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数控技术外文文献翻译

(含：英文原文及中文译文) 英文原文

The development trend of numerical control technology

Abstract

The current trends in the development of numerical control technology and equipment in the world and the status quo of the development and industrialization of CNC equipment technology in are briefly introduced. On this basis, we discuss the development of CNC technology and equipment in under the new environment of 's accession to the WTO and further opening to the outside world. The importance of improving the level of China's manufacturing informatization and international competitiveness, and put forward some views on the development of China's CNC technology and equipment from both strategic and strategic aspects.

The technological level and degree of modernization of the equipment industry determine the level of the entire national economy and the degree of modernization. Numerical control technology and equipment are the development of emerging high-tech industries and cutting-edge industries (such as information technology and its industries, biotechnology and its industries, aviation, aerospace, etc.) (Defense Industry Industry) enabling technology and basic equipment. Marx once said that “the difference between various economic times is not what is produced but how it is produced and what labor data it is used to produce”. Manufacturing technology and equipment are the most basic production materials for human production activities, and numerical control technology is the core technology of today's advanced manufacturing technologies and equipment. In the manufacturing industry of the world today, CNC technology is widely used to improve manufacturing capabilities and levels, and to improve the adaptability and competitiveness of dynamic markets. In addition, various industrialized countries in the world have also listed numerical control technology and numerical control equipment as strategic materials of the country. They not only take significant measures to develop their own numerical control technologies and their industries, but also have the key technology and equipment of “high-precision” numerical control. Our country adopts a policy of blockade and restriction. In short, the vigorous development of advanced manufacturing technologies centered on numerical control technology has become an important way for all developed countries in the world to accelerate economic development and improve their overall national strength and national status.

Numerical control technology is a technology that uses digital information to control mechanical movement and work process. Numerical control equipment is a mechatronic product formed by the penetration of new technologies represented by numerical control technology into traditional manufacturing industries and emerging manufacturing industries, namely, so-called digital equipment. Its technical scope covers many fields: (1) machinery manufacturing technology; (2) information

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processing, processing, and transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo drive technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software Technology and so on.

Keywords: CNC technology, machinery manufacturing, information processing, sensors

1 Development Trends of Numerical Control Technology

The application of numerical control technology has not only brought about revolutionary changes in the traditional manufacturing industry, but also made manufacturing a symbol of industrialization. With the continuous development of numerical control technology and the expansion of application fields, he has made important contributions to the national economy and people's livelihood (IT, automotive The development of light industry, light industry, medical care, etc. is playing an increasingly important role, because the digitalization of the equipment required by these industries is a major trend of modern development. From the current trend of numerical control technology and its equipment development in the world, its main research hotspots are the following aspects [1~4].

1.1 New trends in high-speed, high-precision processing technology and equipment

Efficiency and quality are the mainstays of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-precision machining technology can greatly improve efficiency, improve product quality and grade, shorten production cycle and increase market competitiveness. To this end, the Japanese Advanced Technology Research Institute will list it as one of the five major modern manufacturing technologies. The International Association of Production Engineers (CIRP) has identified it as one of the central research directions for the 21st century.

In the passenger car industry, the production cycle of 300,000 vehicles per year is 40 seconds per vehicle, and multi-species processing is one of the key issues that must be addressed for car equipment. In the aviation and aerospace industries, the parts processed by them are mostly thin-walled. With thin ribs, the rigidity is poor, and the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy. These ribs and walls can be processed only when the high cutting speed and cutting force are small. Recently, the method of “hollowing out” large-size aluminum alloy billets has been used to manufacture large parts such as wings and fuselage to replace multiple parts and assembled by numerous rivets, screws, and other coupling methods to obtain strength, stiffness, and reliability of components. improve. All of these require high-speed, high-precision and high-flexibility for processing equipment.

From the standpoint of EMO2001, the feed rate of high-speed machining centers can reach /min, or even higher, and the airspeed can reach around /min. At present, many automobile plants in the world, including 's Shanghai General Motors Corporation, have adopted a part of the production line consisting of a high-speed machining center to replace the combined machine tools. The HyperMach machine tool feed rate of CINCINNATI, USA is up to /min, the speed is /min, the acceleration is , and the spindle speed has reached 60,000r/min. It takes only 30 minutes to machine a thin-walled aircraft part, and the same part takes 3h for general high-speed milling and 8h for normal milling; the spindle speed and acceleration of the

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twin-spindle lathe of DMG, Germany, reach 12*!000r/mm respectively. And .

In terms of machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, the machining accuracy of ordinary CNC machine tools has increased from 10μm to 5μm, precision machining centers have increased from 3~5μm to 1~1.5μm, and ultra-precision machining precision has begun to enter the nanometer level. (0.01μm).

In terms of reliability, the MTBF value of foreign numerical control devices has reached more than 6000 hours, and the MTBF value of the servo system has reached more than 30,000 hours, showing very high reliability.

In order to achieve high-speed, high-precision machining, the supporting functional components such as electric spindles and linear motors have been rapidly developed and the application fields have been further expanded.

1.2 Rapid development of 5-axis simultaneous machining and compound machining

The use of 5-axis simultaneous machining of 3D surface parts allows cutting with the best geometry of the tool, resulting in not only a high degree of finish, but also a significant increase in efficiency. It is generally considered that the efficiency of a 5-axis machine tool can be equal to 2 3-axis linkage machines. Especially when using ultra-hard material milling tools such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling of hardened steel parts, 5-axis simultaneous machining can be compared with 3-axis linkage. Processing to play a higher efficiency. In the past, due to the complexity of the 5-axis linkage CNC system and the host machine structure, the price was several times higher than that of the 3-axis linkage CNC machine tool, and the programming technology was more difficult, which restricted the development of 5-axis linkage machine tools.

At present, due to the emergence of electric spindles, the structure of the composite spindle head that realizes 5-axis simultaneous machining is greatly simplified, its manufacturing difficulty and cost are greatly reduced, and the price gap of the numerical control system is reduced. As a result, the development of composite spindle head type 5-axis linkage machine tools and compound machine tools (including 5-sided machine tools) has been promoted.

At the EMO2001 exhibition, the new 5-axis machine tool of Nippon Machine Tool Co., Ltd. adopts a compound spindle head, which can realize the processing of four vertical planes and processing at any angle, so that 5-sided machining and 5-axis machining can be realized on the same machine tool. It can realize the processing of inclined surface and inverted cone. Germany DMG company exhibited DMUVoution series machining center, which can be processed in five-face machining and five-axis linkage in a single clamping. It can be directly or indirectly controlled by CNC system control or CAD/CAM.

1.3 Intelligentization, openness, and networking have become major trends in the development of modern digital control systems

The 21st century CNC equipment will be a certain intelligent system. The intelligent content is included in all aspects of the CNC system: in order to pursue the processing efficiency and processing quality in the intelligent, such as the process of adaptive control, process parameters automatically Generated; To improve the driving performance and the use of convenient connection intelligent, such as feed-forward

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control, adaptive calculation of motor parameters, automatic identification load automatic selection model, self-tuning, etc.; simplify the programming, simplify the operation of intelligent, such as smart The automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, etc.; as well as the contents of intelligent diagnosis, intelligent monitoring, convenient system diagnosis and maintenance.

In order to solve the problems of traditional CNC system closure and industrial application of CNC application software. At present, many countries have conducted research on open numerical control systems such as NGC of the , OSACA of the European Community, OSEC of Japan, and ONC of China. The openness of numerical control systems has become the future of CNC systems. The so-called open CNC system is the development of CNC system can be in a unified operating platform, for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting structure objects (CNC function), to form a series, and can be convenient to the user's special The application and technology are integrated into the control system to quickly realize open numerical control systems of different varieties and different grades to form brand-name products with distinctive personality. At present, the architecture specification, communication specification, configuration specification, operation platform, numerical control system function library and numerical control system function software development tool of open CNC system are the core of current research.

Networked CNC equipment is a new bright spot in the international well-known machine tool exposition in the past two years. The networking of CNC equipment will greatly satisfy the requirements of information integration for production lines, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing companies. It is also the basic unit for realizing new manufacturing models such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprise, and global manufacturing. Some famous domestic and foreign CNC machine tools and numerical control system manufacturing companies have introduced relevant new concepts and prototypes in the past two years. For example, at the EMO 2001 exhibition, the “Cyber Production Center” exhibited by Japan's Mazak company Mazak Production Control Center (CPC); Okuma Machine Tool Company, Japan exhibited “ITplaza” (Information Technology Plaza, IT Plaza); Open Manufacturing Environment (Open Manufacturing Environment, OME), exhibited by Siemens, Germany Etc., reflecting the trend of the development of CNC machine tools to the direction of the network.

1.4 Emphasizing the Establishment of New Technology Standards and Specifications bout Design and Development of CNC Systems

As mentioned above, the open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, and expandability. The , the European Community, and have implemented strategic development plans one after another, and have conducted the open architecture system specification (OMAC). , OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term carried out almost the same set of scientific plans and norms, indicating that the arrival of a new revolution in digital technology. In 2000, began to conduct research and development of the regulatory framework for 's ONC numerical control system.

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bout CNC Standards

CNC standards are a trend in the development of manufacturing informatization. The information exchange in the 50 years since the birth of CNC technology was based on the ISO 6983 standard. That is how the G and M codes describe how to process. The essential feature is the processing-oriented process. Obviously, he has been unable to meet the high speed of modern CNC technology. The need for development. For this purpose, a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) is being researched and developed internationally. Its purpose is to provide a uniform data model that can describe the entire life cycle of a product without relying on a neutral mechanism of a specific system. , in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, and even the standardization of product information in various industrial fields. The emergence of STEP-NC may be a revolution in CNC technology. It will have a profound impact on the development of CNC technology and even the entire manufacturing industry. First, STEP-NC proposes a brand-new manufacturing concept. In the traditional manufacturing concept, NC machining programs are concentrated on a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet. This is the direction of open and networked CNC technology. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also greatly reduce the processing drawings (about 75%), processing program preparation time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%).

At present, European and American countries attach great importance to the research of STEP-NC, and has initiated STEP-NC's IMS plan ( Participation in this program comes from 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, vendors and academic institutions in Europe and . STEPTools of the is the developer of global manufacturing data exchange software. He has developed a SuperModel for the information exchange of CNC machine tools. Its goal is to describe all machining processes with a unified specification. This new data exchange format has now been validated on prototype prototypes equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control systems.

2 Basic Estimates of 's CNC Technology and Its Industrial Development

CNC technology in started in 1958. The development process in the past 50 years can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage from 1958 to 1979, which is the closed development stage. At this stage, the development of numerical control technology is relatively slow due to the limitations of foreign technology and 's basic conditions. The second stage is the introduction of technology during the “sixth and fifth” periods of the country, the “seventh five-year plan” period, and the “eighth five-year plan period,” and it will be digested and absorbed to initially establish the stage of the national production system. At this stage, due to the reform and opening up and the country’s attention, as well as the improvement of the research and development environment and the international environment, China’s CNC technology has made great progress in research, development, and localization of products. The third stage is the implementation of industrialization research in the later period of the \"Eighth Five-Year Plan\" and the \"Ninth Five-Year Plan\" period of the country, entering the stage of market competition. At this stage, the

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industrialization of domestically-manufactured CNC equipment has achieved its essence

Sexual progress. At the end of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools reached 50%, and the number of domestically-manufactured numerical control systems (pervasive models) also reached 10%.

Looking at the development process of CNC technology in in the past 50 years, especially after four five-year plans, the overall results are as follows:

a. It lays the foundation for the development of CNC technology and basically masters modern CNC technology. has now basically mastered the basic technologies from numerical control systems, servo drives, numerical control mainframes, special planes and their accessories. Most of these technologies already have the basis for commercial development. Some technologies have been commercialized and industrialized.

b. Initially formed a CNC industrial base. Based on the research results and the commercialization of some technologies, we have established numerical control system production plants such as Huazhong Numerical Control and Aerospace Numerical Control which have mass production capabilities. Lanzhou Electric Machinery Factory, Huazhong Numerical Control and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturers, as well as a number of CNC machine manufacturers such as Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant and Jinan No. 1 Machine Tool Plant. These production plants have basically formed 's CNC industrial base.

c. Established a basic team of CNC research, development and management talents.

Although significant progress has been made in the research, development, and industrialization of numerical control technology, we must also soberly realize that the research and development of high-end numerical control technologies in , especially the status quo of the technological level of industrialization and the actual needs of China There is a big gap. Although our country's development speed is very fast in the vertical direction, the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign countries) not only has a gap in the level of technology, but also has a gap in the development speed in certain aspects, that is, the gap in the technological level of some highly sophisticated numerical control equipment has expanded. From the international point of view, the estimated level of 's numerical control technology and industrialization is roughly as follows:

a. On the technical level, it will be about 10 to 15 years behind the advanced level in foreign countries, and it will be even bigger in terms of sophisticated technology.

b. At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage is small, and scale production has not yet been established; the specialized production level of functional components and the complete set capacity are low; the appearance quality is relatively poor; the reliability is not high, and the degree of commercialization is insufficient; The domestic CNC system has not established its own brand effect, and the user's confidence is insufficient.

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c. On the ability of sustainable development, the research and development and engineering capabilities of pre-competitive numerical control technology are weak; the application of numerical control technology is not strong; the research and formulation of related standard specifications is lagging behind.

The main reasons for analyzing the above gaps are as follows:

a. Awareness. Insufficient understanding of the arduous, complex and long-term characteristics of the domestic CNC industry process; Insufficient estimates of market irregularities, foreign blockades, killings, and systems; and insufficient analysis of the application level and capabilities of CNC technology in .

b. Systematic aspects. From the point of view of technology, attention has been paid to the issue of CNC industrialization. It has been a time to consider the issue of CNC industrialization from the perspectives of system and industry chain; there is no complete supporting system of high-quality supporting systems, perfect training, and service networks. .

c. Mechanisms. Bad mechanisms have led to brain drain, which in turn has restricted technological and technological route innovations and product innovations, and has constrained the effective implementation of planning. It is often planned to be ideal and difficult to implement.

d. Technical aspects. Enterprises have little ability to independently innovate in technology, and the engineering ability of core technologies is not strong. The standard of machine tools is backward, the level is low, and the new standard of CNC system is not enough.

3 Strategic Thinking on the Development of CNC Technology and Industrialization in 3.1 Strategic Considerations

is a manufacturing country, and we must try to accept the transfer of the front-end rather than the back-end in the industrial transfer of the world. That is to master the advanced manufacturing core technologies, otherwise, in the new round of international industrial restructuring, 's manufacturing industry will further “empty core”. At the expense of resources, the environment, and the market, we may obtain only the international \"processing centers\" and \"assembly centers\" in the world's new economic structure, rather than the status of manufacturing centers that master core technologies. This will seriously affect our country. The development of modern manufacturing.

We should pay attention to numerical control technology and industrial issues from the perspective of national security strategy. First of all, we must look at social security because manufacturing industry is the industry with the largest number of employed people in . Manufacturing industry development can not only improve the people’s living standards, but also ease the country’s The pressure of employment guarantees social stability. Secondly, from the perspective of national defense security, Western developed countries classify high-precision numerical control products as national strategic materials and implement embargoes and restrictions on . The “Toshiba Incident” and the “Cox Report” \"This is the best illustration.

3.2 Development Strategy

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From the perspective of China’s basic national conditions, taking the country’s strategic needs and the market demand of the national economy as the guide, and aiming at improving the comprehensive competitiveness and industrialization level of China’s manufacturing equipment industry, we can use systematic methods to choose to dominate the early 21st century in China. The key technologies for the development and upgrade of the manufacturing equipment industry and supporting technologies and supporting technologies for supporting industrialization development are the contents of research and development and the leap-forward development of the manufacturing equipment industry. Emphasizing the market demand as the orientation, that is, taking CNC terminal products as the mainstay, and driving the CNC industry with complete machines (such as large-scale CNC lathes, milling machines, high-speed, high-precision and high-performance CNC machine tools, typical digital machines, key equipment of key industries, etc.). development of. The focus is on the reliability and production scale of CNC systems and related functional components (digital servos and motors, high-speed spindle systems and accessories for new equipment, etc.). Without scale, there will be no high-reliability products; without scale, there will be no cheap and competitive products; of course, CNC equipment without scale in China will be difficult to come to the fore. In the research and development of high-precision equipment, we must emphasize the close

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integration of production, learning, research, and end-users, and aim at “doing, using, and selling off” as a goal, and implement national research on the will of the country to solve the urgent need of the country. . Before the competition, CNC technology emphasizes innovation, emphasizes research and development of technologies and products with independent intellectual property rights, and lays a foundation for the sustainable development of China's CNC industry, equipment manufacturing industry, and even the entire manufacturing industry. 中文译文

数控技术的发展趋势

摘要

本文简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状, 在此基础上讨论了在我国加入 WTO 和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下, 发展我国数控技术及装备、 提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争 能力的重要性, 并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。

装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程 度, 数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业 (如信息技术及其产业、 生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业)的使能技术和最基本的装备。 马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什么,而在于怎样生产,用 什么劳动资料生产” 。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料, 而数

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控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备的核心技术。 当今世界各国制造业广泛 采用数控技术, 以提高制造能力和水平, 提高对动态市场的适应能力和竞争能力。 此外, 世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资, 不 仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业, 而且在 “高精尖” 数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。 总之, 大力发展以数控技术为核心的 先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、 提高综合国力和国家地位的 重要途径。

数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术, 数控装备是 以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品, 即所谓的数字化装备, 其技术范围覆盖很多领域:(1)机械制造技术; (2)信息处理、加工、传输技术; (3)自动控制技术; (4)伺服驱动技术; (5)传感器技术; (6)软件技术等。 关键词：数控技术，机械制造，信息处理，传感器 1数控技术的发展趋势

数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化, 使制造业成为工业 化的象征, 而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大, 他对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT 、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这 些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。 从目前世界上数控技术及其装 备发展的趋势来看,其主要研究热点有以下几个方面[1~4]。 1. 1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势

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效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。 高速、 高精加工技术可极大地提高效率, 提高产品的质量和档次, 缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。 为此日本先端技术 研究会将其列为 5大现代制造技术之一, 国际生产工程学会 (CIRP ) 将其确定为 21世纪的中心研究方向之一。

在轿车工业领域,年产 30万辆的生产节拍是 40秒 /辆,而且多品种加工是 轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一; 在航空和宇航工业领域, 其加工的零部件多 为薄壁和薄筋, 刚度很差, 材料为铝或铝合金, 只有在高切削速度和切削力很小 的情况下,才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空” 的方法来制造机翼、 机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、 螺钉和其 他联结方式拼装, 使构件的强度、 刚度和可靠性得到提高。 这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。

从 EMO2001展会情况来看, 高速加工中心进给速度可达 80m/min, 甚至更高, 空运行速度可达 100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂,包括我国的上海通用 汽车公司,已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI 公司的 HyperMach 机床进给速度最大达 60m/min, 快速为 100m/min, 加速度达 2g ,主轴转速已达 60000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件,只用 30min , 而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需 3h ,在普通铣床加工需 8h ;德国 DMG 公司 的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达 12*!000r/mm和 1g 。

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在加工精度方面,近 10年来,普通级数控机床的加工精度已由 10μm 提高 到 5μm ,精密级加工中心则从 3~5μm ,提高到 1~1.5μm ,并且超精密加工精 度已开始进入纳米级 (0.01μm) 。

在可靠性方面,国外数控装置的 MTBF 值已达 6000h 以上,伺服系统的 MTBF 值达到 30000h 以上,表现出非常高的可靠性。

为了实现高速、 高精加工, 与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、 直线电机得到了 快速的发展,应用领域进一步扩大。 1.2 5轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展

采用 5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工, 可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削, 不 仅光洁度高,而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为, 1台 5轴联动机床的效率可以 等于 2台 3轴联动机床, 特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬 硬钢零件时, 5轴联动加工可比 3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因 5轴联动数控系统、 主机结构复杂等原因, 其价格要比 3轴联动数控机床高出数倍, 加 之编程技术难度较大,制约了 5轴联动机床的发展。

当前由于电主轴的出现,使得实现 5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简 化, 其制造难度和成本大幅度降低, 数控系统的价格差距缩小。 因此促进了复合 主轴头类型 5轴联动机床和复合加工机床(含 5面加工机床)的发展。

在 EMO2001展会上,新日本工机的 5面加工机床采用复合主轴头,可实现 4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工, 使得 5面加工和 5轴加工可在同一台机床 上实现,还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。

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德国 DMG 公司展出 DMUVoution 系列 加工中心,可在一次装夹下 5面加工和 5轴联动加工,可由 CNC 系统控制或 CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。

1.3智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势

21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统,智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面:为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化, 如加工过程的自适应控制, 工艺参数自动生成; 为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化, 如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等;简化 编程、简化操作方面的智能化,如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等;还 有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。

为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。 目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究, 如美国的 NGC 、 欧共体的 OSACA) 、 日本 的 OSEC ,中国的 ONC 等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上, 面向机床厂家和最终用户,通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象(数控功能) ,形成系列化,并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中, 快速实现不同品种、 不同 档次的开放式数控系统, 形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。 目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。

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网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。 数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、 制造系统、 制造企业对信息集成的需求, 也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、 虚拟企业、 全球制造的基础单元。 国内外一些著名数控 机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机, 如在 EMO2001展中,日本山崎马扎克(Mazak) 公司展出的“ Cyber Production Center ” (智能生产控制中心,简称 CPC) ;日本大隈(Okuma )机床公司展出“ ITplaza ” (信息技 术 广 场 , 简 称 IT 广 场 ) ; 德 国 西 门 子 (Siemens)公 司 展 出 的 Open Manufacturing Environment (开放制造环境,简称 OME )等,反映了数控机 床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势。 1.4重视新技术标准、规范的建立

如前所述, 开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、 柔性、 适应性、 扩展性, 美国、 欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划, 并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范 (OMAC、 OSACA 、 OSEC) 的研究和制定,世界 3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定,预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临。我国在 2000年也开始进行中国的 ONC 数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定。

数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势。数控技术诞生后的 50年间的信 息交换都是基于 ISO6983标准,即采用 G , M 代码描述如何(how )加工,其本质 特征是面向加工过程, 显然, 他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要。 为此,国际上正在研究和制定

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一种新的 CNC 系统标准 ISO14649(STEP -NC) ,其 目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制, 能够描述产品整个生命周期内的 统一数据模型,从而实现整个制造过程,乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化。 STEP-NC 的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命, 对于数控技术的发展乃至 整个制造业,将产生深远的影响。首先, STEP-NC 提出一种崭新的制造理念,传 统的制造理念中, NC 加工程序都集中在单个计算机上。而在新标准下, NC 程序 可以分散在互联网上, 这正是数控技术开放式、 网络化发展的方向。 其次, STEP-NC 数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸(约 75%) 、加工程序编制时间(约 35%)和加 工时间(约 50%) 。

目前, 欧美国家非常重视 STEP-NC 的研究, 欧洲发起了 STEP-NC 的 IMS 计划 ( 。 参 加 这 项 计 划 的 有 来 自 欧 洲 和 日 本 的 20个 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用户、厂商和学术机构。美国的 STEPTools 公司是全球范围 内制造业数据交换软件的开发者, 他已经开发了用作数控机床加工信息交换的超 级模型 (SuperModel), 其目标是用统一的规范描述所有加工过程。 目前这种新的 数据交换格式已经在配备了 SIEMENS 、 FIDIA 以及欧洲 OSACA-NC 数控系统的原型 样机上进行了验证。 2对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计

我国数控技术起步于 1958年, 近 50年的发展历程大致可分为 3个阶段:第 一阶段从 1958年到 1979年, 即封闭式发展阶段。 在此阶段, 由于国外的技术封 锁和我国的基础条件的限制, 数控技术

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的发展较为缓慢。 第二阶段是在国家的 “六 五” 、 “七五”期间以及“八五”的前期,即引进技术,消化吸收,初步建立起国 产化体系阶段。 在此阶段, 由于改革开放和国家的重视, 以及研究开发环境和国 际环境的改善, 我国数控技术的研究、 开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长 足的进步。第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间,即实施产业化 的研究, 进入市场竞争阶段。 在此阶段, 我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质

性进步。在“九五”末期,国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达 50%,配国产数 控系统(普及型)也达到了 10%。

纵观我国数控技术近 50年的发展历程,特别是经过 4个 5年计划的攻关,总体 来看取得了以下成绩:

a. 奠定了数控技术发展的基础, 基本掌握了现代数控技术。 我国现在已基本掌握 了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术,其中大部分 技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础,部分技术已商品化、产业化。

b. 初步形成了数控产业基地。 在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上, 建立了诸 如华中数控、 航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂。 兰州电机厂、 华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、 济南第一机床厂 等若干数控主机生产厂。这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地。

c. 建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍。 虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步,

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但我们也要 清醒地认识到, 我国高端数控技术的研究开发, 尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平 现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距。 虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快, 但 横向比(与国外对比)不仅技术水平有差距,在某些方面发展速度也有差距,即 一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势。 从国际上来看, 对我国数控 技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下:

a. 技术水平上, 与国外先进水平大约落后 10~15年, 在高精尖技术方面则更大。

b. 产业化水平上,市场占有率低,品种覆盖率小,还没有形成规模生产;功能部 件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低; 外观质量相对差; 可靠性不高, 商品化程度 不足;国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应,用户信心不足。

c. 可持续发展的能力上, 对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、 工程化能力较弱; 数控 技术应用领域拓展力度不强;相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后。

分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面:

a. 认识方面。 对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、 复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足; 对 市场的不规范、 国外的封锁加扼杀、 体制等困难估计不足; 对我国数控技术应用 水平及能力分析不够。

b. 体系方面。 从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多, 从系统的、 产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少; 没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、 完 善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系。

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c. 机制方面。 不良机制造成人才流失, 又制约了技术及技术路线创新、 产品创新, 且制约了规划的有效实施,往往规划理想,实施困难。

d. 技术方面。企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强,核心技术的工程化能力不强。机床标准落后,水平较低,数控系统新标准研究不够。 3对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考 3.1战略考虑

我国是制造大国, 在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移, 即 要掌握先进制造核心技术, 否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中, 我国制造业将进一步“空芯” 。我们以资源、环境、市场为代价,交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新 经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心” ,而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位,这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程。

我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题, 首先从社会安 全看, 因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业, 制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生 活水平,而且还可缓解我国就业的压力,保障社会的稳定;其次从国防安全看, 西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质,对我国实现禁运和限 制, “东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证。 3.2发展策略

从我国基本国情的角度出发, 以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导 向,以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水

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平为目标,用系统的方法, 选择能够主导 21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化 发展的支撑技术、 配套技术作为研究开发的内容, 实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展。强调市场需求为导向, 即以数控终端产品为主, 以整机 (如量大面广的数控车床、 铣床、 高速高精高性能数控机床、 典型数字化机械、 重点行业关键设备等) 带动数控产业的发展。 重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件 (数字化伺服系统与电 机、 高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等) 的可靠性和生产规模问题。没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品; 没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品; 当 然,没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日。 在高精尖装备研发方面, 要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合,以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为 目标,按国家意志实施攻关,以解决国家之急需。 在竞争前数控技术方面,强调创新, 强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品, 为我国数控产业、 装备 制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础。

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