Lesson Three
Part One: Vocabularies(3)
41. 分类：category-categorize/class-classify
42.consequence后果->影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率 43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁 44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb/replace 45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性
46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝， 排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior)绝缘，隔（体） 47．缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback
48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/innovative (-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary
(易错拼写：environment/convenient)
49．neutral中立的，中性的/negative 否定，消极，阴性的/positive 肯定，积极，阳性的 50．ambiguous->ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure
51.communicate 沟通，传达
52.accommodate1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠
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53.commitment ~ to sth. 1.奉献 2责任,义务
54．contribute to 导致 ~ result in/account for(占据)导致
54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack (of)/short(of) 55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on/concentrate
明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=>evidently 56.对…怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious (about/of)
57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw 58.臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous 59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization
60.超过：exceed/surpass
Part Two: Useful Phrases(2)
1.社会地位 social statue
2.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
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3.扩大知识面 expand one‟s scope of knowledge
4.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
5.有直接/间接关系 be directly/indirectly related to…
6. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
7. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/belief that
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8.缓解压力/减轻负担 relieve stress/burden
9.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.
10.与…比较 compared with…/in comparison with
11. 相反 in contrast/on the contrary.
12.代替 replace/substitute/take the place of 大写)
13.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis/cannot hold water
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14.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
15. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
Part Three: Grammatical Point(3) 三、主谓一致Agreement 知识要点：
在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的
主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。 1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如： 1）The book is on the table. 2）He is reading English.
3）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）
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4）How you get there is a problem.
2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like to play toys.
3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如： 1）There is a dog near the door.
2）There were no schools in this area before liberation. 3）Here comes the bus.
4）On the wall were two famous paintings. 5）Here is Mr. Brown and his children.
4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如： 1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends. 2）He and my father work in the same factory. 3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
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4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident. 5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent. 6）Every picture except these two has been sold.
7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays. 8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert. 9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如： 1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。 2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。
3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。
6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如： 1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。 2）No teacher and no student is absent today.今天没有老师和学生缺席。
3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。
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7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： 1）Each takes a cup of tea. 2）Either is correct.
3）Neither of them likes this picture.
8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： 1）Is everyone here?
2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。
9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如： 1）Those who want to go please sign their names here. 2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out. 3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如： 1）Three years is not a long time.
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2）Ten dollars is what he needs.3）Five hundred miles is a long distance.
11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如： 1）The United States is in North America.
2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。 3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜谭》）is an interesting book.
12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如： 1）My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。 2）My family are fond of music. 我家人都喜欢音乐。 3）The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。
4）The class were jumping for joy. 全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。
13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：
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1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。 2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。 3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如： 1）The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。
2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now. 现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。
15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如： 1）Either you or I am going to the movies. 2）Not only you but also he is wrong.
16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： 1）Water is a kind of matter. 2）The news at six o‟clock is true.
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17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如： 1）The police are searching for him. 2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如： 1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 2）One third of the population here are workers.
19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。
1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year. 2）A number of students have gone for an outing.
20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Part Four: Samples as Mistakes(3)
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（一） 不间断句子（run-on sentences）
什么叫不间断句子，请看下面的例子：
1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 分析：
这个句子包含了2层完整的意思“There are many ways”以及“we get to know the outside world”，简单地把它们连在一起就不
妥当了。
改为：There are many ways for us to get to know the outside world.或者There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
（二） 措辞毛病（troubles in diction）
措辞是指在特定的句子中如何恰当地选用词语的问题，由于很多因素的制约，比如上课时间有限，老师在这方面作的指导相对来说就比较少，因此导致了学生在平时写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中措辞不当的地方比比皆是：
1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. (农业中不断增加的化学物质的使用也造成了污染) 分析：
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显然，考生把“obstacles”“障碍物”当作“物质”来使用了，另外，“the increasing use”（不断增加的使用）应该改为“abusive
use”(滥用)。
改为：The abusive use of chemical substance in agriculture also leads to pollution.
（三） 累赘（redundancy）
在写作中语言以简洁为贵，写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或者句子，如：
1. In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. 分析：
本句中的“In spite of the fact that he is lazy”系同位语从句，按照我们上面说的能用词组不用从句， 改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.
2. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the things they need. 分析：
整个句子太罗嗦，可以大大简化：
改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy things they need.
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Part Five: Introduction to „ Causes & Solutions‟
一般来说，这样的文体考查的重点在于考生对于一种社会现象的分析能力，在写作中需要注意两个方面的事项：
1. 在原因和建议中必须有一个侧重点，但是没有任何评分标准要求考生都必须以其中的哪一个为固定的侧重点。而如何在文章中体现自己的重点呢？其实答案很简单——对于自己想要重点说明的一部分内容做更多的文字说明就可以了。例如，我想把“原因”作为我的论述重点，那么我就准备两个自然段，而“解决方法”我只用一个段落就可以了。这样，考官看了文章后就知道什么是考生突出的重点了。
2. 无论是“原因”还是“解决方法”，在具体段落里面都应该注意语句之间的链接成分，不要让文字只是数量多而没有任何的逻辑感可言。
标志性文字：
What are the reasons? Please give your suggestion. What are the causes? Please suggest some solutions. What are the causes? What solutions do you recommend? Discuss the reasons. What suggestions would you make for them?
难度在于：
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1.就题目给出的话题，既要给出原因，同时还要给出自己的建议，对思维深度要求较高 2.写作时要“主次分明”，把握文章的重点
结构构思：
1. 传统的写作思路1，平均分配“原因”和“建议”: 第一段引入话题，第二段给出造成这种现象的原因，第三段给出相关的建议。 特别提醒：使用“平均分配”写法时，因为不涉及到个人观点，一般不需要在最后总结全文。
2. 传统的写作思路2，重点阐述“原因”（“建议”），同时确保文中有涉及到“建议”（“原因”）即可：第一段引入话题，第二段讲“原因”，第三、四段并列，给出不同的“建议”，最后一段收尾、总结全文 特别提醒：使用“不平均分配”写法时，最后一段以有收尾的语句为佳。
Part Six: Sample‟s Analysis(3)
In the past, people spent their entire lives doing one job. But nowadays, they change their jobs frequently. Please give the reasons and your suggestions.
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写作思路：
1.“平均分配”写法：分别用一段来阐述“原因”和“建议” 2. 原因
（1）跳槽热在很大程度上是由当今社会所发生的巨大变革引发的。 Lead to, cause, contribute to,
The job hopping frenzy can be attributed mainly to the remarkable social changes taking place nowadays. （2）必须长期在一间公司工作才可以在职场获得提升的现象已经没有了
The days when being on a progressive career path meant staying at the same company for life are long gone. （3）雇主看重的是员工是否在供职时全身心地投入工作
They now place more emphasis on ensuring that employees are engaged and committed during the time they spend with them （4）今天的雇员们可以相对容易地改变自己的工作，跳槽难度降低了很多 there is scope for employees to switch jobs with relative ease 3. 建议
（1）降低员工的期望值
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narrow expectation
（2）提供工作样本，让申请人了解这个工作
HR managers should sample job experiences before the interview to give job candidates a more complete picture about working in the company.
Part Seven: Structure as Reference(3) Introduction
There is no doubt whether 从句 has become a pressing one, not only to the government, but also to individuals. From my point of view, this may attribute to the following contributing factors. / this surely has produced some serious problems below.
Main Body
One possible reason is concerned with … It is well-known that …(对该原因进行解释)。Besides, … also attributes partly to sth.
Another thing that deserves our special attention is…(Apparently, if no action is taken, some serious problems would be aroused.) For
example, … Moreover, another problem I should point out lies in the fact that … Last but not least, …
As far as the thorny issue is concerned, several effective measures should be put into practice as soon as possible. In the first place...... this
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sensible way has achieved some effectiveness in some areas. Moreover, …
Conclusion
To sum up, the reasons/ problems of … provided above are a few of the many but are worth our special attention. It is certain that only the government and the authorities concerned join hands in solving this pressing matter can the situation be improved greatly in the near future.
Part Eight: Assignment(3)
Choosing a suitable career is a problem that faces many young people. What are the reasons? What suggestion would you give to them to help them make the right decision?
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