2. stimulus package一揽子刺激计划：A plan or a series of measures taken by a government to jump-start its ailing economy, generally as a part of its fiscal policy.
3. Overheating经济过热：An economy that is expanding so rapidly that too much money is chasing too few goods and economists fear a rise in inflation.
4. stamp tax印花税: tax levied on certain legal transactions such as the transfer of a property such as building, copyright, land, patent, and securities.
5. capital-intensive sector资本密集型企业: An industry that requires large amounts of capital, machinery and equipment to produce goods.
6. state-run firm国有企业: legal entity created by a government to undertake commercial activities on its behalf.
7. credit crisis信贷危机: A reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan from the banks.
8. institutional investor机构投资者: A non-bank entity or organization such as investment companies and mutual funds that invests in large quantities.
9. insider trading内部交易: The trading of a corporation's stock or other
securities (e.g. bonds or stock options) by individuals with potential access to non-public information.
10. Shock therapy休克疗法: originally referred to the use of electrical shocks as therapy in psychiatric treatment, but in economics used to describe powerful austerity measures designed to break spirals of very rapid inflation.
11. double-dip recession双底衰退: A situation where economic growth slides back to negative after a short-lived growth and the economy may move into a deeper and longer downturn.
12. credit rating信用评级: A published ranking based on detailed financial analysis by a credit bureau, of one’s financial history, specifically as it relates to one’s ability to meet debt obligations.
13. Austerity经济紧缩: A government policy of deficit-cutting, lower spending, and a reduction in the amount of benefits and public services provided, sometimes coupled with increases in taxes to pay back creditors to reduce debt.
14. private sector私营部门: The part of the economy that is not state controlled, and is run by individuals and companies for profit.
15. protective tariff保护性关税: A tariff which tries to ban imports to stop them competing with local products.
16. beggar thy neighbor以邻为壑: An expression in economics describing policy that seeks benefits for one country at the expense of others. Such policies attempt to remedy the economic problems in one country by means which tend to worsen the problems of other countries.
17. sovereign-debt crisis主权债务危机:A crisis in which a national government owes so much debt that it is unable to repay or on the edge of bankruptcy.
18. food-price index食品价格指数: A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of foodstuffs, often used as an important factor to assess the cost of living.
19. reserve requirement存款准备金要求: A central bank regulation that sets the minimum reserves each commercial bank must hold to customer deposits and notes.
20. Four Asian Dragons亚洲四小龙: the four Asian dragons, or Asian tigers are the highly developed economies of Hong Kong SAR，Singapore, Republic of Korea and Taiwan area. These regions were the first newly industrialized areas, noted for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. In the 21st century, all four regions have since graduated into advanced economies and high-income economies.
21. The Glorious Thirty (trente glorieuses)辉煌三十年：refers to the thirty years from 1945- 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France. The name
was first used by the French demographer in his book The Glorious Thirty. In this period, France’s population and dirigiste economy grew rapidly. These decades of economic prosperity combined high productivity with high wages and high consumption, and were also characterized by a highly developed system of social benefits.
22. emerging market：An economy, with fast growth rate but low to middle per capita income, has opened up its market and integrated itself into the global economy.
23. profit margin：Ratio of profit after taxes to cost-of-sales, often expressed as a percentage, measuring the profitability of a firm and indicating its cost structure.
24. consumer spending：The amount of money spent by households, measured monthly, making up an important part of an economy.
25. Consumerism：A movement equating personal happiness with purchasing material possessions and consumption.
26. disposable income：The amount of income left to an individual after taxes have been paid, available for spending and saving.
27. Option：A contract that permits the owner, depending on the type of option held, to purchase or sell an asset at a fixed price until a specific date.
28. economic restructuring：The phenomenon of an economy shifting from a manufacturing to a service sector economic base.
29. Turnaround：The process of moving from a period of losses or low profitability into a more profitable stage for a firm, industry or economy.
30. current account：Portion of the balance of payments consisting of exports and imports of goods and services, as well as transfer payments such as foreign aid grants.
31. economic model：A theoretical construct that represents economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them.
32. free market：A market in which there is no economic interventionby the state, except to enforce private contracts and the ownership of property.
33. coalition government: A cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate.
34. demonstration effects: Effects on the behavior of individuals caused by observation of the actions of others and their consequences.
35. health insurance: A form of collectivism by means of which people collectively pool their risk, in this case the risk of incurring medical expenses.
36: national interest: Things of great importance to a nation, including its goals, visions and ambitions in political, economic, cultural fields, etc. and actions, circumstances, and decisions to achieve them.
37. pension scheme: A qualified retirement plan set up by a corporation, labor union, government, or other organization for its employees.
38. turf war: A fight or contention for territory, power, control, or resources between tow more parties in a place or area.
39. soft power: The ability to obtain what one wants through economic or cultural means. It allows nations to exert their influence without using military means or coercion.
40. economic crunch: An economic turmoil where companies go bankrupt, people are laid off, and markets are sluggish. There is a lot of panic in both business and daily lives.
41. budget deficit: The amount by which a government, company, or individual's spending exceeds its income over a particular period of time.
42. Stagnation: A period of time in which an economy experiences difficulties and achieves little or no growth.
43. price war: Market situation in which (usually two) Powerful competitors try
to usurp each other's market share by progressively reducing prices until one of them retreats, at least temporarily.
44. speculative stock : a stock with high risk relative to any potential positive returns.
45. Deflation: A general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit.
46. gross domestic product: The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.
47. easy money: Commerce money that can be borrowed at a low interest rate.
48. property bubble: A procedure with rapid increases in valuations of real estate until they reach unsustainable levels relative to incomes and other economic elements, followed by a reduction in price levels.
49. chief executive officer: The highest-ranking corporate administrator in charge of total management of an organization.
50. personal bankruptcy: A procedure which, in certain jurisdictions, allows an individual to declare bankruptcy.
51. unfair trade: Unjustifiable and discriminatory policies and supports by a government to its own firms, ranging from export subsidies to anti- competitive
practices.
52. real estate: Land, buildings, homes or anything fixed, immovable, or permanently attached that can be traded in the market.
53. business cycle: A predictable long-term pattern of economic activity that an economy experiences four stages including decline, recession, recovery and boom.
54. trade protectionism: The economic policy of restraining business between states through a variety of government actions to discourage imports and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies.
55. price deflation: A general decline in prices often caused by a reduction in the money supply or a decrease in spending.
56. exchange control: Restrictions that governments put in place on the purchase or sale of a foreign or local currency, particularly by those in shortage of hard currencies.
57. competitive currency devaluation: The currency devaluation by a government to make its goods more competitive in the international markets.
58. trade war：Escalation of protectionism between two or more countries that impose punitive tariffs and barriers in retaliation for each other.
59. import barriers：The policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home jobs, markets or industries from overseas competition.
60. trading partner：A company or country with whom you have an ongoing business relationship and engage in importing or exporting activities.
61. Bondholder：A person owning a bond or bonds issued by a government or a public company.
62. Creditor: An entity (person or institution) that extends credit by giving another entity permission to borrow money if it is paid back at a later date.
63. Dealership: A business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company’s goods or service in a particular area.
64. health-care expenses: Money used for the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession.
65. manufacturing capacity: Volume of products or services that can be generated by a production plant or enterprise in a given period by using current resources.
66. net cash flow: A measure of a company's financial health,which equals cash receipts minus cash payments over a given period of time.
67. bad asset：A financial asset whose value has fallen significantly and which fails generate cashflow and is worth much less than expected.
68. hot products：Products that are extremely populous among consumers and normally sell like hot cakes in the market.
69. Subsidiary：A business company that is owned or controlled by another larger company.
70. task force：A unit specially organized to work on a single defined task.
71. market share：Percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that a product or company takes.
72. cash drain：A person, project, business or company that continues to consume large amounts of cash with no end in sight.
73. shareholder wealth: The wealth shareholders get to accrue from their ownership of shares in a firm, which can be increased by raising either share prices or dividend payments.
74. net worth: Total assets minus total liabilities, an important determinant of the value of a company, primarily composed of all the money that has been invested and the retained earnings for the duration of its operation.
75. management team: A group of executives employed to manage a project,
department, or company with their particular expertise or skills.
76. brain trust: A group of advisors, originally to a political candidate, for their expertise in particular fields, but now to any decision makers, whether or not in politics.
77. balance sheet: A financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.
78. captains of industry: A business leader who is especially successful and powerful and whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes substantially to the country in some way.
79. Venture capitalist: A person or firm that invests in a business venture, providing capital for start-up or expansion, and expecting a higher rate of return than that for traditional investments.
80. product cycle: The rate of new product development, which is getting faster with more severe competition and faster technological advancement.
81. reserve currency: A currency held by many governments and as part of their foreign exchange reserves and also used as the international pricing currency for products traded on a global market.
82. treasury bond: A marketable, fixed-interest U.S. Government debt security
with a maturity of more than 10 years.
83. currency war: A condition in international affairs where countries compete against each other to achieve a relatively low exchange rate for their home currency.
84. capital mobility: Ability of money to move across national boundaries freely in pursuit of higher returns.
85. monetary policy: The actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply.
86. Special Drawing Right (SDR): An international type of monetary reserve currency created by the International Monetary Fund and used as a supplement to the existing reserves of member countries.
87. quantitative easing: A government monetary policy occasionally used to increase the money supply by buying government securities or other securities from the market.
88. lending facility: A mechanism used by central banks to provide financial institutions with access to funds to satisfy reserve requirements and to increase liquidity over longer periods.
89. credit binge: A period of time in which loans are lent by the government and banks in an unrestrained way.
90. current account deficit: A situation where a country's total import of goods, services and transfers are greater than its total export of goods, services and transfers.
91. liquidity crisis: the situation in which a business experiences a lack of cash required to grow the business, pay for day-to-day operations, or meet its debt obligations when they are due, causing it to default.
92. leveraged buy-out:the acquisition of another company using a significant amount of borrowed money (bonds or loans) to meet the cost of acquisition.
93. credit crunch: a sharp increase in the interest rates and a strong decrease in allocated credits.
94. over-the-counter securities: securities traded in some context other than on a formal exchange such as the NYSE, etc.
95. initial public offering: a company issues common stock or shares to the public for the first time.
96. commercial bank: a bank that provides checking accounts, savings accounts, and money market accounts and that accepts time deposits.
97. stress test: a process that measures whether one institution has adequate capital and/or assets to respond effectively to various, adverse scenarios usually presented by a computer program.
98. investment bank：a financial institution that assists individuals, corporations and governments in raising capital by underwriting and/or acting as the client's agent in the issuance of securities.
99. hedge fund：an aggressively managed portfolio of investments that uses advanced investment strategies such as leveraged, long, short and derivative positions
in
both
domestic
and
international markets with the goal of generating high returns.
100. risk management：the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
101. fringe group：A social group holding marginal or extreme views, believing the current society is unfair and must be changed through extreme means including violence.
102. economic freedom: The right of individuals and organizations to pursue their own interests through economic activities under the rule of law without intervention from a government or economic authority.
103. mercantilist assumptions: A system of economic doctrines advocating that governments should regulate international trade in order to gain competitive advantages and build favorable balance trade.
104. dispute settlement process: Procedures required to investigate a dispute in international trade, to mediate between the two parties concerned, and to decide the outcome of the dispute case.
105. environmental protection: Any activity by a government, group or individual to maintain or restore the environment for the benefit of all lives in the globe including humans.
106. market competition: Contests in the market between business firms striving for a greater share of a market or for winning the same group of customers.
107. export subsidy:A government policy to encourage export of goods through low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, government financed international advertising etc.
108. market system: A systematic process in which there are market players, mainly suppliers and consumers, who interact and make deals.
109. anti-globalization: A grassroots movement opposing to globalization, intending to counter its trend and harmful effects, and to reform unbridled
capitalism.
110. anti-dumping duty: Additional tariff levied on imported goods when they are sold to the importing country at a price less than fair value and are found to threaten material injury to industry and market of the importing country.
111. import substitution: A national economic strategy to build up a domestic economy by emphasizing the replacement of imports by domestically produced goods.
112. foreign investment: Investment by citizens, firms of the government of a country in industries of another one.
113. equity market: The market, also known as stock market, where shares are issued and traded, either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets.
114. antitrust agency: An organization responsible for prohibiting practices that restrain competition, including price-fixing conspiracies and acts designed to achieve monopoly power.
115. Synergy: Additional effectiveness achieved from mutually advantageous integration or compatibility of efforts or resources between business participants.
116. due diligence: An investigation of a business prior to signing a contract, for example, a potential acquirer evaluating a target company or its assets for
acquisition.
117. private equity: An asset class consisting of equity securities for operating companies that are not publicly traded on a stock exchange, including venture capital, growth capital and mezzanine capital.
118. vertical merger: A merger between two companies producing different goods or components for the final finished product, for example, a car manufacturer merging a tire company.
119. tender offer: A public, open offer by a prospective acquirer to a publicly traded corporation to tender its stock for sale at a specified price during a specified time.
120. horizontal merger: A merger occurring between companies producing the same or similar products or offering similar services.
121. capital market: A market in which individuals and institutions trade financial securities in order to raise funds.
122. portfolio company: A company in which a venture capital firm, buyout firm, holding company, or other investment funds invests.
123. corporate governance: The set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered
or controlled.
124. bridge financing: A method of financing, used by companies before their IPO, to obtain necessary cash for the maintenance of operations.
125. trade union: An organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as higher wages or better working conditions.
126. Stakeholder: Person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives, and policies.
127. short seller: An investor who sells a commodity, currency, or security which he or she does not own at the time of sale.
128. activist investor: An investor who attempts to force a corporation to make changes in management, board structure, investment policies, use of retained earnings, or other practices, often by introducing shareholder proposals or putting forward alternative directors.
129. venture capital: Money provided by investors to startup firms and small businesses with perceived long-term growth potential.
130. pressure group: An interest group that endeavors to influence public policy and especially governmental legislation, regarding its particular concerns
and priorities.
131. asset stripping: The process of buying an undervalued company with the intent to sell off its assets for a profit.
132. stock option: A privilege, sold by one party to another, that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at an agreed-upon price within a certain period or on a specific date.
133. going public: The process of performing an initial public offering (IPO) by a firm, and for the first time the general public can buy its shares.
134. outdoor industry: A sector in which companies in the active outdoor recreation business provide products and services for a variety of outdoor activities such as bicycling, boating and climbing.
135. corporate America: A term commonly used to describe the world of corporations within the United States not under government ownership.
136. environmental assessment: Process of estimating and evaluating significant short-term and long-term effects of a program or project on the environmental quality of a location.
137. wilderness adventure: Activities, often regarded as sports or recreations, performed by people in areas of natural land without much cultivation or very
sparsely populated.
138. Flextime: Non-traditional work scheduling practice which allows employees to choose their individual working hours certain limits.
139. gross revenue: Money generated by all of a company's operations, before deductions for expenses.
140. rules of business: Things that define or constrain aspects of business that are intended to assert business structure or influence the behavior of business.
141. green initiatives: Programs by governments, enterprises or individuals to create
sensibility
of
environmental
protection
and
to
encourage
environment-friendly behaviors like energy efficiency, recycling, and healthy housing.
142. patented product: A product in respect of which a patent has been granted and its production and sale are legally protected by the patent.
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