现代语言学自考题-21 (总分100,考试时间90分钟)
PART ONE
Ⅰ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.
1. ______ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. Pragmatics B. Pragmatism C. Phonology D. Practicalism
2. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics
3. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in ______.A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context
4. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) ______.A. clause B. speech C. utterance D. predication
5. ______ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.A. Sentence meaning B. Utterance meaningC. The reference D. The meaning
6. Speech act theory was first proposed by ______.A. John Austin B. John Searle C. Noam Chomsky D. John Firth
7. A______ analys is of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semantic B. syntactic C. pragmatic D. grammatical
8. According to Austin's theory of speech act, ______ act is using a sentence to convey one's intention.A. perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech
9. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker's intention.A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act
10. One of the contributions Searle has made is his ______ classification of acts.A. locutionary B. illocutionary C. perlocutionary D. speech
11. The ______ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of **munication.A. speech act theory B. CP theory C. **petence D. **petence
12. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directives B. declarations C. commissives D. representatives
13. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called ______.A. commisives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives
14. The illocutionary point of ______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directives B. expressives C. commissives D. representatives
15. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ______. X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner
16. The utterance \"We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.\" obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner
17. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by ______.A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Paul Grice D. John Lyons
18. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner
19. What cooperative maxim is violated in the following dialogue? A: Can you answer the telephone?
B: I'm in the bath.A. relation B. quality C. quantity D. manner
20. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?
B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.
Speaker B violates the maxim of ______.A. quality B. quantity C. manner D. relation
PART TWO
Ⅱ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given. 1. P______ studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.
2. The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in c______ and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.
3. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m______, but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.
4. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u______ is concrete and contextdependent.
5. Traditionally philosophers had been interested in the t______ of sentence, i.e. how to judge whether a sentence is true or false; they believed that a statement was used either to state a factor or to describe a state of affairs.
6. According to Searle, s______ acts fall into five general categories, i.e. there are five general types of things we do with language.
7. R______ states what the speaker believes to be true.
8. D______ brings about immediate changes by saying something.
9. \"Your money or your life!\" aims to threaten, and is a specific instance of d______.
10. According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, \"I swear I have never seen the man before\" is among the most typical examples of the r______.
11. The illocutionary point of e______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance expresses his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.
12. According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, \"to suggest that someone should see the doctor\" should fall into the category of d______.
13. C______ are those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.
14. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.
15. The significance of Grice's C______ Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.
Ⅲ. Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. A. 正确 B. 错误
2. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. A. 正确 B. 错误
3. According to Austin's classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.
A. 正确 B. 错误
4. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning.
A. 正确 B. 错误
5. Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. A. 正确 B. 错误
6. The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts. A. 正确 B. 错误
7. \"The dog is barking. \"is a sentence or an utterance depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it. A. 正确 B. 错误
8. Speech act theory aims to answer the question \"What do we do when using language?\" A. 正确 B. 错误
9. Paul Grice made a distinction between that he called \"constatives\" and \"performatives\". A. 正确 B. 错误
10. Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. A. 正确 B. 错误
11. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.
A. 正确 B. 错误
12. All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same illocutionary point.
A. 正确 B. 错误
13. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical cases of commissives. A. 正确 B. 错误
14. According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives. A. 正确 B. 错误
15. Apologizing, thanking, congratulating are the illocutionary point of expressives. A. 正确 B. 错误
16. Searle's classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.
A. 正确 B. 错误
17. Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.
A. 正确 B. 错误
18. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. A. 正确 B. 错误
Ⅳ.Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary. 1. pragmatics 2. context
3. sentence meaning 4. speech act theory 5. illocutionary act
6. locutionary act 7. declarations 8. expressives
9. cooperative principle
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. 2. Make an analysis on sentence meaning and utterance meaning.
3. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).
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