英语修辞手法
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。
标志词常用 like, as, seem， as if, as though， similar to， such as等。
例如：
1>。He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。
2〉.I wandered lonely as a cloud.
3〉.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。
2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成.
例如：
1〉.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。
2>。Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be
chewed and digested.
3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容，例如:
1>。The kettle boils. 水开了。
2>。The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称，例如：
Lend me your ears, please。 请听我说。
III。以作者代替作品，例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集
VI。以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如：
I had the muscle， and they made money out of it。气赚钱。
4.Synecdoche 提喻
我有力气,他们就用我的力
提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。
例如:
1〉.There are about 100 hands working in his factory。（部分代整体）
他的厂里约有100名工人.
2>。He is the Newton of this century。(特殊代一般)
他是本世纪的牛顿.
3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分)
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。
5。Synaesthesia 通感，联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触。嗅。味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。
通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体;听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”.
例如:
1>。The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.(用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。
2>。Taste the music of Mozart。(用嗅觉形容听觉）
品尝Mozart的音乐.
6.Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
例如:
1〉.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化)
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods。（把鸟拟人化)
7。Hyperbole 夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的。它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.。
例如:
1>。I beg a thousand pardons.
2>。Love you。 You are the whole world to me， and the moon and the stars.
3>。When she heard the bad news， a river of tears poured out。
8.Parallelism 排比， 平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似，意思相关，语气一致的短语。句子排列成串，形成一个整体。
例如:
1〉。No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral； no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2〉.In the days when all these things are to be answered for， I summon you and yours， to the last of your bad race， to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race， to answer for them separately。
9。Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法
婉辞法指用委婉，文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话。
例如:
1>。He is out visiting the necessary。?? 他出去方便一下。
2>。His relation with his wife has not been fortunate。 他与妻子关系不融洽.
3〉。Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997。 （去世)
10.Allegory 讽喻,比方(原意“寓言”)
建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义.
英文解释：an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances； an extended metaphor 摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》一书
这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法，意为”换个方式的说法”.它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性，表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.
例如：
1〉。Make the hay while the sun shines。
表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草
真正意味:趁热打铁
2〉.It’s time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑
11。Irony 反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式。如在指责过失。错误时，用赞同过失的说法，而在表扬时，则近乎责难的说法。
例如：
1〉.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊（真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念）
2〉\"Of course， you only carry large notes, no small change on you。 \"the waiter said to the beggar.
12。Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义，借题发挥。作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.
例如:
1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise。
2〉。An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country。
3〉。If we don’t hang together, we shall hang separately.
13。Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句。谚语,改动其中部分词语，从而使其产生新意的修辞。
例如：
1>。Rome was not built in a day， nor in a year。
2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided。
3>。If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14。Rhetorical question 修辞疑问（反问）
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段，取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而
喻的。
例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered？
15。Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。
例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore。
2>.You are staying； I am going。
3〉。Give me liberty, or give me death。
16。Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..
例如:
1>.More haste， less speed.欲速则不达
2〉。The child is the father to the man。（童年时代可决定人之未来）三岁看大，四岁看老。
17。Oxymoron 反意法，逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物，以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
1>.No light， but rather darkness visible.没有光亮,黑暗却清晰可见
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome。
18.Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小。轻重。深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点。可以增强语势，逐渐加深读者印象。
例如:
1>。I am sorry， I am so sorry， I am so extremely sorry。
2〉.Eye had not seen nor ear heard， and nothing had touched his heart of
stone.
19。 Anticlimax 渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法，将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列。
例如：
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations， at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes
20. Rhetorical repetition
叠言这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future， who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny。 它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2、.。。 Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain， less discomfort， less death， less disease and less deformity. 因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦,更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废.
21. Onomatcpocia
拟声是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight， the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door， the voice of a loved one。
她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。
22。 Alliteration.
头韵法在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感.
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.
23 Syllepsis： 一语双叙
It has two connotations.
In the first case, it is a figure by which a word， or a particular form or inflection of a word， refers to two or more words in the same sentence， while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法)。 For example, He addressed you and me， and desired us to follow him。 （Here us is used to refer to you and me.）
In the second case， it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence。 For example， while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind， and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. （Here to losing one's limbs in literal； to lose one’s mind is figurative, and means to go mad。）
24. Zeugma： 轭式搭配
It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them， or applying to them in different senses. For example， The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night。 (Here noon is not strong enough to burn) 25. Innuendo： 暗讽
It is a mild form of irony， hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person or subject mentioned. For example， the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom。
26。 Sarcasm： 讽刺
It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage， ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked。 For example， laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies， but let wasps break through。
27. Apostrophe 顿呼
In this figure of speech, a thing, place， idea or person （dead or absent) is addressed as if present， listening and understanding what is being said。 For instance， England！ awake！ awake! awake!
28。Transferred Epithet 转类形容词
It is a figure of speech where an epithet （an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong.
E.g. I spent sleepless nights on my project
1。 Simile: a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image。 It is explicit comparison recognized by the use of words like， as， seem, as if， as though, such as。
e.g. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.
…and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a match box。
The pen to a writer is what a gun to a fighter。
We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it。
Words and feather are tossed by the wind.
When he moves, his little agility suggested a tame panther without the claws.
2。 Metaphor： a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
e。g。 The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams.
（compare： Happiness is like sunshine： it is made up of very little beams。)
Money is bottomless sea, in which honor， conscience， and truth may be drown in it.
Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship.
I fall upon the thorns of life！ I bleed。
His hostility melted.
By this time the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down.
3。 parallelism: comes from Greek, it means to be alongside one another。 It put the words， phrases， clauses and sentences similar or close in meaning, or structure alongside one another。
e。g。 with this faith we will be able to work together， to pray together, to struggle together， to go to jail together…
It was not anger， nor surprise, nor disapproval， nor horror， nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for。
4。 Antithesis： the rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangement of words， clauses or sentences。
e.g. when poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window。
Men make houses， women make home.
We found ourselves rich in goods， but ragged in spirit。
As for me： give me liberty or give me death.
5。allusion(典故，隐喻，）: usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art， to a person or an event.
e。g. Your want your pound of flesh？
I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my waterloo。
6。 Anaphora： the rhetorical device of repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.
eg。 Let us be dissatisfied until America…Let us dissatisfied until slums…Let us be dissatisfied until integration…
7. Chiasmus(交错配列词）: a reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases
eg. A well—educated man should know something of everything and everything of something.
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity； a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity。
Love makes time pass， time makes love pass.
8。 Paradox is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet
may be true， the purpose of which is to provoke fresh thought。
e。g。 More haste， less speed.
The Child is father of the Man
9。 Alliteration： 头韵occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of two or more words in succession
eg。 A misty morning may have a fine day.
He remained loyal to me through thick and thin.
He is as proud as a peacock.
10. Transferred epithet ： 修饰转换\\移位修饰the transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate
eg。 There was a short, thoughtful silence。
This is the cheapest market in this country.
He closed his busy life at the age of sixty。
11. Understatement: Understatement is used when a speaker wants to a make a situation seem less strong or important than it is。 It is often， but not
always, expressed by the negation of the opposite.
eg. London is not the cheapest place in the world. （London is expensive）
He's a little on the old side。 （Her new husband is old）
I wouldn’t say it tasted great. （The food is terrible)
12. Hyperbole： deliberate and obvious exaggeration used for effect.
eg。 Her wrinkles weigh more than she does! (she is very old)
My history teacher’s so old, he lived through everything we’ve learned about ancient Greece
I think of you a million times a day。
13。 Metonymy: （转喻）the kind of figure of speech in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it.
e.g。 He is too fond of the bottle。
The crown presided the new year party in the palace。
14。 Synecdoche： (提喻） in which a term is used in one of the following ways:
• Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing or
• A thing (a \"whole\") is used to refer to part of it or
• A specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger, more general class， or
• A general class of thing is used to refer to a smaller， more specific class, or
• A material is used to refer to an object composed of that material, or
• A container is used to refer to its contents.
Eg. He earns his bread by writing.
Australia beat Canada at cricket。
He is the Newton of this century.
He was hurt and he needed Band-Aid. （for any variety of adhesive bandage）
She was dressed in silks。
Ps： 最后两种修辞比较容易混淆， synecdoche重点 “部分代整体\\整体代部分\\材料代成 品”.
Pps: 如考试中出现句子中有两个或以上修辞，写出最有把握的一种即可。
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