PartⅠWriting (30 minutes)
(第1套)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have twooptions upon graduation: one is to find a job somewhere and the other to start abusiness of your own. You are to make a decision. the reasonsfor 180 words. Part Ⅲ
Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions:
In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required
of choices given in a word bank following
to select one wordfor each blank from a list
your decision.
Write an essay to explain
You should write at least 120 words but no more than
the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. When someone commits a criminal offense.But
act, we always hope the punishment will
crimes--animal
match the
when it comes to one of the cruelest
abusers oftenreceive
fighting--things26
of pain. (缓刑).
work out that way.Dog-fighting victims are 27 and killed for profit and \"sport,\" yet their criminal
a28 sentence for causing a lifetime animalfighters
only get probation
(起诉) of animal fighters.
Roughly half of all federally-convicted judgesoften
Some progress has been made in the prosecution But federal
rely heavily on the U. S. Sentencing GuideLines when they29 penalties,
is revisiting
and in the case ofanimal fighting, those guidelines are outdated and extremely30 The U.S. Sentencing Commission, which31 these sentencing guidelines, them,proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6 - 12 to 21 - 27 months. This is a step in the right32,
but we'd like to see the U. S. Sentencing Commission make
further changes to the guidelines.
Along with this effort, we're working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to33 anti-cruelty laws across the country, as well as supporting laws and policies
that assistoverburdened
animal 34 that care for animal fighting
in cruelty
victims.
This help is 35 importantbecause the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major factor that prevents people from gettinginvolved place. A. convenient B. creates C. critically D. determine E. direction
cases in the first
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F. hesitate G. inadequate H. inspired I. method J. minimal K. rarely L. shelters M. strengthen N. sufferings O. tortured Section B Directions:
In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements
Eachstatement contains information
given in one of the paragraphs.
the questions
attached to it.
Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer by marking thecorresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2.
When Work Becomes a Game
A) What motivates employees to do their jobs well? Competition with coworkers, for some. Thepromise of rewards, for others. Pure enjoyment of problem-solving, for a lucky few.
B) Increasingly, companies are tapping into these desires directly through what has come to be knownas \"gamification\" : essentially, turning work into a game. \"Gamification is about understandingwhat it is that makes games engaging and what
game designers do to create a great experience ingames, and taking those learnings and applying them to other contexts
such as the
workplace andeducation,\" explains
Kevin Werbach, a gamification expert who teaches at the Wharton School ofBusiness at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.
C) It might mean monitoring employee productivity on a digital leaderboard and offering prizes to thewinner, or giving employees digital badges or stars for completing certain
activities.
It could alsomean training
Companies fromGoogle to
employees how to do their L'Oréalto IBM to Wells
jobs through video game
platforms.
Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in theirworkplaces. And more and more companies are joining them. A recent report suggests that theglobal gamification marketers
market will
grow from $1.65 billion
long spirits.
looked
for
in 2015 to $11.1 billion fun
ways to
by 2020.
D) The concept of gamification is not entirely new, Werbach says. Companies,
and teachershave
or competitive
engage people's
its snack
reward-seeking
Cracker Jackshas been \"gamifying\"
food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years, headds, and the turn-of-the-century steel magnate (
巨头) Charles Schwab is said to have often
comeinto his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the past shift on the factoryfloor, thus motivating the next shift of workers to beat the previous one.
E) But the word \"gamification\" and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only beganin earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part
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to video games, the generation idea of having their world the vast
majority
nowentering the workforce is especially open to the
work gamified. \"We are at apoint where in much of the developed
games, and an
of young people grew up playingvideo
increasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too,\" Werbachsays. F) A number of companies have sprung up--GamEffective, Bunchbail and Badgeville, to name a few--in
recent years offering
gamification
platforms
for businesses.
The
platforms that are most effectiveturn employees' ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative. is motivating psychology. \"
G) Some people, Werbach says, are motivated by competition.Sales into thiscategory.
For them, the right
kind of gamification
people often fall might be turning their
to this
\"What makes a gamegame-like is that the player actually
isabout understanding
what
which requires
some understandingof
cares about the outcome,\" Werbach says. \"The principle
group of players,
saies pitches into acompetition with other team members, complete with a digital leaderboard showing who is winningat all times. Others are more motivated by collaboration gamification
and social
experiences.
One companyWerbach has studied
uses
to create a sense of community and boost employees' morale(士气). When
employees log in to their computers, they're shown a picture of one of theircoworkers and asked to guess that person's name.
H) Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employeetrainings. not. She recently a storm-chasing
Sometimes this involves
technology,
but often it does
company with
designed agamification
strategy for a saies training
theme. Employees formed\"storm chaser teams\" and competed in
storm-themed educational exercises to earn variousrewards. \"Rewards do not have to be stuff,\" Cornetti says. \"Rewards can be flexible workinghours. \" Another training, this one for pay roll law, used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfstheme. \"Snow White\" is available for everyone to use, but the \"dwarfs\" are still under copyright,so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters (Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay rolllaw principles. I) Some people do not take naturaily
to gamified work environments, Cornetti
says.In
herexperience, people in positions of power or people in finance or engineering do not tend to like thesound of the word. \"If we are designing for engineers, I'm not talking
about a ' game' at all,\"Cornetti
says. \"I'm talking
about a ' simulation'
(模拟), I'm talking about ' being able to solvethis problem. '\"
J) Gamification is \" not a magic bullet,\" Werbach warns.A gamification strategy that is notsufficiently also be exploitative,
thought through or well tailored
not motivate people when used withvulnerable
especially
to its players may engage in the long populations.
term. It can For workers,
people for a little while, but itwill
especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobsyet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbachgives the example of several digital
leaderboards
Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, Caiifornia, which used large to display
how efficiently
laundry
workers were working
compared to one another.Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began tostop taking bathroom breaks, worried that
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if their productivity whip. \"\"It Werbachsays.
actually
fell they would be fired. Pregnantemployees struggled effect
to keep
up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the boardas a \"digital
had a very negative on morale and performance,\"
K) Still, gamification only stands to become more popular, he says, \"as more and more people comeinto the workforce expressions of digitai
\"There is no reason this will go away. \"
36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same.
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when startingtheir computers.
39. The idea of gamification was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification. 42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
45. It is necessary to use terms other than \"gamification\" for some professions. Section C Directions:
There are 2 passages in this section.
statements. For
Each passage is followed by some
letter
questions orunfinished on AnswerSheet 2Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keepyounger faculty members from going elsewhere.
It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to \"solve\"problems--real
or imagined. And in my position
as a professor
at three
different colleges, the actualproblems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of peoplehired--not to teach but to hold meetings--has increased significantly. Every new problem creates anew job for an administrative
fixer.
Take our Center for Teaching Excellence.
Contrary to its title,
thecenter is a clearing house (multiplied over the last 30 years. I offer
a simple proposition in
response: Many of our problems--class
attendance,
educationalsuccess,
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who are familiar with the structures and
games. \"\"We arefar from reaching the peak,\" Cornetti agrees.
each of them there are four choices marked
A, B, C andD . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding
with a single line through the centre.
信息交流中心) for using technology in classrooms
欺诈) of the kind that has
and in online courses.It's an administrative sham (
student happiness and well-being--might be improved by cutting
4
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down the bureaucratic teachers,
( 官僚的) mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring
get a majority
an army
of good teachers. If we replaced half of ouradministrative staff with classroom
we might actually
This
of our classes back to 20or fewer students
in which teachers
and students
per teacher.
would be an environment
actuallyknew each other.
The teachers must be free to teach in their own way--the curriculum should be flexible enough sothat they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should beallowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at andconsumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are notexclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, andpractice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that peopledo not recognize this, teachers.
46. What does the author say about present-day universities? A. They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems. B. They often fail to combine teaching with research. C. They are over-burdened with admires\" trative staff. D. They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.
47. According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most? A. Good classroom teachers. B. Efficient administrators. C. Talented researchers. D. Motivated students.
48. What does the author imply about the classes at present? A. They facilitate students' independent learning. B. They help students form closer relationships. C. They have more older students than before. D. They are much bigger than is desirable. 49. What does the author think of teaching ability? A. It requires talent and practice. B. It is closely related to research.
C. It is a chief factor affecting students' learning. D. It can be acquired through persistent practice.
50. What is the author's suggestion for improving university teaching? A. Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences. B. Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way. C. Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information. D. Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago--byMcDonald's.
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talent much
despite the fact that pretty
anyone who has been a student can tell thedifference between their best and worst
staff to go to classrooms.
According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand
5
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Lab, small non-foodrewards--like The researchers,
the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the
same reward centers in the brain asfood does.
led by Martin Reimann, carried
out a series of experiments to see
portion
if people wouldchoose a smaller meal ff it was paired with a non-food item. They found that the majority
of both kids and adults opted for a haft-sized
when combinedwith a prize. Both options were priced the same.
Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose thesmaller
portion.
One of the prizes used was a lottery
ticket
( 彩
票), with a $10, $ 50 or $100 payout,and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less. \"The fact that participants mere prospect of a
relatively small monetary award is interesting,\" says Reimann.
He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective.In
fact,
vaguely-stated
possibilities
of winning a prize were
more effective than options with hard oddsincluded.
\"One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking
thancertrainty
Reimann.\"
The
of
added through
attraction emotional
'
andawards,\"saysuncertainty state that is in itself why peoplelike to gamble.
How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily? One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (养) weekend. Ormaybe the reward of a half-sized to be claimed only on a futuredate. make you eat a little less.
51. What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals? A. It may shed light on people's desire to crack a secret. B. It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success. C. It appeals to kid's curiosity to fred out what is hidden inside. D. It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake. 52. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?
A. Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald's more. B. Most kids and adults don't actually
feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.
C. Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike. D. Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item. 53. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's fmding?
A. Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy. B. Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award. C. Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions. D. Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy. 54. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding? A. The emotional component of the prizes is at work.
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were willing to substitute part of a food item for the
winningprovidesdesirability
thrills. ' The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state ofhope--a
psychologically
rewarding. \" In other words, there's
a reason
温泉疗dessert
portion could be a half-sized
That would get you back in the restaurant--and
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B. People now care more about quality than quantity. C. People prefer certainty awards to possible awards. D. The desire for a future reward is overwhelming. 55. What can we infer from Martin Reimann's finding?
A. People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy. B. More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald's example. C. We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business. D. More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior. Part IV Translation ( 30 minutes ) Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from
Answer Sheet 2.
Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on
在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。
2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题答案与详解(第1套) Part Ⅰ Writing
高分范文Find a Job First
① College students' options upon graduation vary fromperson to person. Some students choose to hunt for a job whileothers ② As for me,I wouldrather find a job first. ③The reasons for my decision are as follows. for me to find a job compared withstarting
④ For onething, it is much easier
a business which demands fund, experience
⑤ For another, working
_prefer to start
their own business.
and themarket. As a green hand who has just graduated from a college,it's totally beyond my ability to handle such a complex situation.
for others could develop mypersonalities, such as perseverance, hardworking and stresstolerance ability, which can help me become more prepared andqualified if I would like to start up my own business. To conclude, after graduation. 全文翻译请看
Part II Listening Comprehension News Report One
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
⑥ chances always favor those who areprepared. And I don't think a
\"build
up fromnothing\".
⑦ As a result,
I will
find a job first
person could really
Section A
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原文翻译解析选项归类名词：E.directionL.sheltersN.sufferings动词：B.createsF.hesitateH.inspiredM.strengthen0.tortured形容词：A.convenientJ.minimalC.criticallyK.rarely详解详析26．K.rarely
。查看解析。查看解析
27．O.tortured
方便的；
G.inadequate不足的，不充分的；
微小的，极少的副词：
特别地，关键地；很少地，难得创建；
判决，决定；犹豫，不愿；激发，鼓舞；强化，增强；折磨，使痛苦
D.determine
方向，趋势；收容所，遮蔽；受难，痛苦
I.method方法；
28．J.minimal。查看解析29．D.determine。查看解析30．G.inadequate。查看解析31．B.creates。查看解析32．E)direction34．L.shelters35．C.criticallySection B 原文翻译解析详解详析
36. C。查看解析37. J。查看解析38.G。查看解析39. D。查看解析40. K。查看解析41. E查看解析42. B。查看解析43. H。查看解析44. F。查看解析45. I。查看解析Section C Passage 0ne
46．C。查看解析。47．A。查看解析48．D。查看解析49．A。
查看解析50．B。查看解析Passage Two
(51)吃得少，还能让人感到快乐的奥秘或许早在几年前就被麦当劳破解了。根据康奈尔大
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8
。查看解析。查看解析。查看解析
33．M.strengthen。查看解析
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学食品与品牌实验室的一项最新研究，小份的非食物奖励，例如麦当劳欢乐套餐中的玩具，可以和食物一样刺激大脑中的奖赏中枢。
由马丁·莱曼领导的研究人员进行了一系列的实验，想要弄清楚人们是否愿意选择配有非食物类小东西的小份食物。
(52)他们发现,绝大多数的孩子和成年人都选择带奖品但减半了的食物。是相同的。
(53)更为有趣的是，一个对未来奖品的承诺足以使成年人选择小份食品。其中可以使用的奖励之一是彩票，奖金
10、50到100美金不等。在劝说人们少吃点这一问题上，这和那些
实实在在的礼物一样有效。
“参与者们愿意用获得相对来说较少金钱奖励的可能性来替换掉一部分食物，这一事实也是非常有趣的，”莱曼说。
(54)他认为从理论上来讲，这些无形奖品中的感情成分使得它们起了作用。事实上，描述不清晰的得奖的可能性比那些有着明确的得奖概率的选择更有效果。
“这一发现的解释之一就是不确定的奖励要比确定的奖励在情感上更能激起人们的欲望。莱曼说。“得奖的不确定性通过在情感上让人‘兴奋’从而为人们提供了额外的吸引力和诱惑力。收到奖励的可能性同时带来了
一种希望，这种状态本身就能让人获得心理上的回报。博的原因。如何运用这一知识来帮助人们吃得更健康呢
”换言之，这就是人们为什么喜欢赌?
(55)这样你就又会
”
而两种选择的价格
一种办法就是给人们提供一个可以获得周末温泉疗养机会的健康选择。或者为选择一份减半了的食物设立半份甜点的奖励，该甜点只能在未来的某个日期享用。回到这个餐馆——并且这样你又可以少吃一点。详解详析
51．D。查看解析52．D。查看解析53．B。查看解析54．A。查看解析55．C。查看解析。
PartⅣTranslation
The color of red in Chinese culture usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happiness.
Red can befound everywhere during Chinese Spring as a gift.
Its popularity
Festival and on other
tothe fact
joyous occasions. Cash is often put in redenvelopes and sent to family members or close friends
in China can also be attributed
that people associate it with the Chinese Revolution
and Communist Party. However,
red does notsignify good luck and joy all the time in that the name of the dead used to be written in red. Thus it is regardedas an offense to write the names of Chinese people in red ink.
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