考研英语(二)模拟试卷194(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（二）模拟试卷194 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. 完形填空 2. 阅读理解 3. 翻译 4. 作文

完形填空

Strategy and culture are among the primary levers at top leaders’ disposal in their never-ending quest to maintain organizational viability and effectiveness.【C1】______offers a formal logic for the company’s goals and orients people around them. Culture expresses goals through values and beliefs and guides activity【C2】______shared assumptions and group norms. Strategy provides clarity and focus for【C3】______action and decision making. It relies【C4】______plans and sets of choices to mobilize people and can often be【C5】______by both concrete rewards for【C6】______goals and consequences for failing to do so. Ideally, it also incorporates adaptive elements【C7】______can scan and analyze the external environment and sense when changes are【C8】______to maintain【C9】______and growth. Leadership【C10】______hand-in-hand with strategy formation, and most leaders understand the【C11】______Culture, however, is a more elusive【C12】______, because much of it is anchored in【C13】______behaviors, mindsets, and social patterns. For better and【C14】______, culture and leadership are inextricably linked. Founders and【C15】______leaders often set new cultures in motion and imprint values and assumptions that persist【C16】______decades. Over time an organization’s leaders can also【C17】______culture, through both conscious and【C18】______actions ( sometimes with unintended consequences). The best leaders we have observed are【C19】______aware of the multiple cultures within【C20】______they are embedded, can sense when change is required, and can deftly influence the process.

1． 【C1】 A．Goal B．Strategy C．Team D．Leader

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。本题主语缺失，看起来毫无头绪，但是分析一下下句：Culture expresses goals…和本句正好是完全一样的结构，再加上第一句就提到了本段重点讲述的两个方面：Strategy and culture…，因此答案呼之欲出，应该选择[B]。

2． 【C2】 A．with B．to

C．through D．into

正确答案：C

解析：语义分析题。可以根据语义分析应该选择哪一个介词。这个空的前面也有提示，这里与前面的短语expresses goals through values是并列关系，因此这里应该选择的介词也是through，其他介词也不能与guide搭配，且意思不当，因此应该选择[C]。

3． 【C3】 A．collective B．collect C．collecting D．collection

正确答案：A

解析：词语辨析题。本题根据选项可以判断是需要辨析collect的各种变化形式。根据搭配可知，这里缺少一个形容词和后面的action进行搭配。collective action表示“集体行动”，而不能用collecting，collect是动词，collection是名词，词性不正确，因此选择[A]。

4． 【C4】 A．in B．on C．to D．with

正确答案：B

解析：固定搭配题。这里考查与rely搭配的介词，应该选择on，其余的都无法构成固定搭配。因此选择[B]。

5． 【C5】 A．forced B．used C．enforced D．employed

正确答案：C

解析：语义辨析题。这里首先考查的是意思，然后是搭配。这里的句子有点复杂，它的主语是It，实际上指strategy，而且用了被动，再结合后半句的意思，这里应该是“强化”的意思。选项中符合意思，而搭配又没有问题的是enforce，因此只能选择[C]。

6． 【C6】

A．having B．getting C．reaching D．achieving

正确答案：D

解析：固定搭配题。这里考查的是goal的固定搭配。同时根据后半句的意思“没能做到”判断，这里的意思应该是“达成目标”，因此符合搭配的只有achieve goals，选择[D]。

7． 【C7】 A．what B．when C．that D．this

正确答案：C

解析：语法结构题。首先分析这个部分的修饰关系，确定引导词。后面的从句应该是修饰前面的名词elements的，而且是作后面从句的主语，因此这是一个简单的定语从句。只能用that或者which，符合要求的只有[C]。

8． 【C8】 A．required B．asked C．meant D．used

正确答案：A

解析：语义辨析题。分析语法结构可以确定这里是被动，主语是前面的changes，因此符合搭配的应该是“需要变化”，应该选择[A]。

9． 【C9】 A．continue B．continuing C．continuty D．continued

正确答案：C

解析：词性辨析题。通过分析选项可知这里考查的是动词continue的各种变体。分析句子结构以及后面的growth可知，这里缺少一个名词。continued是过去式，continuing是形容词，词性都不正确，因此应该选择[C]。

10． 【C10】 A．works

B．makes C．needs D．goes

正确答案：D

解析：固定搭配题。这里考查的是一个词组的固定搭配go hand-in-hand，表示“不可分割，交织在一起”，因此只能选择[D]。

11． 【C11】 A．foundation B．fund

C．fundamentals D．found

正确答案：C 解析：词义辨析题。根据句子和选项判断这里要填的意思应该是“基本原理”，foundation表示“基础”，但是一般表示的是作为上层建筑的基础部分，在这里意思不符，fund表示的是“基金”。found是find的过去式，词性不正确，因此应该选择[C]。

12． 【C12】 A．lever B．level C．tool D．part

正确答案：A

解析：推理判断题。分析文章的结构，从一开始就讲了两个部分，第一个是strategy，第二是culture。从这句话开始，讲到了第二点culture。而作者在第一段第一句就提到了Strategy and culture are among the primary levers at top leaders’disposal…，而且此空之前也没有哪里对strategy有别的定义。因此这里提到的Culture，however，is a more elusive______就应该选择lever，即[A]。

13． 【C13】 A．spoken B．unspeaking C．unspoken D．speaking

正确答案：C 解析：固定搭配题。分析句子可知，这里缺少一个形容词，修饰名词behavior，再结合意思，因为前面有“难以捉摸的”作为提示，因此这里的意思应该是“未言明的行为”，用被动表示“没有被说出来的”，因此应该选择[C]。

14． 【C14】 A．bad B．worse C．good D．better

正确答案：B

解析：固定搭配题。这里考查的是一个固定搭配for better and worse，表示“不论好坏，不可避免地”，因此应该选择[B]。

15． 【C15】 A．influential B．influence C．affect D．respect

正确答案：A

解析：语义辨析题。分析句子可知这里缺少一个形容词，来修饰leaders，选项中influence是名词，也可以作动词；affect是动词，“影响”；respect是动词，也可以作名词，表示“尊重”。因此符合要求的只有[A]。

16． 【C16】 A．in B．to C．with D．for

正确答案：D

解析：固定搭配题。这里考查decade的固定搭配，for decades表示“几十年来”，因此只能选择[D]。

17． 【C17】 A．shape B．work C．form D．make

正确答案：A

解析：语义辨析题。通过分析选项可知，这里的意思应该是“塑造文化”，而可以表达这个意思的常用动词只能选择[A]，其他的都不是常用搭配。

18． 【C18】 A．inconscious B．unconscious

C．subconscious D．disconscious

正确答案：B

解析：语义辨析题。通过分析句子可知，这个空应该和前面的conscious构成反义词。根据构词规律，con-开头的词变反义词时应该使用un-，因此应该选择[B]。subconscious“下意识的”，意思不正确，其他的选项都是错误的词，不存在。

19． 【C19】 A．full

B．complete C．whole D．fully

正确答案：D

解析：语义辨析题。通过分析句子可知，该空在be动词和形容词aware之间来修饰aware，因此应该选择一个副词，而符合要求的选项只有[D]，其他选项都是形容词。

20． 【C20】 A．that B．why C．when D．which

正确答案：D

解析：语法分析题。本题考查定语从句的用法，这里出现了介词within提前的情况，表示“最优秀的领导者能全面认识所处环境的文化多样性”，这里缺失的关系代词作从句的宾语，而在这种情况下不可以用that，因为是定语从句，因此也不可以用why或者when，只有[D]是正确答案。

阅读理解

During the day, Leipzig’s airport is quiet. It is at night that the airfield comes to life. Next to the runway a yellow warehouse serves as the global sorting hub for DHL, a delivery firm owned by Deutsche Post of Germany. A huge extension, which opened in October, means it can sort 150,000 parcels each hour, says Ken Allen, DHL’s CEO. With falling trade barrier, cross-border e-commerce has become a key term in the modern economy. The rise of cross-border e-commerce has meant booming business for express-delivery firms. On January 31st UPS revealed record revenues for the fourth quarter of 2016; FedEx and DHL are expected to report similarly buoyant results next month. Since 2008 half of the increase in express-delivery volumes has come from shoppers buying items online from another

country. Falling trade barriers have greatly helped them. When DHL and FedEx were getting going in the 1970s, there was little demand for international express deliveries. Packages often got stuck in customs for weeks and were heavily taxed. The expansion of free-trade areas, lower tariffs and the Internet brought years of growth. But after Mr. Trump’s threats to raise tariffs on goods from China and Mexico, together with the indication last month from Theresa May, Britain’s prime minister, that the country will leave the EU’s customs union, there are widespread fears that the favourable tailwinds enjoyed by the industry for decades are gone. The express-delivery industry faces a new challenge; the return of trade barriers due to the protectionist bent of Donald Trump and because of Brexit. The return of borders poses a challenge to the soaring parcel-delivery business. “ It’s all a real nightmare,” groans David Jinks of ParcelHero, a British parcel broker which works with DHL, FedEx and UPS. Start with Brexit. Post-Brexit costs will probably come from long wrangles over which of 19,000 customs codes should be applied to a consignment. As an example of what could happen, Halloween costumes from China often get stuck at Britain’s border while customs officials work out whether they are toys or children’s clothes, which attract different duties. Such complexity would force delivery firms to put up their prices to customers, Mr. Jinks says. Sending an item from Britain to Switzerland (outside the EU) costs 150% more than it does to Italy (inside the EU). The most severe impact on business would come from higher tariffs, which would hurt demand for cross-border imports and deliveries in favour of local goods. This is where Mr. Trump’s threats come into focus.

21． The example of Leipzig’s airport shows that______. A．Leipzig’s airport serves as the biggest sorting hub for DHL.

B．Airport delivers more goods than any other forms of cross-border deliveries. C．Cross-border e-commerce has promoted the expansion of delivery services. D．Express-delivery firms face a new challenge because of changing policies in US and UK.

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。由Leipzig’s airport可定位到第一段。第一段主要介绍位于莱比锡机场的一个德国邮政旗下快递公司DHL的全球分拣中心经历扩建后，吞吐能力增强，随着贸易壁垒的降低，跨境电子商务发展迅猛。由此可以推知，[C]“跨境电子商务的发展促进了快递业的扩张”正确。[A]“Leipzig机场是DHL最大的分拣中心”错误，文中没有提及该分拣中心是否是最大的；[B]“机场比其他任何形式的跨境快递运送的货物都多”，文中也没有提到；[D]“由于美国和英国的政策变化，跨境电子商务面临挑战”后面的段落虽有提及，但并不是这个例子在这里要证明的。

22． The word “buoyant” is closest in meaning to______. A．optimistic B．fluctuating

C．unpredictable D．mundane

正确答案：A

解析：词义理解题。本句出现一个重要的逻辑词similarly(同样地)，因此可以从前一句推知buovant一词的意思。前一句的意思是“1月31日，UPS公布的2016年第四季度收入创下新高”，可以推知，buoyant是形容令人振奋的业绩。其他选项[B]“波动的”，[C]“不可预测的”，[D]“平淡无奇的”，均不符合文意。

23． What do we know about parcel delivery services in the 1970s? A．There are falling trade barriers.

B．DHL and FedEx are expanding rapidly.

C．The express-delivery faces the return of trade barriers. D．International express delivery is in its preliminary stage.

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。根据关键词1970s定位到第三段：“20世纪70年代DHL和FedEx刚起步时，人们对国际快递的需求还很少。包裹经常被卡在海关长达数周，还要支付高额的关税”。[D]“国际快递业处于初级发展阶段”正确。[A]“关税壁垒降低”和[B]“DHL和FedEx在迅速扩张”均发生在70年代以后；[C]“快递业面临关税壁垒的回归”是现在的局面。

24． What effect will Brexit probably bring on parcel delivery services? A．The trade between China and the UK will drop tremendously. B．Customers will have to pay more on delivery services.

C．19,000 customs codes will be examined by British parliament. D．DHL, FedEx and UPS will close some of their branches in Britain.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。根据关键词Brexit定位到第五段，第五段主要讲了英国脱欧之后复杂的海关征税体系会使得快递业增加收费。故答案选[B]“消费者会花更多的快递费”。[A]“中英贸易会减少”；[C]“英国国会将审查19，000条海关规定”；[D]“DHL，FedEx和UPS会关闭一些英国的子公司”，三个选项均没有提到。

25． The passage is mainly about______. A．Logistics firms are faced with trade barriers.

B．The US and the UK work together to promotecross-border imports. C．Cross-border e-commerce is booming.

D．Express-delivery firms DHL, FedEx and UPS are fined by customs in the UK and US.

正确答案：A

解析：主旨题。纵观全文，文章的大意是美国总统特朗普可能提出的新政策

和英国脱欧可能会造成贸易壁垒的回归，进而影响跨境贸易，对国际快递业造成冲击。故答案选[A]“物流公司面临贸易壁垒”。

Many people take to social media to share news of big events. On December 1st Facebook’s boss, Mark Zuckerberg, followed in the tradition he helped create, when he and his wife, Priscilla Chan, announced the birth of their daughter on the social-networking site, along with news that they will give away the majority of their fortune during their lifetimes. Around 99% of the shares they own in Facebook, which today are worth around $ 45 billion, will go into the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI). Their aim, they wrote, is to improve the world for their daughter and future generations. For now, the move allows Mr. Zuckerberg to relinquish wealth, but not control, as he will retain the votes associated with any shares transferred to CZI. He anticipates remaining the controlling stakeholder of Facebook “for the foreseeable future” , and plans to sell, or give away, no more than $ 1 billion of Facebook stock each year for the next three years. Mr. Zuckerberg is far from the first tech titan to pledge billions to philanthropic activities, but he is following a slightly different path to Bill Gates, Microsoft’s founder. Whereas the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is a registered charity, the Zuckerbergs’ CZI will be a limited liability company (LLC ). Although charitable status comes with alluring tax breaks, strings are attached. Unlike charities, LLCs can lobby without restriction; the Zuckerbergs have said that CZI will get involved in policy debates. The other flexibility LLC status allows is the freedom to invest in for-profit ventures that have a big social impact. In this, the Zuckerbergs are following in the footsteps of Pierre Omidyar, founder of eBay, an online marketplace, who grew frustrated by the constraints of charitable status. Mr. Omidyar now oversees the Omidyar Network, which has for-profit and non-profit arms. Will Fitzpatrick, designer of this hybrid structure, claims that the for-profit arm can more easily invest in things that can be scaled up quickly. He gives the example of an investment in a solar lantern that cost less than $ 10 a unit, which meant people did not have to burn dangerous kerosene, and which he says would have been technically difficult to achieve through a private foundation.

26． Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan celebrated the birth of their daughter by______.

A．creating the tradition of announce big news on Facebook B．creating the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative

C．donating $ 1 billion of Facebook stock to CZI D．selling 99% of the shares they own in Facebook

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。定位在前两段，Mark Zuckerberg和妻子Priscilla Chan一同在Facebook上宣布女儿诞生，并捐出约99％的Facebook股份到Chan Zuckerberg Initiative上。故答案选[B]“创建CZI”。[A]“创立在Facebook上宣布大事的传

统”，与原文不符，这一传统早已建立，这次只是遵循了这一传统；[C]“向CZI捐了十亿美元”，数额不对；[D]“出售FaceBook 99％的股份”，并未出售，只是转移到CZI。

27． The word “relinquish” is closet in meaning to______. A．abandon B．maintain C．withhold D．distribute

正确答案：A

解析：词义辨析题。从第二段后文可知，“他期望能在‘可预见的将来’继续保持对Facebook的控股”，说明他只是放弃财富，而非控制权，可以判定relinquish的意思是“放弃”。[B]“保留，持有”；[C]“保留”；[D]“分发”。

28． Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is______.

A．the first tech titan to pledge billions to philanthropic activities B．allowed to invest in for-profit ventures C．obliged to meet certain requirements

D．working with CZI to make the world a better place

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。第三段提到了比尔和梅琳达-盖茨基金会，文中说慈善机构“享受诱人的减税政策，却也有限制”，很多有限责任公司可以做的事情，慈善机构都不能做，因此答案选[C]。[A]“第一个在慈善事业投入数十亿美元的科技巨头”，文中并没有提及；[B]“允许投资营利行业”，这是有限责任公司可以做的，而非慈善机构；[D]“与CZI一起合作，让世界变得更美好”，文中没有提到。

29． What do we know about Pierre Omidyar?

A．He does not like registered charity coming with strings. B．He created eBay for non-profit purposes.

C．He suggested to Zuckerbergs to set up a limited liability company. D．He made the Omidyar Network a subsidiary of eBay.

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。定位到第四和第五段：“慈善机构的身份做起事来有限制，皮埃尔对此大为不满。奥米迪亚先生现在监管着拥有非营利部门和营利部门的Omidyar网络公司。”由此可以得知，奥米迪亚不满慈善机构会受到限制，于是建立了Omidyar网络公司，马克-扎克伯格也效仿了这一做法。故答案选[A]。[B]“他出于非商业目的创立eBay”，属于过度延伸；[C]“他建议马克-扎克伯格建立有限责任公司”，文中并没有提到是奥米迪亚建议的；[D]“他使Omidyar成为了eBay的子公司”文中没有提到。

30． This passage is best entitled______.

A．Mark Zuckerberg Finds Another Way to Share

B．Mark Zuckerberg and His Wife Having Their First Baby C．More High-tech Giants Devoted to Philanthropy

D．Mark Zuckerberg Find a New Way of Running Facebook

正确答案：A

解析：主旨题。本篇文章主要是讲Facebook创始人和他妻子生下了孩子，为了改善女儿与后代生活的世界，他们决定捐出约99％的Facebook股份，而且采用了建立有限责任公司的方式管理这些善款，没有采取传统的慈善基金会的方式。综上，答案选[A]“马克-扎克伯格找到了另一种分享财富的方式”。[B]“马克-扎克伯格和妻子生育了第一个孩子”概括得太偏了；[C]“更多的科技巨头投身慈善”；[D]“马克-扎克伯格找到了运营Facebook的新方法”。

It’s often said that the mark of a civilised society is how it treats its most vulnerable citizens in times of austerity. And in the past week, Britain has proved itself quite not so. Last Thursday a United Nations inquiry into disability rights in the UK ruled that the government is failing in its duties in everything from education, work and housing to health, transport and social security. Presented with overwhelming evidence of a range of regressive policies and multibillion-pound cuts to disability services, it described the treatment of disabled people in this country as a “ human catastrophe”. Less than 24 hours later, Luke Davey lost his appeal against his local council cutting his care package almost in half. Luke is quadriplegic, has cerebral palsy and is registered blind. But in this climate of cuts to disability services, after 23 years of 24/7 support, his care hours have been suddenly gutted. Without enough funding for full-time personal assistants, his mother, Jasmine, is forced to fill in the gaps; sitting in the bungalow to ensure he’s not alone, and lifting her 14-stone son into a hoist. Jasmine, it’s worth noting, is 75 and has cancer. Bit by bit, the abuse of disabled people in Britain is being normalised. This isn’t simply the result of newspapers and politicians dehumanising the “ scrounging” disabled. It’s that the hardship being witnessed is now so common, so widespread, it’s as if it’s not worth comprehension. Resisting this becomes almost an act of defiance: to say that it’s not normal for a self-proclaimed global leader of disability rights to have to be shamed publicly by the United Nations over its treatment of disabled citizens; that it’s not economically necessary for one of the wealthiest nations on Earth to cut benefits and social care so deeply that disabled people are housebound, hungry, or suicidal. When the “most vulnerable citizens” line is used by well-meaning voices, there’s a secret second sentence that’s rarely uttered: disabled people, truth be told, do not need to be vulnerable. Contrary to the myth sold by years of austerity, to be afraid, desperate or isolated is not a normal state of affairs for people with disabilities. Vulnerability comes when politicians choose to pull the support disabled people need in order to live dignified, fulfilling, independent lives—knowing full well the misery it will cause.

31． The UN described the treatment of disabled people in the UK as a “ human catastrophe” because______.

A．the disabled people are being discriminated in every aspect from education, work to housing and so forth

B．Luke Davey lost his appeal against the government for the simple reason that the local court favored the government

C．the government dramatically cut its financial support for the disabled people in the years of austerity

D．the disabled people are unable to live and work independently

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。由关键词human catastrophe定位到第二段最后一句：“压倒性的证据表明．英国采取了一系列倒退政策，并且在残疾人服务上削减数十亿英镑的支出，联合国表示在这个国家的残疾人的待遇是‘人类灾难’。”本题问的是原因，Presented with…这一分词结构充当了原因状语，由此可知，联合国之所以表示在这个国家的残疾人的待遇是“人类灾难”，是因为[C]“在紧缩时期，政府大幅削减了对残疾人的财政支持”。[A]“残疾人受到教育、工作、住房等各个方面的歧视”，文中是说政府在教育、工作、住房等各个方面工作做的不到位．没有提到残疾人在这些方面受到歧视；[B]“当地法院偏袒政府，卢克-戴维输掉了他反对政府的上诉”答非所问；[D]“残疾人不能独立生活和工作”，文中没有提及。

32． The example of Luke Davey is used to show that______. A．the disabled people can rely on their family members for support B．the disabled people deserved better work opportunity and salary C．the disabled people are not treated fairly on British court D．the disabled people live in a catastrophic condition now

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。由关键词Luke Davey定位到第三段，第三段主要讲了卢克-戴维这位残疾人在政府补助削减后的悲惨生活，故答案选[D]“残疾人现在生活在一个灾难性的环境中”。[A]“残疾人可以依靠他们的家庭成员来支持他们”，作者不支持这种做法；[B]“残疾人应该得到更好的工作机会和薪水”，没有提到；[C]“残疾人在英国法院没有受到公平对待”，概括片面。

33． The underlined sentence “Bit by bit, the abuse of disabled people in Britain is being normalised” implies that______.

A．the society don’t accept disabled people into public places B．the society don’t appreciate the effort made by the disabled C．the society is indifferent to the suffering of the disabled D．the society implements strict laws against domestic abuse

正确答案：C

解析：判断推理题。划线句是段落主题句，可结合本段后面的阐述来理解划

线句。后文主要讲了两层意思，一是媒体和政客不顾残疾人的境地，二是整个社会大环境对于残疾人的痛苦司空见惯。可以推知，主题句的含义是[C]“社会对残疾人的苦难漠不关心”。[A]“社会不允许残疾人进入公共场所”，[B]“社会不重视残疾人的努力”和[D]“社会实行严格的法律反对家庭暴力”，均不符合文意。

34． What does the author think about the “most vulnerable citizens” line? A．Disabled people are constantly afraid, desperate or isolated.

B．Disabled people are not vulnerable if they are given proper support. C．Disabled people have many things to worry about.

D．Disabled people’s reliance on politicians make them vulnerable.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。作者在说到most vulnerable citizens时，表示还有另一种声音没有发出，也就是作者也赞同的观点：“残疾人并不脆弱，当政治家们明知后果，但还是选择剥夺能使残疾人生活得更有尊严、有满足感、更独立的帮助时，脆弱性就出现了。”选项[B]“如果残疾人得到适当的支持，他们就不会脆弱”符合。[A]“残疾人总是害怕、绝望或孤独”与作者表述相反：[C]“残疾人有太多的事情需要担心”，没有提到；[D]“残疾人对政客的依赖使他们易受伤害”，没有提到。

35． The author is writing this passage in a______tone. A．sceptical B．thankful C．critical D．cheerful

正确答案：C

解析：作者态度题。纵观全文，作者抨击了英国政府在残疾服务上削减数十亿英镑这种做法，语气辛辣，论证有力。

Heart disease has long been Britain’s biggest single killer. Despite our efforts to ward off its risk factors with more exercise and a healthier diet, the statistics remain sobering—particularly if you are a man. According to the British Heart Foundation, one in seven men will die from heart disease compared with one in 11 women, and of the 2. 3 million people living with heart disease in the UK, 60 percent are men. Professor Jamie Waterall, the national lead for cardiovascular disease prevention at PHE, says there are many reasons why more men than women are suffering heart disease. “Women do have the advantage of some hormonal protection of the heart prior to the menopause, which lessens their risk, but from that age onwards things should even out. But men continue to display an abundance of risky lifestyle behaviours that make them more vulnerable. They eat more, drink more, smoke more, for example. “ Numerous studies have shown that excess belly fat, even if you are skinny everywhere else, can be deadly. “Fat around the middle—especially the deep visceral fat hidden in your abdomen—has been linked to a higher

risk of heart disease because these fat cells produce damaging toxic substances,” Allen says. Previously, men were advised to drink no more than three to four units of alcohol a day, which technically meant they could consume 28 units a week. The latest rules have cut that to no more than 14 units. Cutting down is one thing, but you should also spread your alcohol intake and have “ several drink-free days per week” , according to the charity Drinkaware. Doing so can help your weight and cholesterol levels, both bad for the heart, to drop. According to the smoking cessation charity Ash, smoking at any age causes about 14 percent of deaths from heart disease. If you are a smoker, stopping is the single most important thing you can do. Switching to e-cigarettes or vaping is a positive move—provided that you eventually stop for good. In February a study from the University of California revealed that people who vape are more likely to have higher adrenaline levels and more stress in the heart, both of which have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health. “In the short term, using e-cigarettes may be useful as a stepping stone to quitting, but the ultimate goal is to stop using them too,” says Allen.

36． More men are suffering heart disease than women because______. A．women have hormones to protect them from heart disease throughout lifetime B．menopause has little impact on women’s cardiovascular system C．women tend to have healthier lifestyles than men D．women are concerned about their weight

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。定位到第二段。第一段介绍背景，男性比女性心脏病发病率高。第二段分析原因。在更年期之前，女性由于荷尔蒙的原因发病率更低。更年期之后，这种荷尔蒙优势丧失，但是很多男性生活习惯不好，导致男性患心脏病的风险还是高。[C]“女性往往比男性有更健康的生活方式”符合。[A]“妇女终生有保护她们不患心脏病的荷尔蒙”错误，更年期后荷尔蒙的作用就不存在了；[B]“更年期对女性心血管系统影响不大”错误，更年期前后荷尔蒙的变化会对女性心血管系统有一定影响；[D]“女人们关心她们的体重”没提到。

37． What effect does body weight have on one’s heart? A．The fat accumulated around one’s hips can be deadly.

B．The fat cells do more harm to men’s body than to women’s. C．Fat in the abdomen area is particularly harmful to the heart. D．Extra layers of fat can protect the heart from injury.

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。定位到第三段。[A]“脂肪积累在臀部是致命的”错误，应该是腹部的脂肪是致命的；[B]“脂肪细胞对男人的伤害比女人大”，文中没有提到脂肪细胞对人体影响的性别差异性；[D]“额外的脂肪层可以保护心脏免受伤害”文中没有提到。

38． To lower the risk of heart disease, alcohol takers should______. A．cut the amount of alcohol intake to more than a half B．drinks red wine instead of strong liquor

C．consume a certain amount alcohol on a daily basis D．drink less alcohol to drive up the cholesterol level

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。定位到第四段，主要讲了两层意思，一是减少饮酒量，过去每周可以喝28个单位，最新的规定将这个数字削减到不超过14个单位。二是分散饮酒，每周几天不摄入酒精。[A]“将饮酒量砍掉一半多”正确。[B]“喝红酒不喝烈酒”没提到；[C]“每天喝一定量的酒”与文意相反；[D]“少喝酒提高胆固醇水平”错误，应该是降低胆固醇水平。

39． Smoking e-cigarettes can______. A．lower the risk of hear attack

B．be used as an effective alternative to tobacco C．be positive for cardiovascular health D．help quit smoking

正确答案：D

解析：推断题。定位到第五段。吸烟会提高心脏病的患病风险，使用电子烟可能有助于戒烟，但是电子烟也会对心血管健康产生不良的影响，因此最终也得戒掉。故答案选[D]“帮助戒烟”。[A]“降低心脏病风险”错误；[B]“是卷烟的有效替代品”错误；[C]“对心脑血管有好处”，与文章内容相反。

40． This passage is mainly about______. A．the effect of lifestyles on heart health B．gender discrimination in hospitals C．the importance of keeping slim D．the way of quit smoking

正确答案：A

解析：主旨题。本文主要讨论了英国男性心脏病发病率高于女性，并且分析了原因以及对策，指出不良的生活习惯如过量饮食、喝酒和吸烟是引发心脏病的重要原因。故答案选[A]。[B]“医院里的性别歧视”，[C]“保持身材苗条的重要性”和[D]“戒烟的方法”，均为无关选项。

You are going to read a list of subheadings and a text. Choose the most suitable subheading from the list [A] to [G] for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) [A] Coconuts are using plastic [B] More plastic is used nowadays [C] I thought the problems were solved [D] A breakthrough about beating plastic [E] There will be more plastic in the ocean than fish by weight [F] Plastic is invading our food chain and more [G]

Things were getting worse For the past decade or so, I’ve been at war with coconuts. Not all coconuts, you understand, just those that are shrink-wrapped in plastic. I started taking on retailers in my native Britain on this issue around 2005. 【R1】__________ After tears and excuses (theirs not mine) that included the fact that unwrapped coconuts constituted a health and safety nightmare—small children might, they claimed, inhale the fibrous hair of the natural shell—there were concessions. I moved on, confident that this would be sorted. 【R2】__________ How wrong I was. I returned, almost full time, to the plastic pandemic in January 2018. Things were much worse, even the coconuts. In my local stores, they are now not only shrink-wrapped but come on their own plastic stand, with a plastic ring pull and are marketed as “genuine coconuts”. Oh, my God. 【R3】__________ But, of course, the plastic pandemic moves far beyond coconuts or any other stubbornly wrapped consumable. We’re becoming familiar with the eye-popping statistics. A garbage truck worth of plastic empties into the ocean every minute. Worldwide, humankind produces over 300 million tons of plastic each year, and this is increasing. Researchers believe as many as 51 trillion fragments of plastic— known as microplastic (characterized as pieces under 5mm)—are polluting waterways and marine environments. 【R4】__________ The contours of catastrophe, of course, are never easy to define, and there is much we still don’t understand. Plastic has been detected throughout our own food chain, now invading honey, beer and table salt. Studies show that microplastics can act as vectors transporting some of the most persistent toxic chemicals ever produced, and long ago banned on land. But we can say this: If we do nothing to slow down our consumption of plastic by 2050, there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish by weight. 【R5】__________ Let’s be clear. Nobody feels good about this and everybody wants change. But how? Scientific researchers recently announced a breakthrough, accidentally accelerating the way enzymes in bacteria found on a Japanese trash heap could eat through plastic. The media responded in its typically restrained way, suggesting the plastic pandemic is all but beaten. This is not the case. It will be many years before enzymes can be deployed on plastic, if at all.

41． 【R1】

正确答案：C

解析：这一段的关键句在于“……他们作出了让步。我就把这件事情放下了……”零售商们在一番痛哭流涕的诉苦之后，作出了让步。作者以为事情就此了结。因此应该选择[C]。选项[A]并不是本段的主旨，而且太过片面。

42． 【R2】

正确答案：G

解析：本段的第一句就提到：“我错了。”因此事情肯定产生了反转，“事情变得更糟了”，塑料包装的使用愈演愈烈，因此应该选择[G]。

43． 【R3】

正确答案：B

解析：本段列举了很多实例和数据，其目的是作为论据佐证第一句话“塑料大爆发波及的不仅仅有椰子，或任何其他早就被塑料包装起来的商品”，可见塑料制品的泛滥。因此应该选择[B]。

44． 【R4】

正确答案：F

解析：这一段主要讲述的是塑料制品的泛滥程度，因此应该选择[F]。[E]选项只是一个论据，不能作为全段的论点，因此错误。

45． 【R5】

正确答案：D

解析：本段主要讲了关于降解塑料的最新突破，也提出了作者的看法：技术很美好，但是离我们很遥远。因此应该选择[D]。

翻译

46． The essential functions of the UN are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights, and fundamental freedoms, and to be a centre of coordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends. No country takes precedence over another in the UN. Each member’s obligations and rights are the same. All must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain from the threat or use of force against other states. Though the UN has no right to intervene in any state’s internal affairs, it tries to ensure that non-member states act according to its principles of peace and security. UN members must offer every assistance in an approved UN action and in no way assist states against which the UN is taking preventive or enforcement action.

正确答案： 联合国的基本职能是维护国际和平与安全，发展国家间友好关系，促进世界各国在解决国际经济、社会、文化和人民问题等方面的合作，促进对人权和基本自由权利的尊重，并成为协调各国行动、实现上述目标的中心组织。 在联合国中，所有国家不分优劣一律平等，每个成员国的权利与义务相同。所有成员国需和平解决国际争端，承诺不对他国使用武力或使用武力威胁他国。尽管联合国无权干涉任何国家内政，但联合国努力确保非成员国遵从其维护世界和平与安全的原则。联合国成员国必须为其批准的联合国行动提供一切援助，并且绝不向联合国正采取预防或制裁行动的国家提供帮助。

作文

47． Suppose you are working in the Student Union of your university and you will hold an orientation party for the freshmen this Friday evening. Write a letter to all freshmen to, 1) introduce the Student Union and the party to them, and 2) invite them to the party. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address.

正确答案： Dear all, Welcome to XXX University! I’m a senior student working in the Student Union of this university. And we are here to help you to get a smooth start in this big family. The Student Union is a good place for all students with ambition to serve for other students and improve themselves. And the first thing we’d like to do for you is to host a welcome party to introduce this university to you. You can make friends, know this campus and your program inside-out, and enjoy all kinds of activities we’ve prepared for you! Please join us at any time between 7:30 and 10:00 this Friday evening! Welcome to take your friends with you!Best regards, Li Ming

48． The chart below shows the main reason for migration to the UK in 2007. In your writing, you should 1) describe the chart, and 2) give your comments. You should write about 150 words on the ANWER SHEET. (15 points)

正确答案： This chart shows several reasons why people want to immigrate to Britain in 2007. The leading reason is finding a long-term job in this country, which accounts for 30%. Apart from that, 26% want to get a good education in the UK. The third reason is to get together with their family or friends, and it makes up 15%. What comes fourth is looking for work opportunities, maybe just temporary ones, comprising 12%. The other 11% people come to this country for various other reasons and the rest 6% don’t give a specific reason. From this chart we can infer that most people come to the UK for a better life, whether it is a good job or a diploma. That’s the charm of this country, attracting people from different places to fight for a promising future.