写作是英语词汇、语法和使用英语诸方面能力的真实反应。高考中的书面表达是一种有控制的写作（controlled writing），或称有指导的作文 （guided composition）。随着近年来学生英语水平的提高，高考书面表达的要求也在不断提高。五年前可以得20分的作文，现在连15分也得不上了。因此，考生必须重视书面表达的备考与应试。 一、 好作文的具体要求
2010年全国将有20套左右高考试题，书面表达题的测试形式和所占分数也各有不同。但一般的要求是：根据所给情景，写一篇100个单词左右的书面材料；情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等，提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲、短文等。书面表达的要求是：切中题意；语言准确，得当；条理清楚。 好的作文应达到以下几点（多数省市要求写一篇短文，计分25分）： 1．要点全面、表达准确、语句连贯，符合交际要求。
2．能用书写体熟练清楚地书写，格式、连笔、词距、标点正确。 3．书写格式、行文及礼貌用语等无严重错误。 4．基本语法和常用句型无严重错误，意思表达清楚。 5．恰当使用复杂结构、新颖词汇和顺畅连接。 二、 试评学生真实高考作文得分
以下是两篇从高考学生考卷中选取的作文。请你根据参考答案和评分标准，自己给它们评个分数，这对你了解高考作文的具体要求非常有好处。 试题：
（2007年北京试卷）假设你是李华，要给英国笔友Harry写封信，介绍你班两位同学竞选班长的过程。请按下图顺序描述。（20分）
注意：1.信的开头已为你写好。2.词数不少于60。 提示词：竞选班长monitor election 参考答案： One possible version： How are things going?
Last Monday, our class held a monitor election. This was our first election, so everyone was excited. Two of my classmates took part in the race; Liu Dong and Wang Hong. They each gave a speech telling us what they would do when they were elected. Then we voted for the monitor. The result was 28 to 15 in Wang Hong’s favor. Wang Hong became our new monitor. The whole class cheered for her, and she promised to do the best she could for us all. Best wishes,
Li Hua
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学生的作文： （1）______分
Last Monday, an exciting monitor election was held in my class. The two candidates are Liu Dong and Wang Hong. In the beginning of the election, each of them gave a speech to us and talked about the future plan. Then the most exciting moment came. Every student stood up and walked to the election box to cast a vote to his/her ideal monitor.
I thought Wang Hong was well qualified for this position. So I wrote down her name and put my note into the box. Several minutes later, the final result came. Compared to Liu Dong’s 15 votes, Wang Hong got 28 votes and became our monitor. We all congratulated to Wang Hong and believed that she would serve our class heart and soul in the future.
What about the monitor election in your class? I hope that I will receive your reply soon. （ 2 ）______分
Last Monday, we had a monitor election. At the beginning the two candidates, LiuDong and Wang Hong gave us a speech introducing themselves and telling us their plans in the future. Then we had a vote. We wrote down the name of the better one in our mind and put the paper in a box. Then the exciting time came that our teacher counted the number and wrote it on the blackboard. The result was that 28 students who voted Wang Hong, 13 more than the number of students who voted LiuDong, which meaned WangHong was elected as our monitor. Wang is really pretty good. I believe she will be a good monitor. 得分与启示
第一篇得分：19分；第二篇得分：13分。 启示：
1．第一篇得了高分是因为该文内容要点全，符合交际要求、语言地道，有复杂句式，顺畅连接和准确用语。
2．第二篇得了三档的分数是因为该文虽然内容要点齐全，但语言功底不够，句式平庸，只会一般词汇，且有一定语言错误。
3．考生要想得一个高分就一定要注意内容要全，连接要顺畅，句式要有变化，符合交际要求。 三、书面表达应试要领
1．第一步是仔细审题。重点注意内容要点，写作对象和交际目的。 2．要写草稿，实在没时间也要写一个提纲。
3．确定好时态。转述别人观点常用现在时。记叙经常发生的事用一般现在时，描写过去发生的事用过去时。
4．不出现中文，不用汉语拼音。不生造中国式的英语。要用你听过的话来说，用你读过的句子来写。 5．第一句很重要，不要轻易下笔。尾句部分容易出错，要留意。
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6．为防止遗漏内容要点，可在原题上标出记号。
7．几个必要的连词一定要用，或顺接、或转折、或让步、或比较。 8．写记叙文，注意六个要素：who, where, when, why, how and the result.
9．议论文，注意论点与论据一致。还要注意是让你写一方观点还是介绍对立的两种观点。 10．应用文主要是写信或通知，告知活动安排。一般按时间顺序写比较稳妥。 11．试卷注意部分给出的参考词汇应尽量用上，不要自作主张忽略不用。
12．词汇的闪光之处即不要重复你在本文中用过的和大家都可能用的。全是简单句得不了好分。要用新颖的词汇传达最通俗的信息。
13．采用多变的句式，如被动句式、定语从句，with加复合宾语以及倒装句等。 14．有时候阅读题中的句型可以稍加改造，抄来用在自己的作文中。 15．字数一般应稍多于试题的最低要求，但不宜过长，因为言多有失。
16．写完后要检查复核，重点看动词的使用。最好是写完作文后先查查别的题型，因为自己刚写完的东西马上检查常常看不出问题。 四、书面表达提高措施 （一）几个小建议
1．经常写随笔，每日三五句。出点错误也没什么。 2．背诵小短文或漂亮句子，多多益善。
3．最好的练习材料就是近几年各地的高考试题。练习时，先看题，自己写，写完后看答案，根据答案，修正自己的作文。但注意不要过多修正，要保持自己作文的原貌，每次只改动3~4个地方即可。 4．初学写作多写记叙文。
5．抄写短文，会使自己摆脱中文式的英文，可练习抄写新概念第二册。 6．多听、多说、多读对写作的提高至关重要。 （二）背会20个连接词语
1. to tell the truth；2. last but not least；3. on the contrary；4. that is；5. believe it or not； 6. so far as I know；7. in the middle of； 8. next to；9. in addition； 10. in general；11. in short；12. so long as；13. to begin with；14. in case；15. what’s more； 16. as a matter of fact；17. on the other hand；18. as a result； 19. generally speaking； 20. in my opinion （三）熟练运用30个基础句型 最基本句型5个：
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1. 主语+谓语 The story happened yesterday. 2. 主语+谓语+宾语 They study English. 3. 主语+系动词+表语 They are from London.
4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 She made Tom stand there. 5.主语+谓语+双宾语 I gave Tom a book. 对比议论：
1．我同意这个计划。I am in favor of the plan.
2．我们认为这不是个好计划。We don’t think it is a good plan. 3．在我看来，它不值得做。It seems to me it is not worth doing. 4. 学生们的观点不一致。Opinions are divided among the students.
5. 有人认为它好，而别人认为不好。Some think it is good, while others believe it is poor. 图画图表说明：
1．这幅图画描写了我们的学校生活。This is a picture of our school life. 2．有一个男孩站在那儿。There is a boy standing there.
3．百分之八十的学生喜欢校服。Eighty percent of the students like school uniforms. 4．三分之一的学生住得离学校近。One third of the students live near their school. 5．自从1990年以来汽车的数量翻了一番。The number of cars has doubled since 1990. 地方介绍
1．学校中央有一座教学楼。There is a classroom building in the middle of the school. 2．楼的南边有一个游泳池。A swimming pool is to the south of the building. 3．楼的后面有许多树。There are many trees behind the building. 4．楼的对面是宿舍。Opposite the building is a dorm. 5．宿舍的旁边是食堂。Beside the dorm lies the dining hall. 人物介绍
1. 他和别人很好相处。He can get along well with others easily.
2．他被认为是最好的学生之一。He is regarded as one of the best students.
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3．他闲暇时经常听音乐。He usually listens to music in his spare time. 4．他毕业于第八中学。He graduated from No. 8 Middle School.
5．他曾获英语竞赛第一名。He once got the first place in the English competition. 活动安排
1．我们早上7点在校门口集合。We will gather at the school gate at seven in the morning. 2．我们将乘公共汽车去。We will go there by bus.
3．在那儿的饭店吃午饭。Lunch will be served in the restaurant there. 4．我们下午5点才能回到学校。We won’t return to our school until 5:00 p.m. 5．我将全程陪同。I will be in your company all the way. 叙述事件
1．故事发生在伦敦。The story happened in London. 2．起初，他没看见那个人。At first, he didn’t see the man. 3．然后，他走到汽车那儿。Then he went over to the bus.
4．过了一会儿，他上了小汽车。After a little while, he got on the car. 5．最后，他被捕了。In the end, he was arrested. （四）背会20个高考范文例句 写人
1． I'm Wang Shan, a girl of sixteen, presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School. 2. I’m ready to give help whenever it is needed.
3. He is such a learned person that we all admire hem very much. 4. I think I'm fit for the job. 写地点
1.It’s a small flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. 2.Our hotel stands 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain.
3.On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands another building --- our library. 写事
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1． Last night I was preparing for the coming examination when the noise from my neighbor interrupted me. 2． Hearing this, a few people began to run after him.
3．The time passed quickly. Before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers. 表达理由观点或讨论结果
1. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well known at home and abroad.
2. Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise. 3. As we all know, a good learning environment is vital if we want to study English well. 数据与图表说明
1. As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities.
2. Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities.
3.Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods. 写信和写通知
1． I am writing to you about the mobile phone I bought on April 20th. 2. If there is anything I can do for you, I will be more than glad to help. 3. Thank you very much in advance. 4. I look forward to hearing from you soon. （五）背会六篇高考范文
1．对比议论类(05全国I)假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信。
赞成迁出： 反对迁出： 1．游客多，交通堵塞 1．建于1906年，中外闻名 2．郊区环境好 2．搬迁易造成动物死亡 注意：1．词数100字左右，信的开头已为你写好。 2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3．参考词汇： 郊区—suburb June 3 ,2005 Dear Editor ,
Recently ,our class have had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city .
Yours truly,
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Li Hua. 4、说明
1．内容要点可用不同方式表达。 2．对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。 范文：
June 3 ,2005 Dear Editor ,
Recently ,our class have had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city . Some of my classmates are in favor of the move .They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams .They also say that once moved ,animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs .However ,other students are against the idea ,saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906 ,has a history of 100 years ,and is well –known at home and abroad .So it should remain where it is .What’s more ,moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.
Yours truly,
Li Hua 2．数字图表类（04北京）某学校对中学生课余活动进行了调查，结果如下。请根据图表1提供的信息描述学生每天的课余活动，并针对图表2中任何一个数据中反映的情况写出你的一个看法。词数不少于60。
生词：图表chart
He is wondering what has happened to the rest of the money. As his friend, you suggest to him three or four different possibilities concerning the missing money.
Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities. The students put the most time－93 minutes－into their homework, and next in line is watching TV, which takes up 46 minutes. They put in about the same amount of time listening to music and working on the computer, 34 minutes and 30 minutes each. While 25 minutes is spent on sports, only 12 minutes goes into housework.
As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities. I think the school should encourage the students to do more exercise after class. This way, they may be healthier and more energetic. 3．地点介绍(06全国)假定你是李华，应英国朋友Bob的要求，写一封短信介绍你校图书馆的基本情况。内容须包括下面两幅图中的相关信息。
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下面两幅图中的相关信息。
注意：1．词数100左右；
2．可以适当增减细节，以使行文连贯； 3．开头语已为你写好。
************************************************************************* June 8 Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library. Best wishes,
Lis Hua
范文： Dear Bob
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library. Our library is in the center of the school. There is a beautiful garden in front of it and our classroom building is right behind it .The library is big .When you get inside ,you will see many shelves full of books on different subjects .There are also lots of newspapers and magazines. We borrow books and do some reading in the library. According to the rule ,every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days .It is open from 9 am to 7pm from Monday to Friday and closed on weekends.
We all like our library very much. Best wishes, Li Hua 4.人物类（06北京）国际文化交流中心将组织一次由各国学生参加的―和平，友爱‖夏令营活要求报名者提交英文个人简介。假设你是王珊，请根据下列信息写一篇个人简介。
假设你是王姗，请根据下列信息写一篇个人简介。
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注意：1．词数不少于60。
2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
I’m Wang Shan, a girl of sixteen, presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School. I like music, especially classical music. I’m also interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life. Through my hobbies, I’ve made many friends. In fact, I like meeting new people and enjoy talking with them. Believing we all need help from each other, I appreciate friends’ help, and I’m willing to help anyone in need.
I love life; I love Mother Nature; and I love peace. I hate any form of violence.
I would like to join the Peace & Friendship Summer Capm since it would be a great opportunity to make friends with young people from different countries and learn about their cultures. 5．活动安排（08年全国卷Ⅱ）学习中文的各项活动安排。
假定你是李华, 你的英国朋友Peter来信向你咨询如何才能学好中文. 请你根据下列要点写回信. 要点: 1. 参加中文学习班; 2. 看中文书刊、电视； 3. 学唱中文歌曲； 4. 交中国朋友。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3. 开头语已为你写好。 June 8, 2008 Dear Peter,
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
范文：
Dear Peter,
I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well. Here are a few suggestions. First, it is important to take a Chinese course, as you’ll be able to learn from the teacher and practice with your fellow students. Then, it also helps to watch TV and read books, newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever possible.
Besides, it should be a good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs, because by doing so you’ll learn and remember Chinese words more easily. You can also make more Chinese friends. They will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
Try and write me in Chinese next time.
Best wishes
Li Hua 6．记叙文 （08年天津卷） 记叙乘地铁时遇到的一件事。
假设2008年2月12日是你父亲的生日，下面三幅图描绘的是你给父亲买完礼物后乘坐地铁回家时经历的一件事。请根据图示，用英语写一篇日记记叙这件事，并谈谈自己的感受。
注意： 1. 词数不少于100； 2. 可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇： 地铁（列车）—subway train
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February 12th , 2008 范文：
February 12 th,2008
The day is my Dad’s birthday. This afternoon I went to the shopping center downtown, and bought a present for him. Then I took the subway train home. Sitting on the train, I thought my dad would be very happy when he saw the present. At the next station, an old lady with two heavy bags got on the train and stood in front of me. She looked tired. I hesitated for a moment, and then offered my seat to her. The old lady thanked me a lot and sat down. Seeing her smile, I felt happy. I will always be ready to help others in the future.
（六）避免常见错误
1. My mother work in a school. （works） 2. They are worker. (workers)
3. My aunt worked hard and he was busy. (she ) 4. His parents are all from London. ( both ) 5. They get up early yesterday. (got )
（七）掌握地道的英语 （括号中的句子更好）
1． My money is very little. （I have little money.）
2． My money is more than yours.（I have more money than you.） 3． People in my family are more than those in yours. （There are more people in my family than in yours.） 4． I teach better than you. （I am a better teacher than you.） 5． I think the plan is not good.（I don’t think the plan is good.） （八）学会变换句型
1.I was too excited to go to sleep.
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I was so excited that I couldn’t go to sleep. (用从句替换) 2. They got married five years ago.
They have been married for five years. （用完成时替换） 3. He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
He got up early so as to catch the first bus. （用不定式替换） 4 .Try again and you will succeed.
If you try again, you will succeed. （用条件句替换） 5. I am sorry I missed the bus.
I wish I had caught the bus. （用虚拟语气替换） 九、怎样使用恰当的连接词
On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library.
As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.( What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. Practice 1
请在下列句子中（间）填上恰当的关联词或意思有联系的短语。
1. Xiao Ming was walking in the street ___________ he heard someone cry for help. 2. He advised that I hire a car ____________ I could travel around in the west . 3. It was not long _______ the police came .
4. ___________he heard the cry for help, he jumped into the water to save the girl. 5. Do you agree with my arrangement ? ________ , do write to me soon.
6. We can go downtown and do some shopping. __________, we can pay a visit to some places of interest. 7. I shared the cost of the gas with my friends .___________, I saved $80. 8. Eating sugar is bad for our teeth. ___________ , it may make us fat.
Keys : 1. when 2. in order that 3. before 4. As soon as 5. If not / so 6. In addition 7. As a result 8. What’s worse
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Practice 书面表达：
联合国教科文组织某考察团正在我国某乡村参观考察。假定你是接待人员,请根据下列提示以发言稿的形式简要介绍这个村的情况：
1)大小：近100户人家，约500口人。
2)变化：过去很穷，78年后变化很大。人们生活比以前好多了。现已旧貌换新颜。
3)教育：原来的学校很小，现已经过改建。新建的教学楼有4层，是村里最美的建筑物。村所
有学龄儿童在此免费就读。 注意：1）要点齐全，前后连贯。 2）词数：100-120之间。 完善下面的作文： Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our school. This village is very small. It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. It has changed a lot since 1978. People here are richer than before. Now it is taking on a new look.
The school here was very small. Now it has been rebuilt. The newly built teaching building has 4
storeys . It is the most beautiful building in the village. All the school-age children can study here. They enjoy free education in it. Thank you. 参考答案： Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our school ! ① This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. ② However, it has changed a lot since 1978 ③ and has been developing very fast. ④ People here live a much better life than before . Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small ⑤ and most children couldn’t afford to go to school. ⑥ But now it has been rebuilt ⑦ and the newly built teaching building ⑧ which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village. All the school-age children can study here. ⑨ What’s more, they enjoy free education.
⑩ May you enjoy your stay here / May you have a pleasant time here! Thank you.
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