I. Words and Expressions
1. notion: n. an idea, belief or concept
*Our management system is based on the notions of personal equality and liberty. 我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的。
She has no notion of the difficulty of this problem. CF. idea, concept & notion这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。 idea最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的比较系统的概念或看法。 notion指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
(1) She seemed unfamiliar with the ______ that everyone should have an equal opportunity. (=concept) (2) I have no _____ how she managed to do this. (= idea/notion)
(3) I had a silly _____ that he would come back and beg me for forgiveness. (=notion) (4) Don't get any _____ about revenge. (=ideas) 2. criterion: n. standard by which sth. is judged
*The company’s criterion for success is high sales.
对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。(=To some publishers, the criterion of a book which will sell well is length rather than content.)
CF. standard & criterion 这两个名词均含“标准”之意。 standard指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。例如：*All restaurants in the town with a low standard of hygiene have been forced to close. 城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。 criterion较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。例如：*What are the criteria for deciding who gets the prize? 评定获奖者以什么作标准。
3. appropriate: adj. correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion *Suits are always appropriate for a job interview.
His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.
4. thin: adj. not having the necessary qualities to gain the intended result
*His thin attempt surely resulted in nothing.
书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。(=The critics found her latest novel rather thin.)
5. classical: adj. based on or belonging to an old or established system of principles or methods, e.g. in art or science
*Dressed in ballet skirt, she danced with a classical elegance.
他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。(=He is going to China to study Chinese classical poetry.) 6. distinguish between: recognize differences between
*The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish between them.
不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。(=People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be color-blind.) 7. utility: n. the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness
*Farm animals have economic value because of their utility.
祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。(=Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwasher.) 8. ground: n. reason(s) or justification for saying, doing or believing sth.
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*She can’t accept his ground for divorce.
(=He has been fired from the job on the grounds of incompetence.) Patterns:
a gound/grounds for… „„的理由on the grounds of… 基于„„的原因on the grounds that…因为„„ 9. break up: to come or bring to an end, especially by separating
*Their marriage eventually broke up due to lack of communication.
警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗。(=Police arrived at the bar in time and broke up the fight.) 10. pursue: vt. try to achieve sth.; continue steadily with; carry on
*She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree. 她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。 老板决定不再追查那事。(=Our boss has decided not to pursue the matter any further.)
Collocations:
pursue sb.追求某人pursue a vocation从事一份职业pursue a hobby从事一项爱好pursue a goal追求一个目标 11. take pleasure in (doing) sth.: to enjoy (doing) sth.
*The audience took pleasure in watching the graceful skaters’ dancing.
老人很享受回忆往事。(=The old man takes pleasure in remembering the past.) 12. in so far as: to the degree that
*They moved to the downtown area in so far as they could spend less time on the way to work.
为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。(=He still continued his research in this field in so far as he could make some discoveries.)
13. regulate: vt. to control, especially by rules; bring order or method to
*Sweating can help to regulate the body’s temperature. 出汗有助于调节体温。
长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。(=Those who enjoy a long life usually regulate their eating habits.) Wages and working hours are regulated by a series of laws.
Collocations:
regulate the traffic管理交通regulate expenditure控制费用regulate the speed调整速度 regulate a clock校对时钟regulate food supplies调节食物供应 14. as to: on the subject of; concerning
*We are puzzled as to how the accident happened. 关于事故是如何发生的我们很迷惑。
在记者招待会上他拒绝就此事发表任何评论。(=He refused to make any comments as to this event at the press conference.)
He is very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.
15. equity: n. the state, quality, or ideal of being just, impartial, and fair
*The judgment aroused people’s anger for its lack of equity.
大家都同意裁判员的公正裁判。(=The equity of the referee's decision was accepted by everyone.) 16. liberality: n. the quality or state of being liberal or generous.
*Liberality contributes to the success of leadership.
一个慷慨的人会处处受人欢迎。(= A man of liberality will be welcome everywhere.)
17. greed: n. an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what oneneeds or deserves, especially with respect to material wealth
The large company’s greed to swallow up its smaller competitors is apparent.
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我们被他们渴求知识的眼神深深触动了。(= We were deeply touched by the greed for knowledge in their eyes.) 18. conviction: n. a fixed or strong belief.
*It's my conviction that complacency is at the root of our troubles. 我深信自满情绪是我们各种问题的根源。 Do you always act in accordance with your convictions? CF. belief, faith & conviction这些名词都有“相信”、“信任”之意。
belief 较为普通，指单纯从主观上的相信，不涉及这种相信是否有根据。例如：
*I find his behavior irresponsible beyond belief. 我发觉他的所作所为不负责任到了简直令人难以置信的地步。 faith语气较强，强调完全相信，有时也指仅凭感觉产生的相信。例如：
*I haven't much faith in this medicine. 我对这种药没有多大信心。 conviction多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，强调其坚定性。例如： *She'd made such promises before, and they lacked conviction. 她以前也作过这样的许诺, 但都不足信。 19. possess: vt. to have as one’s property, as a quality, etc.
*They possess property all over the world. 他们在世界各地均拥有财产。
他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗?(=Does he possess the necessary patience and tact to do the job well?)
The family possessed documents that proved their right to ownership. CF: hold, own, possess & keep这些动词均有“有”、“具有”、“持有”之意。 hold指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
own不及possess正式 多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
possess较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。 keep指长时间地保有、保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form wherenecessary. (1) As a leader, he ______ great tact. (=possesses)
(2) His family ______ a great deal of real estate all over the world. (= holds)
(3) Though he ______ the restaurant, he is not involved in the management of it. (=owns) (4) I don't know which is more difficult—to earn money or to _____ it. (=keep) 20. preserve: vt. to prevent (someone or sth.) from being harmed or destroyed *Mother always tries to preserve family harmony. 母亲总是在努力维持家庭和睦。 *More and more teenagers fail to preserve their eyesight and wear glasses. (=She managed despite everything to preserve her sense of humor.)
21. commitment: n. a responsibility or promise to follow certain beliefs or a certain course of action *Many young people remain single for lack of commitment to family and marriage.
我们只给忠诚而勇于承担的人丰厚的报酬。(=We only pay those well who have loyalty and full commitment.) 22. bind: vt. to tie together or unite *She bound her hair up with ribbon.
这些老人因为对太极拳的共同爱好而结合到了一起。(=These old people were bound by a common interest in shadowboxing.)
CF: fasten, tie, bind & chain这些动词都有“扎牢”、“捆”、“绑”之意。 fasten指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。 tie普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
bind多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。 chain专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
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(1) She ____ her shoes and kept jogging. (=tied)
(2) The feeling that _____ him to her is quite strong. (=binds) (3) _____ your seat belt please. (=Fasten)
(4) He ____ his dog to a tree and went inside the house. (=chained)
23. permanent: adj. lasting or intended to last for a long time or forever 他受伤后就一直瘸了。(=The injury left him with a permanent limp.)
Collocations:
permanent address固定地址 permanent employment固定工作 permanent committee常设委员会 permanent force常备军
24. unite: v. to make or form a single complete whole; to join
*Christmas is the only chance to unite my big family.
她觉得将想象力与常识联系起来有点困难。(=She has difficulty uniting common sense with vision.)
We should unite in fighting poverty and disease.
CF: join, combine, unite & connect这些动词均有“连接”、“结合”、“联合”之意。
join强调把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
combine 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。 unite 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。 connect 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. The attack on their country ______ squabbling political factions in a common purpose. (= united) (2) Most women ______ the union asking for equal pay for equal work. (= joined) (3) When bad men ______, the good must associate. (= combine) (4) The two men are ______ by marriage. (=connected)
25. attribute: n. a part of someone’s character, esp. a part thought to be good
*One attribute of a good manager is that he listens very carefully to other people. 好的管理者所具备的一个特点就是耐心倾听。
Hope is one of mankind’s most enduring and rewarding attributes.)
II. Useful Expressions
社会公认的socially acknowledged 在一种情况下in one setting 肤浅的理解a thin understanding 区分distinguish between 解散break up
追逐个人利益pursue one’s own advantage 喜欢做某事take pleasure in (doing) sth. 到„„程度 in so far as
建立在„„基础上be grounded on… 受感情支配be regulated by one’s feelings
III. Proverbs and Quotations
1. A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both. 父亲是财富，兄弟是安慰，朋友兼而有之。
2. A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman. 远亲不如近邻。
3. Friendship is a plant of slow growth and must undergo and withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to
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眼前的重要机会opportunity of the moment 在„„相似be similar in… 常言道as the saying goes 值得爱be worthy of love 摆脱贪婪 be free from greed 物质利益material benefits
相伴为乐enjoy each other’s company 同样忠诚于share a commitment 高尚品德 moral excellence 达成共识develop a shared idea
the appellation.—George Washington, American President
友谊就像一棵生长缓慢的植物， 只有经受住了逆境的考验才配得上这个称呼。——美国总统 乔治·华盛顿 4. To find a friend one must close one eye; To keep him, two.—Norman Douglas, British writer 交朋友得闭一只眼，留住朋友得闭两只。——英国作家 诺曼·道格拉斯
5. It is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend.—William Blake, English poet 原谅敌人比原谅朋友来得容易。—— 英国诗人 威廉·布莱克
6. The holy passion of friendship is so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring in nature that it will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money. —Mark Twain, American writer
圣洁而热情的友谊甜蜜，稳固，忠诚而持久，它能长存一生，只要别借钱。—美国作家 马克·吐温
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Unit 1练习题答案
Checking your vocabulary A.
correspond; build; sensible; brilliant; grasp; appoint; hardware; gaze B.
cast your eyes/ an eye over; torn down; making a fortune; turned up; lost track of; pass on; checking up on; was under arrest
Wording with words and expressions A.
1. bound 2. appropriate 3. possessing 4. permanent 5. appointed 6. parted 7. had corresponded 8. gazed 9. notion 10. keen 11. preserve 12. grasped 13. figured 14. grounded 15. sensible 16. attribute 17. united 18. pursue 19. commitments 20. regulating
B.
1. distinguish between 2. checked up on 3. torn down 4. make a fortune 5. all of a sudden 6. lost track of 7. Casting an eye over 8. broke up 9. take pleasure in 10. described as 11. turned up 12. in so far as 13. is under arrest 14. pass on 15. as to
Increasing your word power
A.
approval; betrayal; burial; dismissal; disposal; proposal; refusal; removal; survival; withdrawal B.
1. refusal 2. arrivals 3. removal 4. dismissal 5. survival 6. proposal 7. disposal 8. approval C.
1. e 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d Grammar review
A.
whichever tent you are not using now 2. whoever comes / come first 3. whichever / whatever condition our captain thought was the best 4. Wherever / No matter where I go 5. whatever wishes their child / children expresses / express 6. However disappointed / No matter how disappointed you may feel about the surroundings / environment / situation 7. Whoever breaks it 8. whenever he concentrates on a problem B.
It is not luck but hard work that led him to today’s success.
Prof. Moen argues that it is energy that makes the world go round.
It was not until he had proved he was honest that he won the family’s trust.
It was clearly the headmaster himself who / that opened the door for me. 5. NONE Cloze
1) classical 2) notion 3) utility 4) ground 5) occurs 6) goodness 7) as to 8) possesses 9) preserve 10) bound 11) mirror 12) virtuous 13) commitment 14) moral excellence
Translation
A.
1. The friendship grounded on common / shared interest does not break up easily. / It is not easy for the friendship grounded on common / shared interest to break up.
2. Children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery / courage in computer games.
3. There spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know / keep track of everything.
4. Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is why there is what we call / is called \"the court of morality\".
5. Today’s culture is described as “fast-food culture”. Whatever they may be / are doing, people just pursue the
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greatest / maximum satisfaction within the shortest time.
6. As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and earn / work for it. B.
As is commonly acknowledged / It is commonly recognized that humans are social animals. Bonded together in a community, we naturally expect to have friends. As to what friendship is, people have different notions / ideas. Some make friends for mutual utility. Once the ground for such friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. However, a lot more people long for \"soul pals\"— those who possess virtues and with whom we can go through trials and tribulations together. Such friendships keep us away from greed and violence and encourage us to have the courage of our convictions. Such is what we call \"true and perfect friendship\".
Theme-related writing
Bob and I became brother-like friends in our childhood. We played, dined and discussed our ambitions together. Once grown up, he started for the West to make his fortune while I became a policeman in New York. Before his departure, we had dinner together and we agreed that we would meet at the same place exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come. Then came the day we were supposed to meet. I was on my beat then. Walking up to the appointed place which had been turned into a hardware store, I saw a man standing there with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. Before I could speak, he told me that he was waiting for a friend by the name of Jimmy Wells. When he struck a match to light his cigar, I saw a pale face with keen eyes and a scar. I recognized him immediately. It was Bob, and it was also the face of the man wanted by the Chicago Police. For a moment I felt like telling him to escape right away. After all, we had been friends for so many years and he had traveled all the way to see me! But then my sense of duty told me the right thing to do. I said good-bye to him and continued my patrol, his last words still ringing in my ear: “I’ll wait for half an hour. Jimmy will keep his promise if he’s alive…” I then sent for a plain clothes man and had Bob arrested. 2.
An Important Friend in My Life
Li Qiang, one of my classmates, is fun to be with. He is always wearing a broad smile as if life is forever \"sunshine and butterflies\". One day, I revealed to him my worries and anxieties: I, an ordinary-looking girl, was 177 centimeters tall, even taller than any of the boys in my class. I thought no boy would like to date me. Besides, I was very poor at my academic courses. He suggested that I should learn to be myself and then he introduced me to a fashion show team of the university. Encouraged, I decided to change myself. After a 3-month training program on weekends, I could perform beautifully as a model, and surprisingly, I could concentrate on the required academic courses as well. The applauses I won at each fashion show and the scholarship I earned proved that being myself was terrific. Since then, my life has changed a lot. Thus, Li Qiang became an important friend of mine. Last semester, we began to help young people who suffer pressures from physical defects, academic failures or financial problems. We set up a Confidence Club. Those who come to us for help find our work definitely beneficial. Our friendship has led me into a sparkling, rewarding life.
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