That 用 法 小 结

That 用 法 小 结

凤凰中学 黎起文

内容摘要：英语单词that的用法较多，常见的that主要用作指示代词。此外，它还可以用作关系代词、从属连词以及副词、形容词等。现将其归纳小结出来，这有助于理解其在句中的作用，正确理解英文句子。

关键词：单词that 用法小结

在英语单词中，that的意义及其用法较多，它可以用作关系代词、从属连词、副词、形容词等，在句中起到一定的作用。本文试作肤浅的阐述。

一、that用作指示代词

1、that最常见的作用就是作指示代词，其意义相当于汉语中的“那”，分析它在句中的作用可知，它能作形容词性指示代词也可作名词性指示代词。例如：

（1）Is that man your father?

（2）What about that book I lend you last week? （3）That is a ruler.

例（1）和例（2）中的that是形容词性指示代词，例（3）是名词性指示代词。that是单数形式，它的复数是those。

2．that的语义是“那”，其对应词是“这”（即this）, 但在下列场合，汉语里说“这”，而英语里多用 “that”：

（1）前面提到过的东西常用“that”代替。例如： “天已经很晚了，这就是他们停止工作的原因。”

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It is late already. That is why they stop working

（2）说话者提及的东西，其位置较远时常用“that”代替。例如： “北京大学是世界上有名的大学。在这所学校里学生们都努力学习。”

Beijing University is a famous university. In that school all the students study hard.

3. 有时，被定语从句修饰的前置词用the代替that。如： “把你昨天买的那字典借给我好吗？”

Would you lend me the dictionary you bought yesterday? 4. that常用来代替句子特指（即用定冠词）的主语，如： “北京的天气比广州天气冷。”

The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou.

但如果该名词是泛指，即其前面用不定冠词a /an时， 则要用one来代替，而不用that。例如：

“水晶眼镜的价格比玻璃眼镜贵。”

A pair of glasses made of crystal costs morn than one made of glass. “大米做的蛋糕比小麦做的价格要贵得多。’

A cake made of rice costs more than one made of wheat. 如该名词是复数，则要用those，如： “我们学校的学生人数远远超过他们学校的。”

The students in our school are much more than those in their school. 5. that不能和所有格在一起使用，如：

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“我不喜欢她的那条项链。”

I don’t like that necklace of hers.不要译成：I don’t like her that necklace .二、that用作关系代词

that还可以用作关系代词引导定语从句，这时它没有复数形式。在句子中它可以用来： 1. 指人，如：

（1）I met a girl that (=who) had lots of books in her arms. (that 在从句中作主语)

（2）The teacher that (=whom)you are looking for must be in the Teachers’ Office.(that在从句中作宾语)

（3）She is not the person that she was.(that在从句中作表语)

值得注意的是all作主语时，其引导定语从句的关系代词是不同的：指人时用who，指物时却要用that。例如：

All who know the answers should raise up their hands。 此句中的all是指人，要用who来引导定语从句，不能用that。 再如：

All that you earned today must be put on the table! 句中的all指的是物，所以要用that。 2. 指物，如：

（1） I’ve brought two logs that were cut down by them.(that在从句中作主语) （2） The trees (that) you planted yesterday must be watered often. (that在句中作宾语，可省)

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3. 在以下情况下，定语从句的引导词用which，而不用that来引导： （1）非限定性定语从句，如：

All the money, which we earned today, was given to the poor girl. （2）当关系代词作介词的宾语时，如果介词置于它的前面，需用which，如： The only one thing of which Mary took care was her dog.

(3). 当先行词不是一个名词，而是前面整个句子所表示的抽象概念， 关系代词用which, 如：

Because of raining, the sports meeting is put off, which we are eagerly looking forward to for two weeks.

(4) 在“名词+ of + which ”这一形式中，只能用which,不能用that，which在从句中作定语，如：

The note-book the cover of which is green is hers. 4. 关系代词which, 引导定语从句时通常指物。但在以下几种情况下常用that, 一般不用which：

（1）被序数词修饰的先行词，例如： The fourth child that we found was a boy. He is the first funny boy that I found. （2）被形容词最高级修饰的先行词，例如：

This is the most interesting movie that we saw this year. Thomas is the most useful person that we met today.

（3）先行词被only, little, much, no, all, any, every等词所修饰时，例如：

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This is all the money that we have now. John is the only friend that she has.

要注意的是，在上述三种情况中，先行词即使是指人，也该用that来引导定语从句，而不用who来引导。

（4）先行词是anything, anybody, everything, everybody, nothing, nobody时，如：

Nothing (that) I do can make her happy.

5. 在不规范的口语中，倘若主语是以“who is”，“it is”, “there be”，等开头的定语从句，其关系代词常省略，如：

（1）Who is the boy (that) called the police?

（2）It is not everybody (that or who) can change her mind.

（3）There is a river (that ) running clean water in front of the village. 6. 可用that引导同位语从句，如：

The three-year-girl’s answer that four times four is sixteen makes her parents very happy.

The news that she was made monitress by her classmates is true. 7. 有时还可以用that 取代关系副词when，引导定语从句，如：

The day that (= when) she was married was December 26, 2011. (that或when均可省去)

8. 名词way后面的定语从句也可用that 来引导，以代替in which，如： This is the way that (= in which) we solve the problem.

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This is the way that (= in which) we did it. (that或in which可省去) 三、that可用作从属连词

That可以用作从属连词，引导主语从句、宾语从句和状语从句等，此时that在从句中没有实在意义，也不作任何成分，仅起引导作用。在表语、宾语和状语从句中，that有时可省去不用，特别是在口语中。

1. 引导主语从句，如：

(1) .That he is lazy is known to them all.

(2) . It is true that he always beats me in tennis. (It 是形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句)

2、引导宾语从句，如：

(1). He said (that) he had been to Beijing. (2) .Tom told Mary (that) she was wrong. (3) He told me that he had seen the movie. 3、引导表语从句，如：

The problem is (that) he doesn’t know how to do it. 4. 引导状语从句 (1) 表示目的，如：

They got up early that they could finish the job in time. (2) 表示原因，如：

I’m glad (that) I have caught up with my classmates. (3) 表示结果，如：

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What is wrong that they all look so sad?

5. that还可与别的词构成词组，用来引导状语从句。 （1）引导目的状语从句，例如： ①so that (以便):：

We must be hurry so that we can catch up the early bus. ②in order that (以便)：

He made a face again and again in order that he could made the baby happy. （2）引导原因状语从句，例如： ①now that (既然)：

Now (that) you’re not children, you should obey the rules. ②not that…but that (不是……而是)：

Joe got good grades in the examinations, not that he is clever but that he works hard.

（3）引导条件状语从句，例如： ①on condition (that) (假使)：

He’ll lend the money to you on condition (that) you return it to him in time. ② provided (that) (倘若)：

We will do the job provided (that) she does. ③supposing (that) (假使)：

Supposing (that) she can’t do it, who will do? （4）引导结果状语从句，例如：

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①so that (以致)：

She listened to her mother carefully so that she could do what her mother asked her to do.

②so …that (如此……以致)：

She was so young that she can’t go to school. ③such… that (如此……以致)：

He is such an little short man that he can’t touch the fruit in the tree. 四、that用作形容词

that用作形容词时和用作连词相同，意思都是 “那样的”，如： She was angry to that (= such ) that she could say no word. 五、that用作副词

that用作副词，相当“那样”、“那么”之意，用来修饰副词和形容词，例如： 1. The old woman can’t walk that far ( = as far as that ) 2. Can a lazy man work that hard ( = as hard as that )?

3. The captain was that (= so ) angry he wanted to punished the lazy soldier. 六、that可用在强调句型中

that可用于“It be…that…”强调句型中，以加强被强调部分的语气，如： ① It is (was) the dictionary that I bought yesterday. ② It was yesterday that I bought the dictionary.

综合上述可知，that在英语句子中所扮演的角色很多，明白其作用，对理解句子的正确意思大有裨益。

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