《英语语⾔学》辅导纲要Chapter 1
Language and Linguistics: An Overview1.1 The definition of language
Language is widely regarded as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.2 Features of human languages
(i) Creativity (or productivity): the first and foremost striking feature of human language.(ii) Duality: sounds & meanings
(iii) Arbitrariness: the relationship between the sounds and meanings is arbitrary.
(iv) Displacement: language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.
(v) Cultural transmission: the particular language a person acquires or learns is a cultural fact, not a biological fact.(vi) Interchangeability: all members of a speech community can send and receive messages.(vii) Reflexivity: metalanguage1.3 Functions of language
(i) The ideational function：the function that language plays in human cognition, in our conceptualization of the world.(ii) The interpersonal function: language is used as a medium to get along in a community.(iii) The textual function: language is used in a logical way.1.4 Types of language
1.4.1 Natural languages and artificial languages1.4.2 Genetic classification of languages1.4.3 The typological classification of languages1.5 The myth of language: language origin1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language1.6.1 Linguistics as a science1.6.2 Branches of linguistics(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions
(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions: Sociologists, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics.1.6.3 Features of modern linguistics●Priority is given to spoken language.●Synchronic/diachronic●DescriptiveChapter 2
Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds
2.1 The study of speech sounds●Phonetics
●Articulatory phonetics●Acoustic phonetics
2.2 Description of English consonants
●Places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar,glottal
●Manners of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals●V oicing: voiced, voiceless2.5 Description of English vowels●Monophthongs and diphthongs
●Diphthongs: centering diphthongs and closing diphthongs
●The description of monophthongs: front, central, back, high, mid, lowChapter 3
Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns●The difference between phonology and phonetics3.2 Phonemes and allophones●/l/
3.3 Discovering phonemes●minimal pairs and minimal sets●Contrastive distribution●Complimentary distribution●Free Variation
●The discovery procedure
3.2 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features3.3 Syllable structure: nucleus, onset, coda3.4 Sequence of phonemes
●words, accidental gaps and systematic gaps3.5 Features above segments●Stress●Intonation●Tone
●The functioning of stress and intonation in EnglishChapter 4
Morphology: The Study of Word Structure4.1 Words and word structure●lexicon●morphology
4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language●morpheme●allomorphs●suppletive
4.3 Classification of morphemes4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes
4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes4.4 Formation of English words
4.4.1 Derivation: prefixes, suffixes and infixes4.4.2 Compounding
4.4.3 Other types of English word formation: conversion, clipping, blending,backformation, acronyms and abbreviations, eponyms, and coinageChapter 5
Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure5.1 Grammaticality
●Discriminate grammatical and ungrammatical sentences5.2 Different approaches to syntax●Traditional grammar
●Structural grammar immediate constituent analysis5.3 Transformational-generative grammar1)The goal of a TG grammar2)Syntactic categories3)Phrase structure rules4)Tree diagrams
5)Recursion and the infinitude of language6)Subcategorization of the lexicon7)Transformational rules5.4 Systemic-functional grammar
5.4.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice
5.4.2 The three metafunctions: ideational function, interpersonal function, textual function5.4.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experience
Material processesRelational processesMental processesVerbal processesBehavioral processesExistential processes
5.4.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction●Mood = Subject + Finite
●Modality: Modalisation (information) + Modulation (goods &services)
●Modalisation (information): probability + usuality●Modulation (goods & services): obligation + inclination5.4.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization ofmessage
●Theme and rheme●Unmarked and markedChapter 6
Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning
6.1 The study of meaning: Natural meaning, conventional meaning andintentional meaning6.2 Reference and sense
What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?6.3 Classification of lexical meanings
6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning6.3.2 Types of associative meaning1)Connotative meaning2)Social meaning3)Affective meaning4)Reflected meaning5)Collocative meaning6.4 Lexical sense relations6.4.1 Synonymy6.4.2 Antonymy
1)Complementary antonyms2)Reversal antonbyms
3)Reversal antonyms6.4.3 Homonymy6.4.4 Polysemy
6.4.5 Hyponymy: Superordinates
6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysisThe advantages of componential analysis6.6 Words and concepts6.6.1 Categorization6.6.2 Prototypes6.6.3 Hierarchies
6.7 Semantic relations of sentences1)Tautology2)Contradiction3)Inconsistent4)Synonymous5)Entail6)Presuppose6.8 Metaphors
6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device6.8.2 The components of metaphors6.8.3 Features of metaphorsChapter 7
Pragmatics: Analysis of Meaning in Context7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaningSpeaker meaningContextual meaningInvisible meaning7.2 Deixis and reference1)person deixis2)time deixis3)discourse deixisanaphoracatqphora7.3 Speech Acts●locutionary act
●illocutionary act●perlocutionary act
7.4 Cooperation and implicature●The maxim of quantity●The maxim of quality●The maxim of relevance●The maxim of manner●Implicature
7.5 The politeness principle●Tact maxim●Generosity maxim●Approbation maxim●Modesty maxim●Agreement maxim●Sympathy maxim
7.6 The principle of relevance 7.7 Conversational structure●Turn-taking●Back-channel signal●Adjacency pairs●Insertion sequences●Pre-sequences●Preferred second partsChapter 8
Language in Social Contexts8.1 Sociolinguistic study of languageThe definition of sociolinguistics8.2 Varieties of a language●The standard variety
●Regional (geographical) dialects●Sociolects (social dialects)
●Registers (functional varieties): mode, tenor, field8.3 Grades of formality●Frozen●Formal●Consultative
●Casual●Intimate
8.4 Languages in contact●Pidgin●Creole
●Bilingualism: code-switching, code-mixing8.5 Language and culture
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: determinism, relativism8.6 Communicative competence●Linguistic competence●Communicative competenceChapter 9
Second Language Acquisition
9.1 What is second language acquisition?●Acquisition●learning
9.2 Factors affecting SLA
●Motivation: instrumental motivation, integrative motivation●Age
●Learning strategies: cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies9.3 Analyzing learners' language●Contrastive analysis●Error analysis●Interlanguage
9.4 Explaining second language acquisition●Nativist
●Environmentalist●Functionalist本章重要概念：
Chapter 10
Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching10.1 Foreign language teaching as a system
10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications
10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design10.4 Method as integration of theory and practiceApproach, design, and procedure
10.5 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers 本章重要概念：
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