（一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 2 With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
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A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案 B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
Part II
1.分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
Eg.) Examining the patient, the doctor wrote down something on paper. Hit by the arrow, he fell from the horse.
应避免写分词逻辑主语和句子主语不一致的句子。如: Walking along the road, an accident happened. (×) Listening to the radio, there was a knock at the door. (×) Walking along the road, I saw an accident. (√)
Listening to the radio, I heard a knock at the door. (√)
2.但独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不是同一个人或事。
独立主格结构－－名词普通格或代词主格+其它成分（形，副，介短，分词和不定式）（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系）
独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。主要用于书面语,表示描述.
eg.) 1.今天是星期天，你不必去上学。 A) 用原因从句表达：
Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to school. B) 用分词独立结构表达：
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It being Sunday, you needn't go to school.
但不能写成：Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。) 2.官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。 A) 用分词独立结构表达：
All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. B) 用时间状语从句表达：
After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 3. 天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。 A) 用分词独立结构表达：
Weather permitting ,we'll go to the Summer Palace. B) 用条件状语从句表达：
If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace. 4.所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。 All the work done, you can have a rest.
=All the work is done and you can have a rest. 5.他看着这情景，张大着嘴。
He watched the scene, his mouth ( being ) wide open. 6. 会议结束后,他们都回家了。
The meeting (being) over, they all went home. (逻辑谓语是adj./adv 时,前面省略being)
有时,独立主格结构可以由with引出:
eg.) The child trembled, with hands red with cold.
The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 树叶都绿了，使得公园很漂亮。 The road is beautiful, with trees and flowers growing well here and there.
有时, 这种结构中的冠词或物主代词可省去,称为泛指结构,反之,称为特指结构. Eg.)He came out, umbrella in hand.
=He came out, with an umbrella in his hand. The guards stood at attention, guns on shoulders.
= The guards stood at attention, with guns on their shoulders.
3.分词固定短语：（有时表示说话人态度的分词结构已成为固定短语，不遵循其逻辑主语和句子主语一致的原则）。
eg.)1.Judging from her accent, she must be an American.
2.Genarally speaking, the living costs are relatively higher in cities. 3.Talking of the world resources , they are very limited.
4.No wonder he was taken ill, considering that he had been overworking for years. 5.Taking as a whole, the experiment was a success.
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独立主格练习及答案
巩固练习：
1．The thief stood before the policeman，__________ admitting what he had done． A．with his drooping head B．drooping his head C．raising his head D．with his head down
2．__________ ，he can't go out for a walk as usual． A．With so much work to do B．With so much work doing C．With so much work done D．Without so much work to do
3．It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ ．
A．closed；open B．closed；opened C．closing；open D．closing；opening
4．All things __________ ，the plan trip will have to be called off． A．be considered B．considered
C．considering D．having considering
5．__________ ，we have to get down to business right away． A．As there was no time left B．There is no time left C．There being no time left D．There to be no time left 6．__________ yesterday，we went out for a walk． A．As a fine day B．It was a fine day
C．It being a fine day D．For it was a fine day 7．The old man stood there，__________ ．
A．with back against the wall B．with his back against the wall C．with back against wall D．his back against wall 答案：
1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
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C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping
1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB
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