改错练习
(一) About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could
be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____
pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____ University.
The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal
Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____
within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____ families to moderate size.
This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal
deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____
the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control
respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____ risk categories.
The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____
maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____
pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____ mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____ two years apart. (二) “Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____
has great importance for many people.
This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____
for one’s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____ portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children, even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____
support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____
of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____
is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth. When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____
they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____
a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____
a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____ way of life.
(三) We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1_____ that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school,
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including
college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2_____
with comparable education in Western Europe.
There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build
them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____
them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____
computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5_____ The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____
creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7_____
technology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8_____
new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of
knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are
really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a
faculty for the others. _____9_____
Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,
it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _____10_____new technology, which can be enormous. (四) What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,
as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__
are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__
a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__
escape—not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4__
exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs. The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”— a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___
its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may
be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__
size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__ gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__
And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__ (五) The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__
have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__ monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one
occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__ found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter. Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__ “great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England was designated “the King’s fish” because it automatically belonged
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to the Crown.
Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__ wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__ Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earth’s stock of whales is still being __7__ depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__ there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will
be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__ awe-inspiring creature that always fed man’s imagination and __10__ made the world a more exciting place
(六)We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any
moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__ languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__ more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__
is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__
animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__ and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__ understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__
language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__ Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__ of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than
some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__
takes language as its object of investigation.
(七) Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1__ appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and
make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__ short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__ There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that
they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__ by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__ have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__ style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,
a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__ on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__ decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.
Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__ waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__
(九)When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start
meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a
lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__
way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a person
walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__
bump into other people.
However, a second person thought that this was more a question of
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civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__
it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__
to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__
hasn’t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__
known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__
Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__
it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__ said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__ (十)A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing
new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1__
going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2__
prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the
edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3__
seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4__ the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of
Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5__
dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today—the poor can still be numbered __6__ in millions.
The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7__
two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8__
from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9__
country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10__
-ing out again to the suburbs.:
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十一)
Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect, __1__
while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2__
of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3__
the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.
From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4__
the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5__ the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially, this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6__ magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7__
portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8__
close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9__ string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10__
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by amiable attacks.
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十二)
Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__ would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__
However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__ and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.
This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam. Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4__
This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a solid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5__
liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid. Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water, can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6__ on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only because water is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7__ the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8__ us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them __9__ into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn them into solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, which is another reason why its three states have given three different names. __10
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十三) Classic Intention Movement
In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the
chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1__ to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2__
not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3__
and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4__ therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5__
raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6__ Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7__
This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8__
hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9__
push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10__
body had frozen at the get-ready moment. 英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十四)
The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__ ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__
An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of
southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods,
one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,
Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come
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from __3__
plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University
of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__
calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__
Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__
one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections
or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__
of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__
If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__
could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10__ 英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十五)
There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronun- ciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography __1__
is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain
throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2__
like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3__ firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4__
whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5__
begin the ‘natural’ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to
read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6__
practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7__
day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling. This is ‘ natural’, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8__
mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a
community and to give a sense of ‘belonging’. We learn quite early to recognize a __9__ ‘stranger’, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps
only a few miles far. __10__
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十六) Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1__
hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2__
enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey. __3__ To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4__
year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5__
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in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6__
bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers,
aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7__ attackers.
Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8__
period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,
so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9__
controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,
awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10__
essential for survival.
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十七)
During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood
of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat
in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat __1__
became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. __2__
War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.
For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through
the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,
so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that __3__
they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, __4__
just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers __5__
groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become __6__
involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. __7__
Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed __8__
a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917
and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices
fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed __9__
the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. __10__
将in改为with 将increasing改为incresingly 将so改为but 删掉soon或者shortly 将just改为only 在asked 后面加上for
将involving改为involved 将life改为living 删掉with或将handle改为deal . 将total改为full/complete/absolute/overall 英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十八)
For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation
of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__
words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such
thing, we are told, like a set of standards first acquired through experience and __2__
knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has
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been a __3__
popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the
public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it __4__
flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, it comforts the __5__
confused. Under the banner of democracy and the kind of quality which our
forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good
or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__
media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__
and to see, and that for a critic to say that this program is bad and that program
is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__
philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent __9__
president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications Commission, this phrase escaped from him under questioning: “One man’s mediocrity __10__
is another man’s good program”.
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十九)
When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided neither of them __1__
have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. Firstly, and most __2__
obviously, new born children are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful
capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing __3__
the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without care from some
other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a
child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human infants is in marked
contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet within __4__
minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young
animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, __5__
compared with the human infant, they very quickly develop the capacity to
fend for them. __6__
It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares with all __7__
other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. For this reason,
biologists now suggest that language be “ species specific” to the human race, __8__
that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in __9__
such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies that just __10__
as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in color and just
as they are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they
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are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal development as
well-formed human beings.
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(二十)
The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for
the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words. A rough
and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical __1__
words have “less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them __2__
“empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. But this is a rather __3__
misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name __4__
of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a __5__
sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet the
is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words __6__ differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they have even in __7__
the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been “little words.”
But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words.” __8__
of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. __9__
Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say:
we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. This is __10__
illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams
and newspaper headlines. 21
More people die of tuberculosis than of any other disease caused by a single agent. This has probably been the case in quite a while. During the __1__ early stages of the industrial revolution, ...
More people die of tuberculosis than of any other disease caused by a single agent. This has probably been the case in quite a while. During the __1__ early stages of the industrial revolution, perhaps one in every seventh __2__ deaths in Europe’s crowded cities were caused by the disease. From __3__ now on, though, western eyes, missing the global picture, saw the trouble __4__ going into decline. With occasional breaks for war, the rates of death and infection in the Europe and America dropped steadily through the 19th and __5__ 20th centuries. In the 1950s, the introduction of antibiotics strengthened the trend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed to be imported to __6__ poor countries. Medical researchers declared victory and withdrew.
They are wrong. In the mid1980s the frequency of infections and deaths __7__ started to pick up again around the world. Where tuberculosis vanished, it came __8__ back; in many places where it had never been away, it grew better. The World __9__ Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people (a third of the earth’s population)suffer from tuberculosis. Even when the infection rate was falling,population growth kept the number of clinical cases more or less constantly at 8 __10__ million a year. Around 3 million of those people died, nearly all of them in poor countries. 22
One of America’s most important export is her modern music. __1__ American popular music is playing all over the world. It is
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enjoyed __2__ by people of all ages in all countries. Because ... One of America’s most important export is her modern music. __1__ American popular music is playing all over the world. It is enjoyed __2__ by people of all ages in all countries. Because the lyrics are English, __3__ nevertheless people not speaking English enjoy it. The reasons for its popularity are its fast pace and rhythmic beat.The music has many origins in the United States. Country music,coming from the suburban areas in the southern United States, is one __4__ source. Country music features simple themes and melodies describing day-to-day situations and the feelings of country people. Many people appreciate this music because the emotions expressed by country __5__ music songs. A second origin of American popular music is the blues. It depicted __6__ mostly sad feelings reflecting the difficult lives of American blacks. It is usually played and sung by black musicians, but it is not popular with __7__ all Americans.
Rock music is a newer form of music. This music style, featuring fast and repetitious rhythms, was influenced by the blues and country music. It is first known as rock-and- roll in the 1950’s. Since then there __8__ have been many forms of rock music, hard rock, soft rock, punk rock,disco music and others. Many performers of popular rock music are young musicians.American popular music is marketed to a demanding audience.Now popular songs are heard on the radio several times a day. Some songs become popular all over the world. People hear these songs sing __9__ in their original English or sometimes translated into other languages. The words may coincide but the enjoyment of the music is universal. __10_
23 Cities can be frightened places. The majority of __1__ the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear __2__ when you live thirty floors u ... Cities can be frightened places. The majority of __1__ the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear __2__ when you live thirty floors up in a skyscraper. Strange __3__ enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks even say hello to each __4__ other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village togeth- __5__ er. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. So __6__ country life has disadvantages too. For example, shopping becomes a major problem and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expe- __7__ dition to the nearest large town. The country has the advantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the __8__ isadvantages of being cut off. The city has noise and population which do harm to human health. But one of their main advantages is that you are at the centre of __9__ things and that life doesn’t come to an end even at ten at night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for the quiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the __10__ country within commuting distance of the large city.
24 Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. __1__ The most significant the task ahead, the more careful ... Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. __1__ The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning __2__ required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few __3__ or no planning, it is almost routine. A month’s touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If the matter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, __4__ and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make __5__ sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure success and of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential __6__ to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but
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the degree __7__ of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources __8__ and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly __9__ household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply of essentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage __10__ and over-expenditure. 25 Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But a special kind of “private eye” can trace the missing ancestors of whole peoples by studying the clues buried by words. __1__ ... Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But a special kind of “private eye” can trace the missing ancestors of whole peoples by studying the clues buried by words. __1__ These philologists, such as the language detectives are called, have traced __2__ the word trail back from peoples in Europe, India, South Africa, the Americas,and the Pacific islands in a tiny nameless, and forgotten tribe that roamed central __3__ Eurasia 5000 to 6000 years ago, before the dawn of writing history. __4__ Since a long time scholars have been puzzled over the striking __5__ difference of words in different languages. In Dutch, vader; in Latin, pater;in __6__ old Irish, athir; in Persian, pidar;in the Sanskrit of distant India, pitr. These words all sounded likely and meant the same thing—“father” __7__ Where did it happen that widely separated peoples used such __8 close related sound symbols? The problem baffled linguists for years. The more so __9__ because “father” was but one of a host of such coincidences. Towards the end of the 18 century it dawned on scholars that perhaps all these words stemmed __10__ from some common language. 26 Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of particu-lar kind is actually taking place around us and is more and more manifesting. Although manki ... Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of particu-lar kind is actually taking place around us and is more and more manifesting. Although mankind has underg- __1__ one no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumu-lation of knowledge. Knowledge begins to increase as __2__ soon as the thoughts of one individual could be com-municated to another by mean of speech. With the in- __3__ vention of writing, knowledge could be communicated and stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in turn added libraries: the growth of knowl- __4__ edge followed a kind of compound-interest law,which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly risen. __5__ then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. However, as soon as new knowl- __6__ edge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called “modern civilization” is not the result of a balanced development of all man’s nature,but not of accumulated knowledge applied to practical __7__ life. The problem now facing humanity is: what is going to be done with all this knowledge? Like is often __8__ pointed out, knowledge is a two edged weapon which could be used equally for good or evil. It is now being __9__ used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that gunners __10__ using science to shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them.
27 You will think about what kind of saving instru- __1__ ment to use or what kind of investment to make. By putting your money in some kind of savings strument or investment, you can set aside sma ...
You will think about what kind of saving instru- __1__ ment to use or what kind of investment to make. By putting your money in some kind of savings strument or investment, you can set aside small amount of mon- __2__ ey regularly and the money will earn interest or divi-dends. Interest refers to the amount what your money __3__ earns when it is kept in a savings instrument. Divi-dends are payments of part of a company’s earnings to people hold stock in the company. A savings instru- __4__ ment has an “interest rate ” associated with it; this refers to the rate which the money in the instrument in- __5__ creases during a certain period of time. Principal refers to the facial value or the amount of money you __6__ place in
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
the savings instrument on which the interest is earned. Every type of savings or investment has some risk that the return will be less than needed or expected.Federally insured savings accounts are safe and guar-anteed up to $100,000 by the U.S. Government. Therefore, they may have lower interest rates, making __7__ it hard to save large amounts of money for college. __8__ Bonds and stocks often have higher returns than savings accounts or EE saving bonds but are more riskier. __9__ You can reduce the risks of these kinds of investments by starting to save early. The earlier we begin the less __10__ money you will have to put aside each month and the more total savings you will accumulate. 28
One of our main arguments is that we in Western countries actually have part to play in causing the __1__ problems of the Third World. Many Third World countries are saddle with immense debt bur ...
One of our main arguments is that we in Western countries actually have part to play in causing the __1__ problems of the Third World. Many Third World countries are saddle with immense debt burdens, for __2__ example. They were lent money with low interest rates __3__ in the 1970s, when money flooded into Western banks from the oil-producing countries and was lent out to the Third World. The interest rates have then been risen __4__ dramatically. So you have a situation where a country in many cases can’t even repay the interest, letting alone __5__ the capital, on the debt. And I suppose the best example from what I have come across is a country in West Africa where the consumption, the local consumption of peanuts was banned, because peanuts, if they are imported can bring in a great deal of foreign income. __6__ The peanut is a major source of protein in this country.So you have people go hungry as a result of that. __7__ The peanuts were exported to Great Britain and the United States to feed our cattle. Those cattle then produced a surplus of milk which we do not know what to do with.We have enough milk, more milk than we can cope with in the Western World. And also that milk __8__ was transformed into dried milk powder and then taken back to this country to help feed children who were suffering from malnutrition. So that’s the kind of insanely __9__ economic relationship that we have got ourselves in __10__ the Third World. 29 One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special committees s ... One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special committees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees __1__ consisted of members of both houses. Investigations __2__ are held to gather information on the need for future legislation,to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, __3__ to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently,committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting __4__ investigative hearings and to make out detailed studies of issues. __5__
There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most __6__ committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely __7__ in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless __8__ represent one important tool available to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues, __9__ Congressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony. __10__ 30
Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for __1__ death, for example, may sometimes oppress you. even when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal with-lone ...
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for __1__ death, for example, may sometimes oppress you. even when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal with-loneliness. Loneliness can speed your demise no matter conscientiously __2__ you care for your body. “We go through life surrounded by protective convoys of others,” says Robert Kahn, a psychologist of the University of Michigan who studied the health effects of companionship. “People __3__ who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.” One study of elderly heart-attack patients found that those with two or more close associations __4__ enjoyed twice the one-year survival rate of those who were completely alone.Companionship aside, healthy oldsters seem to share a knack for managing stress, poison that contributes __5__ measurably to heart disease, cancer and accidents. Researchers have also been kinked successful aging __6__ to mental stimulation. An idle brain will deteriorate just as sure as an unused leg, notes Dr. Gene Cohen, __7__ Head of the gerontology center at George ashington University. But just as exercise can prevent muscle __8__ atrophy, mental challenges seem to preserve both the mind and the immune system. But what most impresses researchers who study the oldest old is his simple drive and resilience. “People who reach 100 __9__ are not quitters,” says Adler of the National Centenarian Awareness Project. “They share a remarkable ability to renegotiate life in every turn, to accept the inevitable losses __10__ And move on.” 31
Eye behavior can give subtle messages which people pick up in their daily life. It tells more than words can. Meeting or failing to meet another person's eyes produce a particular effect.When ...
Eye behavior can give subtle messages which people pick up in their daily life. It tells more than words can. Meeting or failing to meet another person's eyes produce a particular effect.When two Americans __1__ look searchingly at each other's eye, emotions are __2__ heightened and the relationship becomes closer. However, Americans are careful about where and when to __3__ meet other's eye. In our normal conversation, each eye-contract lasts only a few seconds before one or both individuals look away, because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, and, after it happens, can generate __4__ a special kind of human-to-human awareness. For instance,by simple using his eyes, a man can make a woman aware of him comfortably or uncomfortably; a long and steady gaze from a policeman or judge intimidates accused. __5__ In the U.S., proper street behavior requires a nice balance of attention and inattention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are being aware of his presence. If you look too little, __6__ you appear haughty; too much, inquisitive. Much eye behavior is such subtle that our reaction to it is __7__ largely instinctive. Besides, the codes of eye behavior vary dramatically from one culture to other. In the __8__ Middle East, it is impolite to look at the other person all the time during a conversation; in England, the polite listener fixes the speaker with an inattentive __9__ stare and blinks eye occasionally as a sign of interest and attention. In America, eye behavior functions as a kind of conversational traffic signal control the __10__ talking pace and time, and to indicate a change of topic. 32
control the talking pace and time 应该和to indicate a change of topic并列，作为conversational traffic signal 的定语，也要用动词不定式。To be called beautiful is thought to name something essentia ... control the talking pace and time 应该和to indicate a change of topic并列，作为conversational traffic signal 的定语，也要用动词不定式。To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women’s character and concerns. (In contrast by men whose __1__ essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent.) It does not
need someone in the throes of feminist awareness to perceive that __2__ the way women are taught to be involved in beauty encourages
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
__3__ narcissism, reinforces independence and immaturity. Everybody knows __4__ that. For it is “everybody”, a whole society, which has identified __5__ being feminine with caring about how one looks. Giving these __6__ stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation. It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful is wrong but the __7__ obligation to be. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to assess each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, __8__ eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on – each by turn is submitted __9__ to an anxious scrutiny. Even if some pass the scrutiny, some will always be found wanted. Nothing less than perfection will do. __10__ 33
In the United States there are, strict speaking, no national __1__ holiday, for each state must, through legislative enactment or __2__ executive proclamation, appoint the day which each holiday ...
In the United States there are, strict speaking, no national __1__ holiday, for each state must, through legislative enactment or __2__ executive proclamation, appoint the day which each holiday is __3__ celebrated. Congress and the president may establish legal holidays for the District of Columbia and for federal employees throughout the states and territories; and by long custom, days that receive nationwide observation, such as Christmas, Thanksgiving, Labor __4__ Day, Independent Day, and New Year’s Day, are uniformly set __5__ apart by all states as legal, or public holidays. In 1968, federal __6__ legislation established Columbia Day as a legal holiday for the District of Columbia and for the federal government beginning at __7__ 1971. The law also provided begun in 1971 federal employees __8__ would be granted three-days weekends by observing Washington’s __9__ Birthday on the third Monday in February, Memorial Day on the last Monday in May, Columbus Day on the second Monday in October, and Veteran Day on the forth Monday on October. By 1971, most of the states also adopted the new dates. __10__ 34
Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.It is true that in this country we have more overweighted people __1__ than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over weight ...
Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.It is true that in this country we have more overweighted people __1__ than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over weight correlates an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. __2__ These diseases, therefore, may have as much to do with our __3__ way of life and our high-fat diets as with excessive weight. And __4__ the associate risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more __5__ about a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber than a __6__ weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but
that we neither exercise enough or eat well. Exercise is necessary __7__ for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet
without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases.We should surely stop paying so much attention on weight. __8__ Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardy if those who __9__ get(or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be purely vainglory. __10__ 35 In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing since __1__ they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors. And ... In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing since __1__ they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors.
And they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the __2__ fashionable industry today. What are they? They are high heels __3__ --woman’s worst enemy ( whether she knows it or not). High heel
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
__4__ shoes are the downfall of modern society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticating __5__ for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed on posing short as __6__ as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high hell industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world of unnecessary physical and psychological suffering. __7__ For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating lawns. Anyone who has ever worn heels on grass know what I am talking __8__ about. A simple trip around the yard on a pair of those babies __9__ eliminates all needs to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides __10__ the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt lying around. 36
The violence within a society is controlled through institutionsof law. The most developed a legal system becomes, the more __1__ societies takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and pu ... The violence within a society is controlled through institutionsof law. The most developed a legal system becomes, the more __1__ societies takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment __2__ of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to dealing with __3__ an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personal carrying out judgment and punishment __4__ upon the person who did the offense. __5__ But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes personalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for __6__ protecting individuals from violence. In cases where he cannot be __7__ protected, the society is responsible for committing punishment. __8__ In a state controlling legal system, individuals are removed __9__ from the circle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the __10__ state assumes responsibility for their protection. 37
The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm that has recognized the need for change and done something about it. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversity of the communit ... The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm that has recognized the need for change and done something about it. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversity of the communities for which they provide information. It must __1__ reflect that diversity with their news coverage or risk losing their readers’ interest and their advertisers’ support. Operating within Seattle, which has 20 percents racial minorities, the __2__ paper has put into place polices and procedures for hiring and maintain a diverse workforce. The underlying reason for __3__ the change is that for information to be fair, appropriate, and ubjective, it should be reported by the same kind of population __4__ that reads it.
A diversity committee composed of reporters, editors, and photographers meets regularly to evaluate The Seattle Times’ __5__ content and to educate the rest of the newsroom staff about diversity issues. In an addition, the paper instituted a content __6__ audit that evaluates the frequency and manner of representation of woman and people of color in photographs. Early audits __7__ showed that minorities were pictured far too infrequently and were pictured with a disproportionate number of negative articles.
The audit results from improvement in the frequency of __8__ majority, representation and their portrayal in neutral or positive __9__ situations. And, with a result, The Seattle Times has improved __10__ as a newspaper. The diversity training and content audits helped The Seattle Times Company to win the Personal Journal Optima’s Award for excellence in managing change. 38
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handling, it may become a driving force. When __1__ the United States entered just such a glowing period afte ...
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handling, it may become a driving force. When __1__
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any other competitor, given its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its __2__ scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies that the war had destroyed. __3__ It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans found __4__ themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competition. Some __5__ huge American industries, such as consumer electronic, had shrunk __6__ or vanished in the face of foreign competition. Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market and America’s machine-tool industry was on the rope. For a while it looked as __7__ though the making of semiconductors, which America had sat at the __8__ heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped talking prosperity for grant. They began to believe that their way of doing __9__ business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980 brought one inquiry after __10__ another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about growing competition from overseas. 39
What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it’s described like __1__ the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things are done around here.” It guides what employees think ... What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it’s described like __1__ the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things are done around here.” It guides what employees think, act, and feel. __2__ Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique personality __3__ or character of a particular company or organization, and include __4__ such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior. Corporate culture can be expressed in the company’s mission statement and other communications, in the architectural style or interior decoration, by what people wear to work, by how people address to each other, and in the titles given to various __5__ employees. How do you uncover the corporate culture of a potential employer? The truth is that you will never really know the corporate culture after you have worked at the company for a number of months, __6__ but you can get close to it through research and observation. Understanding culture is a two-step process, starting with the research before __7__ the interview and ending with observation at the interview. The bottom line is that you are going to spend a lot of time on the work environment- __8__ and to be happy, successful, and productive, you will want to be ina place where you fit for the culture, a place where you can have __9__ voice, be respected, and have opportunities for growth. __10__ 40
There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great numbers of animal oil come from whales, those enormous __1__ creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining an ...
There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great numbers of animal oil come from whales, those enormous __1__ creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick cover of fat called blubber. When the __2__ whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either board the ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which __3__ can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, and none so much as the whale. The livers of the cod and __4__ the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil.
Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins. These oils may be bought at any chemist. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
__5__ No household can not get on without it, for it is used in cooking. To __6__ the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, one almost always __7__ means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships,motor-cars and diesel locomotives; the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machineries. This is the oil that has changed the life __8__ of the common men. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, __9__ which has replaced the private horse-drawing carriage. __10__ 41 Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosed their responsibilities __1_ ... Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosed their responsibilities __1__ to kins (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place __2__ for superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. __3__ However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you if you are a resident of a smaller community. __4__ But, for the most part, this fact has a few significant consequences. __5__ It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationship do not differ between more and less urban __6__ people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than do big __7__ city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. or are residents of large communities __8__ any likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation __9__ than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust for strangers. __10__ 42
Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are famous examples __1__ of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it __2__ seems likely that a catastrophic event alters t ...
Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are famous examples __1__ of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it __2__ seems likely that a catastrophic event alters the global climate __3__ enough to lead to their disappearance. More recent extinctions and near-extinctions－such as the blue whales, tiger, panda, and __4__ North American bison—have been the direct result of human activity. By the early 1990s, species were becoming extinct at a rate of three per hour, or 27,000 every day – a figure quoted by the American biologist Edward O.Wilson of Harvard University, based on his most conservative estimates. This rate of extinctions carries with it some terrible consequences. Each plant that becomes extinct,for example, may take with it as much as 30 insects and animals __5__ that depend on it for food. Habitat loss is one of the most important causes of extinction. For rising populations in many countries __6__ lead to the clearing of more land, habitats such as raining forest __7__ and grasslands disappear.
In the East Africa, once renowned for its wildlife, few wild animals __8__ remain living outside the boundaries of national parks and game __9__ reserves. In other parts of the world, coastal ecosystems are clearing __10__ for development. Wetland areas are drying out as a result of water extraction to support farming and tourism. Bird species are among the worst affected by the loss of wetlands. 44
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Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the bad __1__ influence of this or that individual writers. But an e ...
Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the bad __1__ influence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can become __2__ a cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same effect __3__ in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drink __4__ because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the most __5__ completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the sloven of our language __6__ makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is irreversible. Modern English, especially written English, __7__ is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and think clearly is a __8__ necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerning __9__ of professional writers. I will come back to this present, and I hope __10__ that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer. 45
The growth of the world’s population and its pressure to resources __1__ threaten to change the quality of life as we know it. It takes __2__ 100,000 years of human existence for the world ... The growth of the world’s population and its pressure to resources __1__ threaten to change the quality of life as we know it. It takes __2__ 100,000 years of human existence for the world to reach its 1997population of 5.85 billion people. The increase of 80 million people in 1996 alone is the equivalent of a new U.S population every 3.4years or new Canadian population every 138 days. The UN population Fund predicts that by the year 2050, the world population have __3__ exploded to 10 billion people. This would double in less than a century the already bulging population who existed when it reached __4__ 5 billion in 1987. The chemicals we spew into the air also cause disease.
For example, they attack the Earth’s ozone layer, which helps shield the Earth away the Sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays. It is well established __5__ that the ozone layer has thinned considerably during recent decades.Concomitantly, the rate of new cases of the dead skin cancer, __6__ melanoma, has grown dramatically from 1,168 of each 100,000 __7__ Americans to 3,650. This 213 percent increase means that 40,300 Americans diagnosed with melanoma in 1997 and 3,650 died of the __8__ disease. There are some scientists who believe that pollution is even threatening the ability of humans to produce. Chemicals which are __9__ used to make pesticides, plastic, and other products are finding their ways into the human food chain through fish and even through __10__ breast milk. 46
Act natural! Don’t be nervous! Well, that’s easier said than done when you’re standing in front of a group of people and delivering what, at that point in time, feels like the m ...
Act natural! Don’t be nervous! Well, that’s easier said than done when you’re standing in front of a group of people and delivering what, at that point in time, feels like the most important public appearance you’ve ever made. Have you dressed right? Is your hair __1__ all in place? Can you see you sweating? __2__ Have you heard Winston Churchill? What about Dr. Martin Luther __3__ King Jr. and Abraham Lincoln? What do all these people have in common? They are famous people who made famous speeches. John F. Kennedy, in his presidential inaugural address said: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” We always admire people who are eloquent as that, and __4__ we all wish we could be so eloquent ourselves. Have you ever drew special attention to other people speaking __5__
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in the public? __6__ What are qualities that a person needs in order to make a great __7__ speech? There is an old Chinese saying that went, “A man is good __8__ because of his mouth, and a horse is good because of its legs.” Humans has the ability to communicate through speech, and in speech __9__ We have a special opportunity to make impact. Sometimes, it’s a __10__ lasting one. 47
You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surrounding. What you now see appears to drift upward. You __1__ are board a train in a busy station when suddenly another ...
You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surrounding. What you now see appears to drift upward. You __1__ are board a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next __2__ to your starts moving forward. __3__ For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body’s sensors and interpret what must be happening – that your train __4__ might have moved, not the other; that downward motion is now __5__ normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.
The sensors that make this magic are two kinds. __6__ Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burnt __7__ ten miles away. Colorful vision in each eye comes from six to seven __8__ million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, the third to __9__ blue.
By monitoring how many wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay that data brainwork. Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an __10__ average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. 48
Humankind’s future safety and longevity of life on Earth largely depend on the environment which we live. Keeping the air we __1__ breathe free of pollution is a major priority towards mak ... Humankind’s future safety and longevity of life on Earth largely depend on the environment which we live. Keeping the air we __1__ breathe free of pollution is a major priority towards making this earth a safe place. Other areas of concern are water, land, the ozone layer, and the preservation of flora and fauna of the planet.
Every country has ecological issues to deal. In South America, __2__ the rain forests are rapidly disappearing as people burn and cut down trees to make for farmland. Many Middle-Eastern and Asian countries __3__ have a battle to fight with air, water, and land pollution. Lakes and swamps are spread with debris. __4__ Mass chemical spraying is used to kill pests on trees and plants. Abundant __5__ use of water in countries as China has caused major water shortage. __6__ Rivers become polluted by factories and the populations that live on their banks. Global warming is considered a major factor caused __7__ the droughts in eastern China, the Sudan, Ethiopia, and northern Kenya.
The reduction of the ozone layer is blamed for the global warming trends in variant countries of this globe, and the spread of disease like skin __8__ cancer. Societies at large need to pay attention to the existing problems in order to get of the imminent danger of famine, drought and diseases __9__ that rise from the damage that pollution causes. __10__ 49
DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world had ever known,exposed nature’s vulnerability. Unlike most pesticides, which effect- __1__ tiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of in ... DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world had ever known,exposed nature’s vulnerability. Unlike most pesticides, which effect- __1__
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tiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of insects, DDT is __2__ capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once. Developed in 1939, it first distinguished itself during the World War II, cleaning __3__ South Pacific islands of malaria-caused insects for U.S. troops, while __4__in Europe being used as an effective de-lousing power. Its inventor was awarded by the Nobel Prize. __5__ When DDT became available for civilian use in 1945, there were only a few people who expressed the second thought about this __6__ new miracle compound. One was nature writer Edwin Way Teale,who warned, “A spray as discriminate as DDT can upset the economy __7__ of nature of all insects are good, but if they are killed, things __8__ go out of kilter right away.” Another was Rachel Carson, who wrote to the Reader’s Digest to propose an article about series of __9__ tests on DDT being conducted not far from which she lived in Maryland. __10__ 50
Transport can be a major expense for many companies,especially when cars have to be provided for both managerial and sale staff. __1__ As a result, it's important to keep a close eye at the man ...
Transport can be a major expense for many companies,especially when cars have to be provided for both managerial and sale staff. __1__ As a result, it's important to keep a close eye at the many costs __2__ associated with company cars and how these different costs compare. The moment a new car is driven away from the showroom,its value will drop as much as 12 percent. This is what is __3__ known as depreciation and is the largest single cost to the buyer of a new vehicle. Depreciation is the highest in the __4__ first two years of a vehicle's life: at the end of that period a car could be worth just the third of its brand new price. __5__ Although the rate of depreciation decreases as time goes by, it remains a major cost factor, as around 85 percent of company vehicles are brought brandly new. __6__ However, it is important to know that some cars depreciate much more than others——regardless of price. This is often __7__to do with rarity and prestige value. The more common the car, the more quickly, in general, it loses vaule. Exported __8__ models, which are restricted in number, can hold their value better than those are produced domestically and widely available. __9__ In the same way, depreciation on a new model of a particular make may be low for the first few years after their launch. __10__ This happened when diesel cars were first introduced. They depreciated more slowly when they were rarely seen; now that they are relatively common, this is no longer true.： 10. their—its/the。据上下文，its或the指代或特指a new model of a particular make 51
Something has been happening to the concept of \"fiction\critical discourse and elsewhere. For a long time, __1__ this concept operated under common understood restrictions. __2__ It wa ...
Something has been happening to the concept of \"fiction\critical discourse and elsewhere. For a long time, __1__ this concept operated under common understood restrictions. __2__ It was used to refer to a certain genre of literature; a certain __3__ aspect of literature in general——the element of plot, action,or fable, including such constituents like character, setting, __4__ scene, and so on; and to any narrative or story contained __5__ a large element of invention. But recently, the concept of \"fiction\" has undergone an extension. Though still used to __6__ refer to the action or plot of literary work, it has come to __7__ be appllied to something more: to the ideas, themes, and beliefs that are being embodied in the action or plot. It is __8__ not only the events in literature that are regarded as fictive but the \"message\" or \"world view\" conveyed in the presentation of the events as well. And this is not the end of the matter. Gone a step further, critics now sometimes suggest, by a kind __9__ of tautology, that literary meanings are fictions although all __10__ meanings are fictions, this critical view asserts that \"life\" and \"reality\" are themselves fictions. 52
Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and emigrated from
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
London to New York City when she was ten year's old. One day, she decided that she wanted __1__ to be a doctor. That was near ... Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and emigrated from London to New York City when she was ten year's old. One day, she decided that she wanted __1__ to be a doctor. That was nearly impossible for a woman in the middle of the nineteenth century. Before writing __2__ many letters seeking an admission to medical school, she __3__ was finally accepted by a doctor in Philadelphia. Therefore __4__ determined she was that she taught in school and gave __5__ music lessons to earn money for her tuition.
In 1849,until graduating from medical school, she decided __6__ to farther her education in Paris. She wanted to be a surgeon, __7__ but a serious eye infection forced her to abandon the idea.Upon returning to the US, she found difficult to start her __8__ own practice because she was a woman. By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doctor, managed to open a new hospital,the first for woman and children. Besides being the first __9__ female physician and found her own hospital, she also __10__ established the first medical school for women. 53
Whether the eyes are \"the windows of the soul\" is debatable;they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a __1__ fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimuli ...
Whether the eyes are \"the windows of the soul\" is debatable;they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a __1__ fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimuli that __2__ produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not to be real: a __3__ mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, or will the sight of __4__ only one eye when the face is presented on profile. This attraction to __5__ eyes opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. __6__ In one study, when American four-year-old were asked to draw __7__ people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, and 99 percent __8__ of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, furthermore, where babies __9__ are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes like they do in other cultures. As a result, __10__ Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. 54
Middle age has its compensations. Youth is bound hand and foot with the shackles of public opinion. Middle age enjoys freedom.I remember that when i left the school i said to myself: __1__ \"Henc ...
Middle age has its compensations. Youth is bound hand and foot with the shackles of public opinion. Middle age enjoys freedom.I remember that when i left the school i said to myself: __1__ \"Hence forward. I can get up when i like and go to bed when i like.\" That of course was an exaggeration, and i soon found that whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to achieve it. But by the time you have reached middle age you discovered how __2__ much freedom it was worth to sacrifice in order to achieve any aim that __3__ you have on view. When i was a boy i was tortured by shyness, __4__ and middle age has to a great extent brought me a relief of this. I __5__ have now no such feeling and i save myself much discomfort. I always hated cold water, but for many years i bath in cold seas because __6__ i wanted to be like everybody. __7__ It was until quite late in life that i discovered how easy it was __8__ to say:\"i don't know.\" i find with middle age no one expects me to walk twenty-five miles, or to play a scratch game of golf, or to dive from a height of thirty feet. This is all to the good and makes life pleasant, but i should no longer care if they do. That is what makes __9__ youth unhappy, the vehement anxiety to be like other people, and that is what makes middle age intolerable, the reconciliation with __10__ oneself. 55
Culture in general is concerned about beliefs and values on the __1__ basis of which peope interpret experiences and behave, individually and in groups. Broadly and simply putting, \"culture\" re ...
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Culture in general is concerned about beliefs and values on the __1__ basis of which peope interpret experiences and behave, individually and in groups. Broadly and simply putting, \"culture\" refers to a __2__ group or community with that you share common experiences that __3__ shape the way how you understand the world. Culture is the \"lens\" __4__ through which you view the world, it is central to what you see,how you make sense of what you see, and how you express yourself.
Culture is often at the root of communication challenges. Exploring historical experiences and the ways in which various cultural
groups have related to each other is key to open channels for cross- __5__ cultural communication. Becoming more beware of cultural differences, __6__ as well as exploring cultural similarities, can help you comminicate with the others more effectively. Next time you find yourself __7__ a confusing situation, ask yourself how culture may be shaping your __8__ own reactions, and try to see the world from the other's point of view. Anthropologists discovered that, when faced by interaction that we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others involved as \"abnormal\cultureal differences and recognizing where cultural differences are in work __9__ is the first step toward understanding each other and establish your __10__ own assumptions about the \"right\" way of doing things and as a chance to learn new ways to solve problems. 56
Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can't help being strucked by the __1__ appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look dat ... Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can't help being strucked by the __1__ appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__ short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicurous.The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__ There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__ by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__ have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__ style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__ on the law and women whole world over run to obey. The __8__ decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.
Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__ waist will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__ 57
Industrial growth in countries had formerly been markets __1__ hastened regional self-sufficiency and, in the consequence, __2__ hastened the collapse of organized long-distance trade. This proce ... Industrial growth in countries had formerly been markets __1__ hastened regional self-sufficiency and, in the consequence, __2__ hastened the collapse of organized long-distance trade. This process was intensified by the spread of a new metal, iron.In almost 1400 B.C. new smelting techniques led to the high __3__ temperatures which could produce an iron superior in strength to bronze. Probably developing in northeastern __4__ Turkey, this process spread over Europe considerately more __5__ rapidly than the art of processing bronze.This rapid spread was due not only particularly war and the movements __6__ of people, but chiefly, to the wide occurence of iron ore as well. __7__ Iron was available for smelting in almost every land and, in efficiency,iron forging offered almost every country the __8__ prospect of economical self-sufficiency. It was eagerly seized __9__ upon, and the bottom fell out of the bronze market and the general economics. Trade stagnated, ships were laid up, and __10__ a recession set in. 58
Yesterday afternoon John and I were walking along a road where we heard someone shout \"Help! Help!\" He was in __1__ a lake, about a hundred feet from the shore. There was a __2__ small boat nearb ...
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
Yesterday afternoon John and I were walking along a road where we heard someone shout \"Help! Help!\" He was in __1__ a lake, about a hundred feet from the shore. There was a __2__ small boat nearby. We knew immediately what happened. __3__ He had fallen out of the boat and could not swim good enough __4__ to reach it or to get to the shore. As we ran towards the lake I saw him sunk, and I was certain that he would drown. But in __5__ a moment his head appeared again. Quickly John took out his __6__ shoes, jumped into the water and started swimming toward the drowned man. He reached him just as the man went down __7__ again. He was close enough as to stretch out his hand and try __8__ to take hold of the man's clothes or his hair before he sank.But the man threw out his arms in fear, caught John across the __9__ neck, and began to draw him down under the water. John fought to keep his head above the water and at the same time tried to swim toward the boat, pulled the man with him. __10__ 59
The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past.Waves companying earthquake activity have been reported over __1__ the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake in 1881 which h ... The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past.Waves companying earthquake activity have been reported over __1__ the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake in 1881 which has its __2__ epicenter near the centre of the Bay of Bengal, Trsunamis were reported.The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused some damage in Andaman region. This was unusual because most Tsunamis were generated by __3__ shocks which occur at or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the earthquake of 1819 and 1845 near the Rann of Kutch, __4__ there were rapid movements of water into sea. __5__ There is no mention of waves resulting in these earthquakes along __6__ the coast adjacent the Arabian sea, and it is unlikely that Tsunamis __7__ were generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Merkran earthquake generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 metres height. This caused a huge deluge, with considerate loss of life and property at Ormara __8__ and Pasi. The estimated height of Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m and no report of damage is available. The estimated height of __9__ waves was about 2 metres at Mumbai, which boats were taken away __10__ from their moorings and casualties occurred. 60
Three passions have governed my life: the longing for love, the search into knowledge, and the unbearable __1__ pity for the suffering of mankind.I have sought of love, first, because it brings e ...
Three passions have governed my life: the longing for love, the search into knowledge, and the unbearable __1__ pity for the suffering of mankind.I have sought of love, first, because it brings ecstasy--ecstasy so great because I would often have __2__ sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness which one shivering consciousness __3__ looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, then, because in the __4__ union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven where saints and poets __5__ have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what--at last--i have found.With equal passionate I have sought knowledge. I have wished __6__ to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know whythe stars shine...A little this, but not much, I have achieved. __7__ Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens. But it always pity brought __8__ me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate inmy heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people--a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty and pain make a mock of what __9__ human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot,and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth of living, and would gladly live it again if the chance __10__ were offered me. 61
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
The tendency nowadays to wander in wildernesses is delightful to see. Thousands of tired, nerve-shaking, over-civilized people are __1__ beginning to find out that going to mountains is going ho ... The tendency nowadays to wander in wildernesses is delightful to see. Thousands of tired, nerve-shaking, over-civilized people are __1__ beginning to find out that going to mountains is going home; that wildness is a necessity; and mountain parks and reservations are __2__ useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, and as __3__ fountains of life. Awakening from the stupefying effects of the vicious of over-industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, they are __4__ trying as best they can to mix and enrich their own little ongoings with that of Nature, and to get rid of rust and disease. Briskly __5__ venturing and roaming, some are washing off sins and cares of the devil's spinning in storms on mountains, bending down and parting sweet, flowery sprays; tracing rivers back their sources, getting in __6__ touch with the nerves of Mother Earth; jumping from rock to rock,panting in whole-souled exercise, and rejoicing in deep, long-drawn breathes of pure wildness. This is fine and natural and full of promise. __7__ So also was the growing interest in the care and preservation of __8__ forests and wild places in general, and in the half wild parks and gardens of towns. Even the scenery exists in its most artificial forms, mixed with spectacles, silliness, and kodaks; its devotees arrayed gorgeously than scarlet tanagers, frightening the wild game __9__ with red umbrellas,--even this is encouraging, and may well be regarded as a hopeful sign of times. __10__ 62
The word encyclopedia began as a Greek word and means\"instruction in the whole circle.\" It was the first used in __1__ English by sir Thomas Eloyt in 1538. Encyclopedias today are usually arran ... The word encyclopedia began as a Greek word and means\"instruction in the whole circle.\" It was the first used in __1__ English by sir Thomas Eloyt in 1538. Encyclopedias today are usually arranged in alphabetical order, but in early times they were arranged in any way the author liked. One writer in the Middle Ages began with a discussion of God and angels and end with descriptions of scents and colors and __2__ a list of 36 different kinds of eggs. The first alphabetically arranged encyclopedia was published in 1704 by an English clergyman named after John Harris. __3__ The oldest encyclopedia in reality was written during the __4__ first century A.D. by Plainy, a Roman. Its 37 volumes list over 20 thousand items. It is valued highly for hundreds __5__ of years. Up to 1536 43 editions had been published.
The largest encyclopedia, the third Chinese encyclopedia containing over 5020 volumes and was compiled during the __6__ eighteenth century. Between 1751 and 1765 the French Encyclopedia appeared. This collecton was usual because __7__ contemporary famous men, imcluded Voltarie, Rousseau, and __8__ Diderot, wrote aticles for it.
The Encyclopedia Britannica is probably the best known work for English-speaking people. It first appeared in Scotland __9__ in 1771. In 1961 the world Book Company published a braille edition of its encyclopedia for blind readers. __10__ 63 It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ \" ... It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ \"Britannia\" and the United States \"Columbia\use masculine symbols in our __2__ personification of nations. In 1712 John Arbuthont, a Scot,wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed __3__ to be typical members of different nationalities. The Englishman was John Bull. This name, which was sufficient flattering to be __4__ adopted generally, combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength. John Bull is usually __5__ pictured as a partly businessman with a union Jack on
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his hatband.
After the American War of Independence began in 1783, the United __6__States was knownfor \"Brother Jonathan\". Jonathan was a biblical __7__ name associated with simple people from rural areas, and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophiscated, and since __8__American considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to __9__ the wickedness of European cities. It is possible, however, that the name was originated with President George Washington, who would __10__often say, when faced with a hard problem, \"Let us consult Brother Jonathan\Trumbull. 64
Ancient man attempted to change the weather by using magic. While experience taught him this was impossible, __1__ he tried to forecast weather conditions. Even earlier in __2__ 1000 B.C.there we ... Ancient man attempted to change the weather by using magic. While experience taught him this was impossible, __1__ he tried to forecast weather conditions. Even earlier in __2__ 1000 B.C.there were weather seers in Babylon----and priests clever enough to denounce as frauds those predicted __3__ the weather a year in the advance. Some forecasters used __4__ methods that seemed to take no connection with the actual __5__ factors controlled the weather. Chickens and other animals __6__ were sacrificed and their intestines poked to find signs indicating rain and drought. Somewhat more scientific were __7__ predictions based on vegetation:\"Onion's skin very thin ,mild weather coming in. Onion's skin thick and tough, coming weather is cold and rough.\" Insects and animals were also __8__ favorite weather clues: \"Before the glowworm lights his __9__ lamp , then the air is always damp .\" \"If spiders their cobwebs forsake , the weather will for certain break .\" \"If frogs remained in pools , the weather will be fine . If they were seen on rocks, __10__ rain and cold were due.\" It's difficult to say whether this rhyme should be taken seriously : \" Hark , I hear the asses bray . Me thinks we'll have some rain today .\" 65
The aim of a job interview is to establish whether you are likely to do well in a particular job in a specific organization. This is not only a matter of having the necessary technical knowledge ...
The aim of a job interview is to establish whether you are likely to do well in a particular job in a specific organization. This is not only a matter of having the necessary technical knowledge and skill. You __1__ must also have the motivation, the ability to adapt to new ways of working and a new working environment, and __2__ the personality to do the job and fit into a new team.
But there are other personal skills affect your success __3__ in a job. These include getting on with people, oral or __4__ written communication, team working, problem solving and good time management. Most people think that interviewers know what they are looking for and will recognize when they see it. __5__ However, people are actually not very good at assessing one and another. This applies to recruiters as much as __6__ anyone else. In fact a former head of selection at one big firm used to say that \"some interviewers are so poor they would do better to rely on chances.\"
In companies which recognize this, various methods are used to try to find the correct person. The most common __7__ is the structured interview. Research has shown that this approach is more reliable than the ordinary job interniew, though not as affective as using tests or __8__ assessment centers. In a structured interview, the interviewer groups the qualities listing in the job __9__ specification under various headings. There are two well-established structures for this: the National Institute of Industrial Psychology's Seven-Point Plan the Five-Fold Grading System. The interviewers score candidates for how well they fit the job specification. __10__ 66 Is language, as food, a basic human need? Judging __1__ from the drastic experiment of Frederick in the 13th century it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard mo ...
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学府教育 2010年秋季班 学案
Is language, as food, a basic human need? Judging __1__ from the drastic experiment of Frederick in the 13th century it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard mother __2__ tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
Today no such drastic deprivation exists as ordered __3__ by Frederick. Furthermore, some children are still __4__ backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the cues and signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to mop up language rapidly. There are critical times, it seems, when children learn more readily. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes away and they might never be __5__ learned so easily again.
Linguists suggest that speech milestones are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age. But there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns up to be of high IQ. Recent __6__ evidence suggests that an infant is born of the __7__ capacity to speak. But speech has to be triggered,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother realizes the cues and __8__ signals in the child's babbling, grasping, crying,smiling, and responds to it. Insensitivity of the __9__ mother to these signals dulls the interation because the child gets discouraged and sends out only obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's verbal cues is __10__ essential to the growth and development of language. 67
Some people say love makes the world go around.Others say it is not love; it's money.Since the __1__ truth is that it is energy that makes the world go around. Energy is the currency of the ecol ...
Some people say love makes the world go around.Others say it is not love; it's money.Since the __1__ truth is that it is energy that makes the world go around. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible even when food is __2__ converted into energy, which in turns is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. In this __3__ cycle all life depends. It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as many as __4__ they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall,storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard time __5__ in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer. A good case in point is white-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer __6__ reproduce, grow,and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in the good condition who __7__ has conceived in November and was given birth to two fawns __8__ during the end of May and first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body's needs but also to reproduce milk for her fawns. The __9__ best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process -- it requires a lot of food. The need can be met unless the region has __10__ ample food resources. ： 68
For over 900 years, the Tower of London has served as a loyal __1__ palace and fortress. Today, it's famous for its bloody history and for being the place where the Crown Jewels are kept.But it ...
For over 900 years, the Tower of London has served as a loyal __1__ palace and fortress. Today, it's famous for its bloody history and for being the place where the Crown Jewels are kept.But it has served for other purposes, too. It has been the royal arsenal, royal mint, __2__ royal observatory or even the royal zoo. The site of the Tower was __3__ originally part of the Roman city of Londinium.
But, in 1066, a foreigner from north west France became King William __4__ of Britain, he ordered that a wooden castle built on the banks of __5__ the river Thames. The purpose of this fortress was to help secure London, the most important city in his view realm. Ten years later,William had the fortress rebuild in stone, and created a great
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__6__ fortified palace with walls three metre thick. Today, this building __7__ is known as the White Tower, and it stands in the centre of a much larger stone fortress, which was built during later centuries. The Tower now covers the area of seven hectares, and it stands near the __8__ busy financial district of the capital. But, once inside the high stone walls, it's easy to forget the modern world outside and to take a trip back through history. To help visitors explore, there are special ceremonial guards, called Yeoman Warders. They are also known as Beefeaters, and they are the best resource of information about the __9__ Tower's history. Nearly 40 Yeoman live and work in the Tower.They are former soldiers who earned the privilege of serving as __10__ Yeoman after long service. 69
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.But increasingly the Japanese is seeing a decline of t ... Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.But increasingly the Japanese is seeing a decline of their __1__ traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has large fulfilled its economic needs, and young people __2__ don't know where they should go next.The coming of the age of the postwar baby boom and an entry __3__ of women into the male-dominated job market has limited the opportunities __4__ of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personalsacrifices involved climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good __5__ schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5percent Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,compared __6__ with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 countries surveyed. __7__ While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics. Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanic learning __8__ over creativity and self-expression. Last year Japan experienced 2,125incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.
Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Detoyama,who was then education minister, raised his eyebrow when he argued __9__ that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the \"Japanese morality of respect of parents.\" __10_ 70
Many students today display a disturbing willingness to choose academic institutions, fields of study and careers in the basis of __1__ earning potential. In an extensive 1989 survey of college ... Many students today display a disturbing willingness to choose academic institutions, fields of study and careers in the basis of __1__ earning potential. In an extensive 1989 survey of college students nationwide, 72 percent of students reported that their primary objective to attending college was to make more money upon graduation. __2__ This state of mind came with the present generation. Studies show that the majority of baby boomers attended college to develop themselves, their critically thinking skills and their personal __3__ philosophies of life.
Nationaly, the number of students going into business-related fields has sharply increased, and this rise has attributed primarily to __4__ the shift in educational and career priorities. At Duke, economy is __5__ now the most popular major, attracting nearly 15 percent of the under-graduates, and history majors comprise only 5 percent of undergraduate __6__population. Thirty years ago the situation was reversed, with economic and business administration majors together consisting 8.7 percent of __7__ undergraduates and almost 12 percent of undergraduates declared __8__ themselves history majors. The number of English majors has also decreased,from 9 percent
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in 1969 to 5.5 percent today.Degrees in economics are marketed and likely to garner their holders __9__ of high salaries without the added effort of medical or law school. __10__ And given the objectives of current college students, such options are attractive. 71 We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we ive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions ... We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we ive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as __1__ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular __2__ message: the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a __3__ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his __4__ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English __5__ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activetly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience. __6__ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for tike inpidual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another __7__ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted two most __8__ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are __9__ among most striking of human achievements. __10__ 72
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, what he may do, It is __1__ improbable that he wil ...
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, what he may do, It is __1__ improbable that he will ever again
in his life be given so much without having to do anything in turn. In addition, __2__ life is always presenting new things to the child—things that have lost their interesting for older people because __3__ they are too well-known. A child finds pleasure in playing in the rain, or in the snow.His first visit to the seaside is a marvelous adventure. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do as he wishes as he thinks old people do; he is continually being told not to do things, __4__ or being punished for that he has done wrong. __5__ His life is therefore not longer perfectly happy. __6__ When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from the discipline of school and parents;but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities.
He can not longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes, and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortable. If he spends most of his time playing about in __7__ the way that he used to as a child, he will suffer hungry. __8__ And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, therefore, __9__ he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health,he can have the great happiness of seeing himself making __10__ steady progress in his job and of building up for himself his own position in society.
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(七十三)
Today we take for granted that the mail will be delivered __1__daily at our door. But many years ago it might have been placed in a tree trunk and underneath a rock. In the early __2__days of the ... Today we take for granted that the mail will be delivered __1__ daily at our door. But many years ago it might have been
placed in a tree trunk and underneath a rock. In the early __2__ days of the mail no one could be sure about where or when it will arrive. __3__
At the southern tip of Africa there was once a post office under a rock. At the old days the route from England to __4__
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India was around the Cape of Good Hope. The journey was
stormy and danger. It took six long months. Sailors often __5__ wished to send mail home, but they seldom met ships bound back to England. So at the cape the sailors would go on ashore. They headed for a certain large stone. On the __6__
stone scratched the words “Look here under for letters.” __7__ They would leave their letters there, knowing that the next homeward ship would stop and pick it up. __8__
There was another post office like this at the southern
tip of South America. During the golden rush days, boats __9__ sailed around Cape Horn to California. At Cape Horn was a keg(小桶) nailed to a post. Boats coming from the east coast would send some sailors to this post office. They picked up any letters in the keg. At the same time they
mailed letters home that boats sail east could pick up. __10_ 74
Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, that would rather try __1__ switching to \"light\" beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults were trying to shed __2__ pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.
In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by calorie-expending charts; for example, one would have to __3__ briskly walk three miles just to work the 275 calories in one __4__ delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. \"Exercise in itself is a very tough way to lose weight,\" __5__ says York Onnen, the program director of the President's Council on __6__ Physical Fitness and Sports. Therefore, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. __7__ A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who diet __8__ without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.
If you decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assumed no __9__ increase in food takein, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the __10_ (七十五)
It seems that every country, race, and religion observe some
type of holiday or festival. The two most celebrating holidays __1__ in the North and South America, Australia and Eueope, and in the most of Christian world are Christmas and Easter. __2__ Christians celebrate the birth of Christ on Christmas. The __3__ exchange of gifts rises from the birthday tradition. The __4__ winter holiday season is time for bright colored lights to __5__ appear in and out the houses, on Christmas trees, and on __6__ buildings and storefronts, At Easter, Christians celebrate the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ. This is also a time for celebration with family.
A non-religious celebration in North America is Thanksgiving. Similarly, National Day and Labour Day Holidays are among the non-religious holidays in China. A common tradition is the observance of the New Year as celebrated around the world on
January 1st. Therefore, various religious groups celebrate the __7__ New Year on the spring or fall. One common thread that __8__ goes through all these holidays is the celebration of the __9__ occasion with family, food, new clothing, lights, and festivity. They are set apart as special times to be celebrated happily with family and friends. Religious or not religious, each festival or holiday has its own legend or origin behind. __10__ (七十六)
Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, and __1__
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few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing
foreign languages. Now there are many reasons about this, __2__ some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not
speak foreign languages very better than they do is that __3__ they fail to grasp the true name of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling
it by the right way. Far too many people fail to realize __4__ that pronounce a foreign language is a skill, one that__5__ needs careful training of a special kind, and one that
cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of himself. __6__ I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the
importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerning with speaking the__7__ language. So the first point I want to make is that English
pronunciation must be taught; the teacher may be prepared to __8__ devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject he should get the student to feel
that here is a matter worth of receiving his close attention.__9__ So, there should be occasions where other aspects of English, __10__ such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take a secondary place. (七十七)
Poverty exists because our society is an unequal one, and there are powerfulpolitical pressures to keep it that way. Any attempt to redistributing wealth and in __1__
come in the United States will inevitably be opposed by powerful middle and upper
class interests. People can be relatively rich only if you are relatively poor, and as __2__
power is mainly in the hands of the rich, public policies reflect their interests than __3__
those of the poor.As Mr. Herbert Gans has pointed out, poverty is actually functional from the
point of view of the nonpoor. Poverty ensures that dirty work gets doing. If there __4__
were no poor poeple to scrub floors and empty bedpans, there jobs will have to be __5__
rewarded with high incomes before anyone would touch them. Poverty creates jobs
for many of the nonpoor, such as police officers, welfare workers, and government
bureaucrats. Poverty makes life easier for the rich by providing them with cookers, __6__
gardeners, and other workers to perform basic chores when their employers enjoy __7__
more pleasurable activities. Poverty provides a market for more inferior goods and __8__
service, such as dayold bread, rundown automobiles, or the advice of competent __9__
physicians and lawyers. Poverty also provides a group that can be made to absorb
the costs of change. It is just that poverty is an inevitable outcome of the American
economic system, in which the poor are politically powerless to influence or change. __10__ (七十八)
Thirty or forty years ago, when most mothers in
the United States didn't have jobs, ,homes were busier places. Children went to school from 9 A.M to 3 P.M.
and spent the most of the time in the house under their__1__ mother's watchful eyes. Children played, watched TV,
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and did homework, and while they weren't in the house, __2__ they were outside in the front or backyard or playing nearly with other neighborhood children.
Though this situation still exists in some communities today, it is becoming rarer and rarer as more and more mothers have work inside the home. These \"two-income__3__ families\" create a different kind of home—one that is a
place to stop temporarily in the midst of a busy schedule __4__ of activities. Because working parents often leave the house by 8 A.M and return at 5 or 6 P.M, children go to school
and then a series of highly-programmed after-school activities.__5__ So when school lets out for two or three weeks at New Year's time, many parents may face with a troubling situation.__6__ Some researches show the kind of child-care problem
the holidays can have for busy parents. Even in those families __7__ in which the mother is home, there is often many active __8__ neighborhood full of children playing since most of the other
children are involved in activities. This results from the irony __9__ of both parents and children anxiously look forward to the end__10__ of their vacation. (七十九)
Several years ago, we began construction on a new church buliding. In the beginning, the workmen dug a big pit in the ground and then they began to pour footings. Footings are cement piers under __1__ which the entire buliding rests. They are crucial to the strenth of the finished structure. After the foundation hole is dug, the footings must be poured quickly, before the composition of the soil is changed by the wind, air, or water. With a similar way in these brief early __2__
years, parents of young children have the challenging job of lying __3__
the foundation that will support family friendships in later years. Physical affectation and verbal affirmation are necessary in laying __4__
a strong foundation for friendship. Hug, hug, hug. Even if you are not __5__
raised in a hugging family, hug your kids anyway. They need the warmth of physical contact and so do you need. A young child will try to __6__ manipulate and be in the charge. He will attempt to get his own way. __7__
Since the child may not be consciously trying to control, this is __8__ what he is doing. A wise parent must not permit to happen. __9__ When a child respects his parents, he will also respect the others. __10__
1.under--upon/on (八十)
Before 1973, abortion was illegal in America unless the woman's health was threatened. In March of 1970, Jane Roe, a single woman, instituted this federal action against the District Attorney of the country. The original idea was that women who truly did not want a baby should not have to have it. __1__
Since pregnacy may be a blessed act when planned or wanted, __2__ forced pregnacy, like any force bodily invasion, is anathema to American values and traditions. As legalized abortion has become an everyday part of American life, a different side to it has emerged out. __3__
Where women once were aborting because they did not want a
child, the reasons being given now were becoming very different. __4__ Abortion has turned into something that women are being coerced from boyfriends'/husbands' unwilling to be fathers, out of fear __5__ of the financial pressure, out of the panic from losing their
jobs, out of panic from having to quit the school, or becoming __6__ homeless, or out of fear of their parents kicking them out into the street.
Abrotion for these reasons can lead to problems which develop
when a woman is unable to get round her emotional responses __7__
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from the trauma of an abortion. There are women who abort and do so completely of her own free will. These women have no __8__ regrets, no remorse, but are happy they had this choice availble. __9__ But a growing number of women are speaking up about how abortion effected them adversely. __10__ : (八十一)
Many of the home electric goods which are advertised as liberating the modern women tend to have the opposite effect, so they simply __1__ change the nature of work instead of eliminting it. Machines have a certain novelty value, as toys for adults. It is certainly less __2__ tired to put clothes in a washing machine, but the time saved does __3__ not really amount too much: the machine has to be watched, the __4__ clothes have to be carefully sorted out, stains removed by hand, water changed, clothes taken out, aired and ironed. It would be more liberal to pack it all off to a laundary and not necessarily __5__ more expensive, since no capital investment is required.
Nevertheless, if you really want to save time you do not make __6__ cakes with an electric mixer, you buy one in a shop. If one compares the image of the woman in the women's magazine to the goods advertised __7__
by those periodicals, one realizes how useful a projected image can be commercially.
A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving
device, follow it up with a complex recipe on the next page; on __8__ any account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a __9__ job, but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasize __10__
the creative aspect of her funtion as a housewife.: (八十二)
Changes in the way people live bring about changes in the
jobs that they do. More and more people live in towns and cities instead on farms and in villages. Cities and states have to provide __1__ services city people want, such like more police protection, more __2__ hospitals, and more schools. This means that more policemen, more nurses and technicians, and more teachers must be hired. Advances in technology has also changed people's lives. __3__ Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were once done
by the hand. The widespread use of such electrical appliances __4__ means that there is a need for servicemen to keep it running properly. __5__
People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads __6__
changes in the way of life. As income goes down, people may not __7__ want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. But they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education
Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services. __8__ The government also affects the kind of works people do. __9__. The governments of most countries spend huge sums of money
for international defense. They hire thousands of engineers, __10__ scientists, clerks, typists and secretaries to work on the many different aspects of defense. (八十三)
Traditionally, the American farmer has always been
independent and hard-working. In the eighteenth century farmers were quite self-sufficient. The farm family grew and made almost nothing it needed. The surplus crop would be sold to buy a new __1__ items in the local general store.
In 1860, because some of the farm population had moved to __2__ the city, yet eighty percent of the American population was still in the country. In the late nineteen century, farm work and life __3__ were not much changed from that they had been in old days. The __4__ farmer aroused at dawn or before and had much work to do, with __5__ his own muscles like his chief source of power. He used axes, __6__ spades and other complicated tools. In his house cooking was done __7__ in wood-burning stoves, and the kerosene lamp was the only
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improvement on the candle. The family's recreation and social life chiefly consisted a drive in the wagon to the nearby small town or __8__
village to transact some business as well as to chat with neighbors who had also come to town.
The children attended a small elementary school (often of
just one room) to that they had to walk every day, possibly for a __9__ few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help on the farm. Although the whole family worked, and life __10__ was not easy, farmers as a class were self-reliant and independent. (八十四)
You send your children off to school and put them in the teacher's hands. Did you ever wonder what goes through a teacher's mind as he or she tries to teach your kids? Did you ever wonder how the __1__ teacher expects from you, the parent? Parents can
be supportive or suspicious. Then can be help to __2__ the teacher , or be in need of help themselves. Some
teachers think parents are too hard with their children. __3__ Here is how one teacher puts:\" I usually have the __4__ problem of parents coming in and telling me how
they really treat the kids.They tell me they stand by __5__ them when they do their homework. They check their
work and get a big fuss over grades. The criticize __6_
the kids over everything having to do with the school. __7__ My response usually is‘Well, you know, he is really a good kid. He's fine in my class. Maybe you should
not be so that strict with him.’\" Teachers want parents __8__ to know they are professional at working with
children. They have observed many children and parents . Because of this, and because of their specialised training, teachers can be realistic to children. Teachers know __9__ that parents want their children to do well and to behave well. The teachers want this, either. But they know what __10__ children should be able to do at different ages and stages. They expect 8-year-old work and behavior from 8-year-olds and 12-year-old work and behavior from 12-year-olds. (八十五)
People's attitude toward drugs varies from person to
person. Some regard it as miraculous; others think of __1__ them as dangerous. Then what is the sensible attitude
toward drugs? I think the first thing to think is the __2__ difference between drugs and wonder drugs. The
antibiotics can really treat certain bacterial diseases. __3__ On the other hand, the major diseases threatening Americans today are cancer, stroke, high blood pressure, coronary disease, etc. Against them, the doctor's bag of tricks is limited. He has wonder __4__ drugs. So the first important lesson is not to expect too many from drugs. If you can accept the fact __5__ that the war against many of our most devastating
diseases is, at best, a holding operation more than __6__ an inevitable triumph, they will do a great deal to __7__ ease your own life as well as that of your doctor. Too many patients exert great pressure on doctors to describe for every symptom, even when such __8__ treatment is unwarranted or dangerous.
Unfortunately, the medical profession is guilty of taking part, to a certain extent, in the wrongful action. The patient who demands a short of penicillin
for every sniffle and sneeze may be given an injection __9__ by a reluctant physician because he is certain that
if he does not , the patient will not search until he find __10__ a doctor who will. (八十六)
eslewhere agree on what a mountain is—or do __1__
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they? The fact is that definitions vary. Everyone admits
for example, that Everest is a mountain, the lowest of __2__ them all, an altitude of almost 30,000 feet. But what about__3__ Snowdon, the loftiest peak in Wales? It raises a mere 3000__4__ feet, yet it is also called a mountain. Comparison—a little matter of relativity—is the key. To the average person living on North America's Great Plains, Vermont's Green Mountains look lofty indeed, but to anyone from the Rocky Mountains, the Green Mountains seem something more__5__
than hills. Geographers generally agree that, to be a mountain topographically, a landmass might reach an altitude of 3000__6__ feet above the level of the sea. Mount Everest, for instance, is 30,000 feet above sea level, but not only 15,000 feet above the__7__ neighboring Tibetan plateau. Geologists restrict the definition even more, maintaining that a mountain is a mountain with__8__ virtue of its geological structure. Some rugged highlands are
not really mountains, when some flat, low-lying rock surfaces__9__ are ture mountains. They are low now because of centuries of erosion. There are even mountains under the sea—the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for example. Like all ture mountains,
they are originally formed by large-scale movements of the__10__ earth's crust. (八十七)
Since 1965, when is equipment became operational, a
device called Eros has been helped to make sky traffic__1__ safe. Eros is short for Eliminate Range Zero System−
range zero meaning collision. Basically Eros is a computer system measures, with great speed and precision, closing__2__ speed ( the speed at which two objects are approaching
each other ) and range ( the distance apart of the objects ). Eros can warn aircraft approachable each other at jet__3__ speeds and can provide protection for as many as a thousand aircraft in wide area. The pilot of an Eros−equipped aircraft heading for a collision hear a warning noise in his ear−phones__4_ when his airborne computer calculates that he is within thirty
seconds or half a mile ( whichever occurs first ) of other aircraft.__5__
At the same time, a flashing red arrow on the device's indicator panel instructs him to climb. Simultaneously, in the other aircraft, __6__
the signal is automatically reversed: the flashing arrow tells the pilot to climb. The newer Eros II system can accommodate a total of two thousands aircraft at one time within a 140−mile radius__7__ Every three seconds, each Eros−equipped plane automatically reports to ground stations and to similarly equipped aircraft
their precise range, altitude and approach rate. The producers__8__ of Eros, the McDonnell Dougals Corporation in the U.S., are now studying the fitting of Eros and will do more to make__9__
the sky safer: they shall also lighten the work of air−traffic__10__ controllers and increase the efficiency of airports. (八十八)
It is difficult for an American to understand soccer. I learned the hard way. When I was in Glasgow,
going to the school, I had to choose which of the —1— city's two mighty teams I would back, Celtic in green, Rangers in blue. Because of a boy I had —2— cheered for the Boston Celtics basketball team, I decide in my lot with their namesakes. One—3— winter afternoon before Celtic had won a brutal—4— game at the Ranger's park, I was walking home, wearing my green ribbon, while a Ranger fan—5— leaped out of the shadows and punched me in
mouth so hard I feel backward. Other Ranger fans—6— picked me up and apologized, \"He doesn't mean
nothing personal. He just hates Celtic.\" A fan's—7— loyalty lasts for life. In several football countries,
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it has noted, factory production goes up or down,—8— depending upon the home team's win and loss.—9— After England's 1966 victory in the Word Cup, immigration to Australia from England dropped
for 18 percent. \"That victory made Englishmen—10— feel that Britain still has a future.\" an Australian official explained. (八十九)
Illegal aliens are people living in the U.S.A with proper__1__ authorization. Many entered the country by sneaking across the border. Others came on temporary student or
visitor visas and did not leave until their visas were expired.__2__ Most illegal aliens want to stay in the U.S.A. because employment opportunities are so much great than in
their native country. Since illegal aliens try hard not to
be discovered by the government, it is possible to get an __3__ accurate count of them. Recent estimates ranged from __4__ 2.5 million to as high as 12 million. In 1986, the United
States government adopted a new law affected illegal aliens— __5__ the Immigration Refrom and Control Act. This law
was designed to accomplish two main goals:1) to allow
illegal aliens who have been living in the country since __6__ January, 1982 to gain legal status if they applied by May 4, 1988; and 2) to encourage others from coming into or __7__ staying in the country illegally by making difficult for__8__ undocumented people to find employment. The law
prohibits American employers from hiring illegals and
providing for severe penalties—fines and even imprisonment—__9__ if they do so. This new law has helped large number of__10__ formerly illegal aliens to become legal residents. But it also forces employers to check on all prospective employees who look or sound foreign to be sure that they have documents allowing them to work. This may discourage some employers from hiring any immigrants. (九十)
Creating the proper atmosphere for a party is a difficult and excited job. Gone are the days when one could simply call__1__ up one's friends and invite them on a Saturday evening for__2__ a game of bridge. A hostess must make certain that her party
is perfect, if she is to aid her career or those of her husband.__3__ The first element that must be considered is the guest list.
Since there are certain guests that must be invited,there are__4__ just as many guest whom one must avoid. The wise hostess
makes a list of five parts: those who must be invited, such as __5__ an employer or persons whose hospitality must be returned: those who should be invited, but are not necessary to make
the party to run smoothly, such as one's neighbors or personal__6__ friends: those who must never be invited, such as the present__7__ spouse of any guest or a business adversary; and those who would not be appropriate guests at that particular type of party, such as immigrants at a Daughters of the American Revolution(DAR)
party. The secondary element critical to the success of a party is__8_ its theme. Each party might have a definite reason for being, a __9__ certain idea or mood running throughout the evening. While many persons consider such \"gimmicky\" as costume parties or Mexican
fiestas passe, there are many alternative themes to choose between.__10__ (九十)
Creating the proper atmosphere for a party is a difficult and excited job. Gone are the days when one could simply call__1__ up one's friends and invite them on a Saturday evening for__2__ a game of bridge. A hostess must make certain that her party
is perfect, if she is to aid her career or those of her husband.__3__ The first element that must be considered is the guest list.
Since there are certain guests that must be invited,there are__4__ just as many guest whom one must avoid. The wise hostess
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makes a list of five parts: those who must be invited, such as __5__ an employer or persons whose hospitality must be returned: those who should be invited, but are not necessary to make
the party to run smoothly, such as one's neighbors or personal__6__ friends: those who must never be invited, such as the present__7__ spouse of any guest or a business adversary; and those who would not be appropriate guests at that particular type of party, such as immigrants at a Daughters of the American Revolution(DAR)
party. The secondary element critical to the success of a party is__8_ its theme. Each party might have a definite reason for being, a __9__ certain idea or mood running throughout the evening. While many persons consider such \"gimmicky\" as costume parties or Mexican
fiestas passe, there are many alternative themes to choose between.__10__ (九十三)-
English teachers hear \"he\" and \"she\" misused on a daily basis. Small mistakes often make simple exchanges comical,
and sometimes frustrating. Learning to communicate a foreign__1__ language can be exciting or just daunting. Fortunately, public
education in China provides a wonderful introduction with the __2__ English language. Speaking, listening, reading and writing are
considered to be the four language skills need to communicate__3__ in English. The receptive skills, reading and listening, are often easier to acquire than their respective counterparts, writing
and speaking, which is the productive skills. But China is a __4__ special case. Grade school students spend hours diligently on mastering grammar, studying vocabulary and composing__5__ lengthy compositions, but rarely have the opportunity to highly develop their conservation skills. Thus, many people
here in China have reading and writing skills far superior than__6__ their unpractised oral skills. \"I simply cannot express myself. I understand what I read and hear, but I can't communicate
the thoughts I have,\" a common cry hearing from students in __7__ China. It is our belief that students are much more motivated
to learn English when they interested in the subject matter.__8__ In order to create a comfortable and entertaining environment,
teachers catch up with games, or activities that stimulate a __9__ situation where English might be useful for those specific students. Teachers mold each class to the students present. While at dinner together or while visiting a scenic area,
student should discover new vocabulary words and practice__10__ speaking in a realistic social situation rather than a classroom (九十四)
Eye behavior, involving varieties of eye-contact, can give subtle messages which people pick up in their daily life. Warm looks or cold stares tell more than words can. Meeting
or failing to meet another person's eye produce a particular__1__ effect. When two American look searchingly at each other's __2__ eye, emotions are heightened and the relationship becomes closer. However, Americans are careful about where and __3__ when to meet other's eye. In our normal conversation, each eye-contact lasts only a few seconds before one or both
individuals look away, because the longer meeting of the eyes
is rare, and, after it happens, can generate a special kind of __4__ human-to-human awareness. For instance, by simply using his eyes, a man can make a woman aware of him comfortably or
uncomfortably; a long and steady gaze from a policeman or judge intimidates accursed. In the US proper street behavior requires__5__ a nice balance of attention and inattention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are being aware __6__ of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty; too much, inquisitive. Much eye behavior is such subtle that our __7__ reaction to it is largely instinctive. Besides, the codes of eye behavior vary dramatically from one culture to other. In the __8__ Middle East, it is impolite to look at the other person all the time during a conversation; in England, the polite listener fixes
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the speaker with an inattentive stare and blinks eyes occasionally__9__
as a sign of interest and attention. In America, eye behavior functions as a kind of conversational traffic signal control the __10__ talking pace and time, and to indicate a change of topic. If you can understand this vital mechanism of interpersonal relations, the basic American idiom is there. (九十七)
colleges and universities have announced steep
tuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,
very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments' heavily investing in common __1__ stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the __2__
outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of __3__
business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty __4__
increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in __5__
graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one' s job prospects, __6__
the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,
in order to make oneself more marketable.
The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students __7__
include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. __8__
Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as
customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the __9__
rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the
athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best
athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier
from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities,
the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by
agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely
of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best __10__ customer. (九十八)
to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in __2__ sadness about friends who are dead. One's thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things which there is something to be done. __3__ This is not always easy; one's own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think for oneself that ont's emotions __4__ are used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more __5__ keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it
will probably not be true.
The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in hope of __6__ sucking vigour from its vitality. When your children are growing up __7__
they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely
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to
become a burden to them, except they are unusually callous. I do not __8__
mean that one should be without interest in them, but one's interest should be contemplatory and, if possible, philanthropic, but not __9__ unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infantry, find this difficult. __10__ (九十九)
Benjamin Caunt, a boxer, who was called Big Ben. __2__
More people believe the name comes from a Welshman,Sir Benjamin Hall. __3__
He commissioned the work in 1859. A story arose that, during a debate in House of Commons on what to call the bell, Sir Benjamin was about __4__
to give his ideas that someone who sat behind the front bench shouted, __5__
\"Let's call it Big Ben!\"
The history of the bell tower, since the beginning of its design, is by no means smooth, however. Due to disagreements about the clock's design, it takes fifteen years to build. In 1857, the structure was __6__
completed and tested on the ground, but a four-foot crack appeared, and the bell had to cast again. Finally, the clock started ticking __7__ on May 31,1859, and stroke its first chime on July 11. Then, in __8__ September, the bell cracked again. It was silent for four years but was eventually turned a quarter of a revolution. As a result, the crack was not under the striking hammer. Craftsmen made a
square above the crack to stop it to cracking further and it can __9__ still be seen today.
The Big Ben is famous not only for its thirteen-ton weight, but also for its accuracy, that is a result of its presise mechanism. __10__ Even one extra penny's weight on the balance would cause a gain of two fifths of a second in twenty hours. Although there have been several problems, the bell still chimes today. (101)
_The ear ...
the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature __1__ of the sun.
As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a __2__ planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. __3__
The earth’s supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant __4__
in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which
are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just __5__ about to be replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the __6__
earth during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe __7__ to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it—97% is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is
fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles __8__
and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when __9__ melted. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer __10__ than 1%of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. There is also a minor, but extremely important, fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapour in the atmosphere. (103)
Excessive calories from sugar can contribute to weight problems, and sugar is also well known for its ability to promote teeth __1__ decay.
Too many calories from fat have also taken their toll from the __2__ public's health. In 1988, the U.S surgeon general issued a report
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linking high level of fat intake to an increased risk for obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for high bloody pressure, stroke, and __3__ diabetes. Research has also shown a relationship between high levels of fat in the diet and cancer. In addiction, scientists have linked some types of fat to high blood cholesterol level,
which must lead to heart disease. Such reports have prompted __4__ health experts and nutritionists to recommend that adults and children over age 2 not only watch their sugar intake but
also to limit their fat intake to a maximum of 30% of their __5__ complete calories. This has encouraged many people to turn __6__ to products made with fat and sugar substitutes.
Low-calorie sugar substitutes have been around for decades,
but the recent trend in eating \"light\" has created a boom in this branch of food-technology research. Today, food chemists are
seeking for better substitutes by modifying existing foods, __7__ searching for new compounds in nature, and concoct entirely __8__ new substances. But the research process is complicated by our incomplete understanding of how the human body interacts with the chemicals we eat.
For example, scientists do not already know exactly why some __9__ substances taste sweet. Other questions involve the safe and __10__ usefulness of artificial fats and sweeteners. (104)
Halloween’s origins date to the ancient Celtic festival __1__ of Samhain(pronounced sow-in). The Celts, which lived __2__
2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and northern France, celebrated its new year on November 1. This day marked the end of the summer and the harvest and __3__ the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that at the __4__ night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds
of the live and the dead became blurred. On the night of October __5__ 31, they celebrated Samhain, when it believed that the ghosts __6__
of the dead returned to earth. In addiction to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the other worldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic Priest, make predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent __7__
on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark winter. To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, Which the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices __8__ to the Celtic deities. During the celebration, the Celts wore
costumes, typically consisted of animal heads and skins, and __9__ attempted to assume each other’s fortunes. When the celebration __10__ was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter.
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