南京航空航天大学考博英语阅读题及其解析

南京航空航天大学考博英语阅读题及其解析

SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindown,andthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntous,thatis,scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalGengduoyuanxiaowanzhengkaoboyingyuzhentijiqijiexiqinglianxiquanguomianfeizixundianhua:silinglingliuliubaliujiuqiba,huojiazixunqq:qiqierliuqibawusanqirevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutable,eithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtheroles,responsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsex,andyet,scarcelytwentyyearsago,thesewerethoughttobe“beyonddispute”.

Wecansafelysay,withafewminorexceptions,thatthe

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definitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinction,raisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodel,lastedthroughoutthisperiod,appealingforitsjustificationtonature,religionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamily,bysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.

Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnature,adeviationfromthenorm.

Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtothe“place”appropriatetoeach.Women'splacewas,firstandforemost,inthehome.Theoutsideworld,i.e.workshops,factoriesandbusinessfirms,belongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworld(privateandpublic)gaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudes,whichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewoman,sequesteredathome,“cared,nurturedandconserved”.Todothis,shehadnoneedtobedaring,ambitious,toughorcompetitive.Theman,ontheotherhand,competingwithhisfellowmen,wascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvival,andhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwere

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thoughtnaturalinaman.

Today,manywomengoouttowork,andtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentives,wefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstances,andthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveall,forallwomen,workisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.(454words)

Notes:pindown把…讲明确;确定。immutable不可改变的。dualism双重论。divergence分歧，偏离。overlapping部分巧合、一致。time-honored由来已久的。dichotomy一分为二，对立。sequester使隔离。becaughtupin被缠住于，如：Heiscaughtupinthetrivia(琐事)ofeverydaythings.unduly过度地，不恰当地。

1.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehaverecognizedthat[A]thereisalmostnocluetotheidentityofbothsexes.[B]theroledistinctionbetweendifferentsexesisconspicuous.[C]thedifferentdefinitionsofsexesbearsonthedevelopmentofculture.

[D]theprogressofcivilizationgreatlyinfluencestheroledefinitionsofsexes.

2.Fromparagraph1wecaninferthatitisnowpossibleforwomentoembarkonacareerbecause

[A]thechangeinsexrolesisoutofthequestion.[B]women'slibhasbeengoingonformanyyears.

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[C]ideasabouttherolesofwomenhavebeenchanging.

[D]theexpansionofsciencesscarcelyremoldsthewomen'sroles.3.TheauthorbelievesthatsexdiscriminationintheWestbeforethe1960swas

[A]preferable.[B]prevalent.[C]presumable.[D]precedent.

4.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,theauthorseemstothinkthat

[A]femalepassivityisnatural.

[B]menandwomenarephysicallyidentical.[C]menareborncompetitiveandaggressive.[D]somedifferentsexidentityisacquired.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantreasonforwomentogotowork?

[A]Wishtoclaimtheirrightsandfreedom.[B]Ambitionandself-fulfillment.[C]Financialincentives.[D]Desireforasociallife.Text2

ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentforgoodsand

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servicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeoninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedinastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.Fortheyearasawhole,consumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.

Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreover,therestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundworkforastrongexpansion.Inaddition,theeconomicpolicymovesmadebythePresidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finally,ofcourse,theeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.

TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Nevertheless,byanyothertest,thedeficitremainedverylarge,andtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficit,almosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointing,therearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.

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GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficit,however,theoutcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.

Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead—andindeedforthelongerrun—remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.Withtheeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowth,andwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourcompetitivepostureinternationally,theemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylarge,however,theexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy'slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.(449words)

Notes:inventory存货。East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势。fiscal(与国库的钱有关的)财务的(常指税收)。liquidity周转率，清偿力。leeway余地。given鉴于，由于。thePhaseThreeprogram第三阶段计划。

6.Theauthormentionsincreasedinstallmentdebtinthefirstparagraphinordertoshow

[A]thecontinuingexpansionoftheeconomy.[B]thegrowthofconsumerpurchasingpower.

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[C]theconsumers'confidenceintheeconomy.[D]thesoaringconsumerincomesforspending.7.Paragraph2mainlydealswith

[A]therevivalofstrongerliquiditypositions.[B]thestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpolicies.[C]thecausesofbusinessdevelopmentfortheperiod.[D]economicpolicymeasuressuggestedbythePresident.8.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthor'sattitudetowardthereductionoftheinternationalpaymentsdeficitseems

[A]bitter-sweet.[B]optimistic.[C]sympathetic[D]depressing.

9.Partofthepublicpolicytask,asoutlinedinthetext,isto

[A]preventpaymentsdeficit.[B]avoidinflationarypressures.[C]devaluethedollar.

[D]increasethebalanceoftrade.

10.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatthePhaseThreeprogramcontained

[A]reducedgovernmentspending.[B]devaluationofthedollar.

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[C]productivitymeasures.[D]wageandpricecontrols.

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