn’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”
2011
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around
the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
2012
When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates 。
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This \"brain drain \"has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make 。
2013
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week, I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does try to put it to one side. I don't think it's harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day, they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
2014
Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shalar, realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar
uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture —he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
2015
Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.
The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.
2016
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 4400 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.
2007作为经济生活所表明的特征，人类社会创造力的提升为我们这个时代正在发生的巨大的变化提供了巨大的动力。由于许多新的技术，新兴的工业以及新的财富都源自于创造力，所以，它的价值业已凸现出来。因此，各种创新的观念开始在我们的生活和社会中传播开来。正是人们在各个领域对创造力的认同才形成了我们这个时代精神的基础。
创造力对我们当今的生活和工作方式至关重要，而且在许多方面始终如此。生活水平的大幅度提高总是来源于更好的食谱，而不只是烹饪更多的食品，更不用说在市场条件下那些大的竞争优势了。然而，有人则会认这并不完全正确。比如说，有人也许会指出从早期的工业化时代到现代这么长的时期里，一些工业国家的生产力的大幅度提高和物资财富的大量增长并不仅仅是来自于象蒸气机这样的创造性的发明；而且还得益于“大量烹饪”商业模式的广泛使用。如大规模的劳动力的分工，资产的集中，纵向联合以及规模经济等，但是所有这些模式本身就是创造性的发展。
2008随着个人计算机和空白表格程序的发明,”商业模型” 这个属于首次得到了大规模的使用， 空白表格程序被发明前, 商业计划通常以为着产生一个单一的预测, 充其量,你也只能在此单一预测的基础上再做一些敏感性分析. 空白表格程序开启了一种更具分析性的规划方法, 其原因是空白表格程序中的每一行中的项目都可以被拆分, 其中的每一个部分及字部分都可以被分析和测试. 你可以对你的商业外所以来的关键设想提出”的问题, 例如, “如果顾客对价格的敏感度超过了我们的预期怎么办”, 只需敲击几下键盘，你就可以看到某个变化对全局的各个方面回产生怎么样的影响,换句话说,你可以对商业的行为建立模型. 在计算机改变了商业规划的本质之前, 绝大部分成功的商业规划与其说是策划出来的, 不如说是运气使然. 空白表格程序将公司的时常洞察力与相应的经济结果更为紧密的联系起来,从而使公司在商业运营开始前建立商业模型变为可能.
2009由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.
银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.
抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.
金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.
2010“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。
事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可以预料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。’”
2011有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT 行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一 样多？占二氧化碳总排量的 2%. 很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。根据你查询正确答案的尝试次 数，谷歌搜索引擎会插手 0.2-7 克的二氧化碳的排放量。要快速将结果传递给用 户，谷歌必须用强大和大量的计算机系统来维护全球巨大的数据库中心。这些计 算机在散发大量热量的同时也产生大量的二氧化碳气体。所以中心处理器必须要 有很 好的散热装备，然而却耗能更多。
2012发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心，往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来。英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策，就是为了吸引这部分人群。
很多研究发现，发展中国家受过良好教育的人们尤其可能移民。2004年对印度家庭的一次大规模调查表明，近40%的移民接受过高中以上教育，而与之形成对比的是：全印度25岁以上受过高中以上教育的人约为3.3%。这种“人才外流”的现象长期困扰着贫困国家的政策制定者们。他们担心这会有损经济发展，使得他们丧失亟需的有技能的人才，这些人本可以留在大学任教、在医院工作或设计新奇产品供工厂生产。
2013从过去的53年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方自，当天有什么新闻，甚至那天是星期几。从四岁起，我就具备这种能力。
我从来不会因为大脑吸收的信息量庞大而感到难以承受。我的大脑似乎有能力应对，并将其有序地存储于脑中。每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样――我会尽量将其搁置一旁。我不认为记得越清就越难忘记。惊人的记忆力并没有使我的情绪变得更为敏感或者更加细腻。祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目。我也还记得音乐剧《毛发》是在这天首登百老汇的――这两件事情都以同样的方式跃入我的脑海。
2014大多数人都会把乐观定义为无尽的快乐，对于有半杯水的杯子，他们总觉得还有一半这很幸运。 但这正是积极心理学家所不提倡的虚假快乐。“健康的乐观主义是要与现实联系在一起的，”哈佛大学 教授泰·本—沙哈如是说。根据他的观点，现实的乐观主义者会尽量妥善处理发生的坏事，而不是相 信事情会朝着好的方向发展。 本—沙哈运用三个训练法来保持乐观。当他心情低落时——比如说，在做了一个糟糕的演讲之后 ——他会宽慰自己说这是人之常情。他会提醒自己，并不是每次演讲都要有得诺贝尔奖的标准，有些 演讲的效果总会要比其他的效果差些。接下来是对演讲现场的重现。他会分析分析这次效果不佳的演 讲问题出在哪里，哪里精彩，哪里失败，以为将来的演讲积累教训。最后，看问题的角度，这就要求 我们认识到在漫长的人生格局中，一次失败的演讲根本算不上什么。
2015想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。无论如何，你会熟悉路上的每一个迂回曲折。在这类旅行中，我们很容易会分散注意力并且不太关注路边的风景。结果就是你误以为旅途比实际所用的时间要少。 这是美妙的旅程所产生的效果：人们往往会低估在熟悉的旅程中所用掉的时间。 我们分散注意力的方式会导致这种结果。当我们在知名的路途中行驶时，我们不必过于集中精力，时间似乎过得飞快。随后，当我们回想整个过程时，由于没有特别留神，会变得印象模糊。此时，我们似乎会觉得这段旅程会更短些。
2016超市设计的目的就是为了使消费者花尽可能多的时间在店内逛。理由很简单：你在店里待的时间越长，你看到的东西就越多；你看到的东西越多，你买的东西就越多。超市中有各种各样的商品。根据食品营销研究所的调查，平均每个超市约有4400种不同种类的商品，有的超市甚至有成千上万种商品。琳琅满目的商品足以让顾客眼花缭乱。根据脑部扫描实验，迅速做出决定对我们来说实在太难。40分钟的购物经历后，大多数人已不再是理性选择，而开始感性消费。这就是为什么购物车里的商品会有50%是我们本不打算买的。
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