Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Curiosity is part of human nature. Children are famous for wanting answers ____1____ tons of questions. People keep reading or watching ____2____ they want to find out what happens. But curiosity also provides many practical benefits.
Learning is easiest if you have a genuine desire for knowledge. Curiosity can create that desire when you have a question.
Many of history greatest discoveries ____3____（make）by curious people. People wondered ____4____ processes worked or how certain tasks could be done more effectively. Thanks to their curiosity, people now know far more about the world and have useful technology ____5____（help）them.
Even if you don’t plan to be an inventor of researcher, curiosity can still help you in the classroom. If you develop the joy of learning, classes will become more fun. And you’ll excel because you will be fully engaged in the process of learning. Even if you’re no longer a student, curiosity will make you better ____6____（inform）and thus a more capable worker.
What do you do if you’re not already curious? Fortunately, curiosity is a skill that can be improved. If you act like you’re curious, you’ll quickly start to actually feel curious. Often, the more you learn about a topic the ____7____（interesting）it becomes.
As you learn about a topic, gather information from as many sources as
possible. Read a variety of books, watch or listen to lectures and ask questions. Don’t always get your information from the same source. Instead, learn to appreciate facts that different people know and the different opinions ____8____ they express.
Ask a lot of questions, Remember, everyone knows ____9____ that you don’t. Find out what that is, and ask about it. This lets you learn something and makes the other person happy by letting them show off their knowledge.
In the classroom or out of it, ____10____（develop）curiosity is sure to be worthwhile.
【答案】1. to 2. because 3. were made
4. how 5. to help 6. informed
7. more interesting 8. that/which 9. something 10. developing 【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了好奇心的作用以及如何培养好奇心。 【1题详解】
考查介词。句意：孩子们以想要得到无数问题的答案而闻名。名词answer和介词to搭配，表示“……的答案”，是固定搭配。故该空填to。 【2题详解】
考查连词。因为人们想弄清楚发生了什么事，所以他们不断地读书或看电视。该空引导原因状语从句，故填连词because。 【3题详解】
考查语态，时态和主谓一致。该空在句中作谓语，根据make discoveries结构，主
语discoveries和make之间是被动关系，故该句应用被动语态。根据下句中的“wondered”可知，该句叙述的是发生在过去的情况，应该用一般过去时态。主语为复数discoveries，根据主谓一致原则，该空应填were made。 【4题详解】
考查名词性从句。句意：人们想知道过程是如何起作用的，或者某些任务是如何更有效地完成的。该空引导wonder的宾语从句，且根据句意，该空表示“如何”，故应用how引导该从句，故填how。 【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：由于他们的好奇心，人们现在对这个世界了解得更多了，并且有了有用的技术来分析他们。____5____（help）them作定语，修饰useful technology. have sth.后面常接动词不定式作定语，故填to help。 【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。即使你不再是一名学生，好奇心也会让你更好地了解情况，从而成为一名更有能力的工作人员。该题考查make+宾语+宾语补足语结构，inform意为“通知，告知”，宾语you和inform之间是被动关系，故该空应用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填informed。informed还可以看作是形容词，意为“了解情况的”。 【7题详解】
考查形容词比较级。该题考查“the +比较级，the+比较级”结构，该空作系动词become的表语，故应用形容词的比较级，故填more interesting。 【8题详解】
考查定语从句。“_____ they express”是定语从句，修饰the different opinions，引导词在从句中作express的宾语，指物，故应用关系代词which/that引导该从句。故填which/that。 【9题详解】
考查不定代词。句意：记住，每个人都知道一些你不知道的东西。该空作know的宾语，且表示“某些东西”，故应填不定代词something。 【10题详解】
考查动名词。“_____ curiosity”是主语，作主语，一般用动名词，故填developing。
Section B
Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
When was the last time that you dialed a phone number from memory? It probably depends on how long you’ve been using ____11____ like a cellphone. While some generations can recall the days of memorizing phone numbers, it’s possible that members of Generation Z have never had to remember a single ____12____. Why is this? Because smartphones offer quick and convenient ways for storing and ____13____ information. There is no need to memorize anything. But this isn’t without consequence. As digital devices develop, more and more users’ heavy reliance on them may be having disabling effects.“Digital dementia（失智）”is the term being used by medical professionals to identify some of these effects.
Some professionals like Jim Kwik, an expert in memory improvement and optimal brain performance, are taking a closer look at this effect. Kwik describes digital dementia like this:“we’re ____14____ our brains to our smart devices. We’re so reliant on our smartphones that our smartphones are making us stupid. As medical studies chart the decline in memory and cognitive skills among smartphone users, a connection is made between symptoms ____15____ with dementia.”
The seriousness of overuse becomes ____16____ when you consider just how young smartphone users are becoming. Author and speaker Simon Sinek points
out that young minds“Are not ready for it! Their minds cannot cope with the dopamine（多巴胺）.”Consequently, the overstimulation of screens and sounds lead to ____17____ more often than not. So now parents, teachers and managers are asking how to handle the influx（汇集）of young people with this kind of addiction.
First, monitor your cellphone use. Keep downloading applications like Forest or Checky. Then cut back on any ____18____ usage. Set a specific goal of how much you think you should use your phone.
Determine ____19____ areas for cellphone use. For example, while you’re at home, only allow yourself to check your phone somewhere like a home office. This way, the time in between tasks isn’t ____20____ filled with staring at your screen. 【答案】11. D 12. F 13. A 14. K 15. I 16. C 17. H 18. B 19. E 20. J 【解析】
这是一篇说明文。现代人过度地依赖手机，这种做法会产生一些坏的影响，例如：失智。文章对这种影响的背后原因进行了分析，并且提出了一些建议，帮助人们克服手机上瘾这种现象。 【11题详解】
句意：这可能取决于你使用了多长时间科技，比如手机。后面的like a cellphone是对该空的一个举例，根据常识知道，a cellphone属于科技，故D选项正确。 【12题详解】
句意：虽然有几代人可以回忆起记电话号码的日子，但z代的成员可能从来没有特别去记一个电话号码。根据句意，该空应填particularly，意为“尤其地，特别地”，
故选F。 【13题详解】
句意：因为智能手机提供了快速方便的存储和评估信息的方法。该空和storing并列，结合句意，应填assessing，assess意为“评估”。故A选项正确。 【14题详解】
句意：我们正在为我们的智能设备贡献我们的大脑。结合句意，该空应填contributing，contribute意为“贡献”，故选K。 【15题详解】
句意：当医学研究显示智能手机使用者的记忆力和认知能力下降时，与痴呆症相关的症状之间就产生了某种联系。be associated with意为“与……相关”，该空作symptoms的定语，故填associated，I选项正确。 【16题详解】
句意：当你考虑到智能手机用户是多么年轻的时候，过度使用的严重性就变得显而易见了。根据句意，该空应填apparent，意为“明显的”，故C选项正确。 【17题详解】
句意：因此，屏幕和声音的过度刺激往往导致成瘾。根据句意，该空应填addiction，意为“上瘾，成瘾”，H选项正确。 【18题详解】
句意：削减没有必要的使用。根据该段标题“monitor your cellphone use”可知，该处应该指减少手机的使用，故应填nonessential，意为“没有必要的”，B选项正确。 【19题详解】
句意：确定指定区域使用手机。根据后面的for example…somewhere like a home office可知，作者建议要在特定区域使用手机。故填assigned，意为“分配的，指定的”。E选项正确。 【20题详解】
句意：用这种方式，盯着屏幕这种做法就不会自动地填满两项任务之间的时间。即：
你不会在两项任务之间自动地去看手机。故该空应填automatically，意为“自动地，无意识地”。J选项正确。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension Section A
Directions：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Serendipity - an unexpected delight – is the word that comes to mind when describing the seven-day hike my wife and I recently did in the wild and undeveloped northwest coast of Galicia, Spain.
Simply ____21____, anyone who is adventurous, loves traveling to Europe and is fit enough to do 10-mile hikes should seriously consider doing this hike.
Before this experience, I had never heard about On Foot Holidays programs that allow hikers to go at their own pace, with maps and detailed hiking ____22____, but without a guide or other travelers, while still enjoying a high level of local support.
What ____23____ caught my attention was an announcement about On Foot Holidays’ newest hike, the Lighthouse Way, which they described as a journey along“the last ____24____ coast of Europe.”This particular hike sounded both challenging and rewarding enough to ____25____ a try.
On Foot Holidays booked our lodging each night and ____26____ a taxi to take our baggage to the next destination, so we just had to carry our daypack essentials. Each day we ____27____ or spoke with the company’s local expert who was available ____28____ emergency, but whose main function was to keep us informed about the daily weather forecast and to make special taxi
arrangements when we decided to ____29____ a couple of 14-mile hikes to less than 10 miles.
The ____30____ of the trails and scenery made every hike a delight. One of our hikes followed a narrow trail along a steep, rocky cliff ____31____ the steel-blue waters of the Atlantic Ocean that thrash against jagged rocks hundreds of feet below us. We stopped to picnic and watch the only living things we saw that whole day: a herd of goats above us, and a group of dolphins jumping in the waves below. In the distance, many of mountain peaks ____32____ sparkling wind turbines（涡轮机）like candles on a cake.
Silence and loneliness were the features of each day’s accommodation. The only sounds we heard were birds singing, the wind blowing through trees or the waves breaking against the shoreline. The air was clean and the temperature brisk, with frequent ____33____ of cloudy, cool, windy and rainy weather interspersed（点缀）with glorious bursts of sunshine.
There was remarkably little litter, the exception being spots along the shore where ocean currents ____34____ mostly fishing items.
My wife and I realized that we are pilgrims searching for meaning, awareness and joy on our journey through life, and our Galician hiking ____35____ had moved us further down that path in ways we won’t forget. 21. A. lost 22. A. strings materials 23. A. initially
B. gradually
C. smoothly C. unspoiled
D. firmly D.
B. moved B. instructions
C. urged C. devices
D. put D.
24. A. recommended B. developed discovered 25. A. warrant
B. provide
C. imagine C. paid for
D. evaluate D. turned to
26. A. prepared for B. arranged for
27. A. negotiated B. discussed C. contacted B. in need of
D. texted C. in case
28. A. in addition to of
29. A. shorten 30. A. appearance 31. A. displaying overlooking
32. A. established B. lightened structured 33. A. changes interactions 34. A. stretched deposited
35. A. experience experiment
B. technique B. withdrawn B. intervals D. in favour of B. extend B. variety B. reflecting
C. decrease C. character C. following
D. expand D. route D.
C. sported D.
C. adaptions D.
C. floated D.
C. investigation D.
【答案】21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A 【解析】 【分析】
这是一篇夹叙夹议类的文章。作者和妻子参加On Foot Holidays举行的最新的徒步旅行活动：the Lighthouse Way。作者在文中叙述了这次徒步旅行活动的所见所闻和感受。 【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。lose失去；move感动，打动；urge敦促，力劝；put放。仅仅是被（这个活动）打动，任何一个喜欢冒险，想要到欧洲旅行，足够健康可以进行10英里的徒步旅行的人都应该认真考虑去进行这次徒步旅行活动。B选项正确。 【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。string绳，线；instruction指示，命令；device装置，设备；material材料。该空和maps并列，且前面有detailed（详细的）修饰。该空和“地图”都是对徒步旅行有帮助的东西，故B选项切题。instructions意为“用法说明，指南”。 On Foot Holidays允许远足者以自己的速度前进，可以带着地图和详细的徒步旅行指南，但是没有导游和其他游客陪同。B选项正确。 【23题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。initially最初地；gradually逐渐地；smoothly顺利地；firmly坚定地。最初吸引作者注意力的是关于On Foot Holidays最新的徒步旅行活动“the Lighthouse Way”的一个通知。A选项正确。 【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。recommended被推荐的；developed发达的；unspoiled（地方）未经开发的，有自然美的；discovered被发现的。“the Lighthouse Way”是最新的远足活动，在宣传的时候，肯定要朝着好的，有特色的方面宣传。既然是徒步旅行活动，那么应该是沿着“欧洲最后一个未经开发的海岸”前行。C选项正确。 【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。warrant使显得必要(或正当)；provide提供；imagine想象；evaluate评价，评估。这个远足活动听起来非常有挑战性，有必要进行尝试。A选项正确。 【26题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。prepare for为……准备；arrange for安排；pay for支付……的费用；turn to向……求助。根据该段最后中的“and to make special taxi arrangements”可知，On Foot Holidays每天安排出租车将作者他们的行李带到下一个目的地。B选项正确。 【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。negotiate谈判，协商；discuss讨论；contact和……联系；text发短信。该空和后面的spoke都是表示和“公司的当地专家”沟通交流的方式，我们给当地的专家发短信和他交谈，他的主要作用是让我们了解每天的天气预报等
其他情况。D选项正确。 【28题详解】
考查短语辨析。in addition to 除……之外还有……；in need of需要……；in case of以防，万一；in favour of支持，赞成。万一发生了紧急事件，我们可以和当地的专家联系。C选项正确。 【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。shorten缩短；extend延伸；decrease减少；expand扩大，扩展。根据后面的“14-mile hikes to less than 10 miles”可知，14英里的形成缩短为不到10英里。故A选项正确。 【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。appearance出现；variety种类，多样性；character特点；route路线。根据下文的叙述可知，作者和妻子在徒步旅行的过程中，看到了不同的景色，经历了不同的小路。故B选项正确。 【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。display展示；reflect反射；follow跟随；overlook俯瞰，忽视。悬崖下面是大海，即：悬崖俯瞰着大海。故D选项正确。 【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。establish建立；lighten（使）发亮；sport引人注目地穿戴，炫耀；structure构成，排列。该句是一个拟人化的说法，字面意思是：山峰“引人注目地穿戴”着闪闪发光的涡轮机。即：远处，许多山峰的风力涡轮机闪闪发光，就像蛋糕上的蜡烛。C选项正确。 【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。change改变；interval间隔，中间休息；adaption适应，改编；interaction相互交流。空气清新，温度宜人，多云、凉爽、多风、多雨的天气间隔频繁，伴随着灿烂的阳光。B选项正确。 【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。stretch伸展；withdraw撤退；float漂浮；deposit使沉淀，
使沉积。垃圾少得惊人，只有海岸沿岸的一些地方例外，那里的洋流沉积了大部分的捕鱼物品。D选项正确。 【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。experience经历；technique技术；investigation调查；experiment实验。我妻子和我意识到，我们是朝圣者，在人生旅途中寻找意义、觉知和快乐，而我们的加利西亚远足经历以我们永远不会忘记的方式将我们进一步推向了这条道路。A选项正确。
【点睛】完形填空之原词复现：这类题多为同义词、近义词和反义词的复现或同义词、近义词和反义词异形复现的形式。这种测试手法主要是考查考生的整体篇章意识和上下文推断能力。例如第六小题所填的arrange和下文中的“arrangement”则属于该类型。
Section B
Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A）
Many people prefer eating out instead of cooking at home. A change appears to be taking place, though, and millennials are leading the way. According to one survey, more young people are starting to cook at home for three basic reasons: They can save money, eat healthy and waste less food.
Popular TV chefs are also getting millennials excited about learning some basic cooking skills. Many millennials view cooking as a form of entertainment and self-expression. They proudly post pictures of their cooking creations on Facebook or Instagram, and invite friends over to share the cooking experience.
Many millennials have also found ways to avoid wasting food. After roasting a chicken, they put the leftover bones in their freezer instead of the garbage can. Later, they use the bones to make chicken stock which is an important ingredient in many dishes.
They also hate throwing out fruit that’s too old. To avoid that situation, they bake ripe fruit like berries and bananas for 15 minutes at 175 degrees C. Then they freeze it overnight. After that, they place the fruit in plastic bags and store it their freezer for later use.
Now any millennials only eat at restaurants that have excellent food-waste policies. These servants use every part of the vegetables they buy, including their stems and roots, in dishes. They also use beef, chicken and pork bones to make their own stock.
Millennials also reduce food waste by only buying what they require. Before going to a market, they write down what they need and don’t buy anything else. They way they won’t purchase more food than they can consume. 36. What is the main subject of this article? A. A cooking trend that has attracted millennials. B. A plan that millennials have for donating food. C. A novel cooking technique that millennials like. D. A food production system favored by millennials. 37. What do millennials with fruit before freezing it? A. Mix it with other ingredients in a bowl. B. Carefully remove the skin and seeds from it. C. Use a sharp knife to chop it up into pieces. D. Put it in an oven at the proper temperature.
38. According to this article, when do millennials make careful choices? A. When they dine out together
B. Whey they vote for candidates C. When they choose an employer D. When they plant a new garden
39. According to this article, how do millennials avoid purchasing too much food?
A. They select small cans and packages. B. They prepare a practical shopping list. C. They leave their credit cards at home. D. They weigh produce before buying it. 【答案】36. A 37. D 38. A 39. B 【解析】 【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章叙述了千禧一代引领的一个新潮流：在家烹饪。文章分析了这种潮流背后的原因。 【36题详解】
主旨大意题。文章第一段就是中心段。根据第一段中的“Many people prefer eating out instead of cooking at home. A change appears to be taking place, though, and millennials are leading the way. According to one survey, more young people are starting to cook at home for three basic reasons: They can save money, eat healthy and waste less food.”可知，许多人宁愿出去吃饭，也不愿在家做饭。然而，一个变化似乎正在发生，而千禧一代正在引领这种变化。根据一项调查，越来越多的年轻人开始在家做饭是因为三个基本原因：他们可以省钱、吃健康和少浪费食物。由第二段开始，文章对千禧一代选择在家里自己做饭吃的原因进行了具体的分析和介绍。因此，整篇文章主要介绍的是千禧一代引领的一个新潮流：在家自己做饭吃。故A选项正确。 37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“they bake ripe fruit like berries and bananas
for 15 minutes at 175 degrees C. Then they freeze it overnight.”可知，千禧一代冷冻水果之前，会将其放在175摄氏度的环境下15分钟。故D选项切题：在适当的温度下将水果放在烤箱里。 【38题详解】
推理判断题。文章主要叙述的是千禧一代为了饮食健康，节省钱，避免浪费食物选择在家里自己做饭，而不是到外面吃饭。由此可知，当涉及到到外面吃饭的时候，他们会认真选择的。故A选项正确。 【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Millennials also reduce food waste by only buying what they require. Before going to a market, they write down what they need and don’t buy anything else. They way they won’t purchase more food than they can consume.”可知，千禧一代也通过仅仅购买他们所需的东西来减少食物浪费。在去市场之前，他们会写下他们需要的东西，而不买任何别的东西。他们不会购买比他们能吃的更多的食物。故B选项切题。
【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括。例如在第一小题中，考生通过通读全文后，很快就能明确第一段中的“A change appears to be taking place, though, and millennials are leading the way. According to one survey, more young people are starting to cook at home for three basic reasons: They can save money, eat healthy and waste less food”是整篇文章的中心，根据该处就可以判断出文章的主旨大意。 （B）
Families should reduce exposure to synthetic chemicals found in food colorings, preservatives and packaging materials as a growing body of research shows they may harm children’s health, according to a policy statement and technical report from the American Academy of Pediastrics
released online.
The statement also suggests improvements to the food additives regulatory system, including updating the scientific foundation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations safety assessment retesting all previously approved chemicals.
Leonard Trasande ,the author of the policy statement, to tell us more about these concerns.
Q: What are the growing number of studies showing us?
A: Over the past two decades, an accumulating body of science suggests some food additives can interfere with a child’s hormones, growth and development.
Potentially harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children because they are more sensitive to chemical exposures because they eat and drink more relative to body weight, than adults do and are still growing and developing. An early injury to their organ systems can have lifelong and permanent consequences.
Q: What additives does the statement highlight?
A: The additives of most concern, based on rising research evidence cited in the report, include:
Bisphenols, such as BPA, used to harden plastic containers and line metal cans, can act like estrogen（雌激素）in the body which may potentially change
the timing of puberty, decrease fertility, increase body fat and affect the nervous and immune systems. BPA is now banned in baby bottles.
Phthalates, which make plastic and vinyl tubes used in industrial food production flexible, may affect male genital development increase childhood obesity and contribute to cardiovascular disease. In 2020, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the use or some phthalates in child-care products such as teething rings.
40. According to the American Academy of Pediatric’s report, people should ___ to cope with the problem of food additives.
A. try to avoid food additives in daily life and revise relevant rules on food additives
B. update the food safety assessment program and check the approved chemicals again
C. improve the food additives regulatory system and retest all approved chemicals
D. reduce the usage of food additives and establish new food protection system 41. Leonardo Trasande holds the view that food additives do more harm to children than adults because study shows ___.
A. children are more sensitive to what they eat and drink than adults B. children usually eat and drink more unhealthy food than adults C. children are just too young and weak to protect themselves D. children’s organs are easier to be damaged and hard to recover 42. How many specific kinds of harmful effect caused by the additives are mentioned in the passage? A. 2 C. 8
【答案】40. A 41. D 42. B
B. 7 D. 3
【解析】
这是一篇介绍说明类的文章。研究表明：食品添加剂对儿童健康有巨大的危害。研究建议家庭应该减少接触食品色素，还建议改进食品添加剂监管体系。 【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一和第二段中
“Families should reduce exposure to
synthetic chemicals found in food colorings, preservatives and packaging materials … according to a policy statement and technical report from the American Academy of Pediastrics released online. The statement also suggests improvements to the food additives regulatory system”可知，美国儿科上发布的一份政策声明和技术报告显示，越来越多的研究表明，家庭应该减少接触食品
色素、防腐剂和包装材料中的合成化学物质……声明还建议改进食品添加剂监管体系。故结合选项，A选项正确：尽量避免日常生活中的食品添加剂，修改食品添加剂的相关规定。故选A。 【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中的“Potentially harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children because they are more sensitive to chemical
exposures…An early injury to their organ systems can have lifelong and permanent consequences.”可知，食品添加剂的潜在有害影响是我们尤其要特别关注的儿童问题，因为他们对化学品接触更加敏感。早期损伤他们的器官系统可能会
的带来终身和永久的后果。也就是说，儿童器官容易受损，不易恢复。故D选项正确。 【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后两段中的“Bisphenols, such as BPA…which may potentially change the timing of puberty, decrease fertility, increase body fat and affect the nervous and immune systems…Phthalates… may affect male genital development increase childhood obesity and contribute to cardiovascular disease.”可知，双酚类化合物，如双酚A……这可能会改变青春期的时间，降低生育能力，增加身体脂肪，并影响神经系统和免疫系统。邻苯二甲
酸酯……可能影响男性生殖器官的发育，增加儿童肥胖，并导致心血管疾病。很明显，一共提到7种有害影响。故B选项正确。 （C）
The koala is an unusual creature. Native to Australia and a bit bigger than a rabbit, it spends most of its time in eucalyptus trees（桉树），feeding on leaves that are poisonous to nearly every other animal on the planet.
The koala sleeps about 22 hours a day and spends the remainder of its time eating and resting. It might spend 10 minutes a day moving, experts say, usually from one tree to another. It has a soft pad at the end of its spine and extra thick fur on its rear end to make the effort, of sitting more comfortable.
Threats and protective measures
The unique lifestyle of the koala has helped it prosper, but today the cute and iconic creature is facing threats from habitat loss, disease and a changing climate. Koala populations are expected to decline by 50 percent in the next 20 years according to the Australian Museum.
To help protect these animals, which bring in an estimated $1.1 billion to Australia each year through koala-related tourism, an international team of researchers has published the first complete genome（基因组）of the koala.
Their hope is that the keys to the marsupial’s（有袋动物）long-term survival might be planted in its genetic code.
“The ultimate goal is that we won’t have to…rescue them from the edge of extinction,”said Rebecca Johnson of the Australian Museum Research Institute in Sydney, who led the work.
“Now we have a really good understanding of the koala genome, and we are in a fantastic position to use that knowledge to help us manage them.” Early findings
An elementary analysis of the koala’s genome, published in Nature Genetics, has already yielded some interesting findings.
For example, the authors found that, compared to other mammals, the koala’s DNA includes an expansion in the number of genes that encode for enzymes involved in anti-poison. That allows them to have a diet that depends almost entirely on eucalyplus leaves which are unusually high in poison. However, it also means that koalas metabolize（代谢）medicines like anti-chlamydia antibiotics faster than other animals.
The koala genome also revealed why koalas are such famously picky eaters. They are known to consume leaves from just 20 of Australia’s 60 known eucalyplus species. And even when they are in one of their preferred trees, koalas take leaf selection very seriously. Information waiting to be discovered
Johnson said that the information encoded in the koala’s DNA is already being included in management strategies by conservation groups. However, she said the findings described in the new paper represent the early stages of what can be gleamed from the marsupial’s genome.
“The data is public, and I would love for anyone to start mining it and see what other amazing things they can find,”she said.“Once you have a
genome of this quality, the sky’s the limit with what you can do with it.” 43. What can be concluded from the passage?
A. The research on the Koala’s DNA has prevented its extinction successfully.
B. Scientists are trying to rescue Koalas by providing more eucalyptus leaves.
C. Koala’s extinction is being controlled effectively in Australia. D. Scientists are trying to find a way based on Koala’s gene to save them. 44. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. Koalas can digest poisonous leaves thanks to their gene. B. Koalas are particular about leaves because of their taste. C. Koalas are being extinct just due to human’s activities. D. Koalas will move to other continents in order to survive.
45. “The sky’s the limit”in the last sentence most probably means ___. A. The sky is the restriction B. The sky is too high to reach C. There is no limit D. There is no possibility
46. The passage is mainly about ___. A. Koala-a Special Creature in Australia B. scientific research on Koalas C. scientific efforts to save the Koalas D. Koala’s Characters and Preference 【答案】43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 【解析】
这是一篇说明文。考拉数量正在减少。为了保护考拉，一个国际研究小组发表了考拉的第一个完整基因组。他们希望通过对考拉基因组的研究，找到保护考拉的方法。
文章介绍了他们的一些具体发现。 【43题详解】
主旨大意题。文章第一和第二段介绍了考拉的特点。第三段提出：考拉数量正在减少，面临来自各方的威胁。第四段提出：为了保护考拉，一个国际研究小组发表了考拉的第一个完整基因组。他们希望有袋动物长期生存的关键可以被植入它的遗传密码中。最后几段围绕袋鼠的基因组介绍了一些相关发现。所以，整篇文章是在介绍一种以考拉基因为基础的保护考拉的方法。故D选项正确。 【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第八段中的“the koala’s DNA includes an expansion in the number of genes that encode for enzymes involved in anti-poison. That allows them to have a diet that depends almost entirely on eucalyplus leaves which are unusually high in poison.”可知，考拉的DNA中，抗毒素酶的基因数目增加。这就使得考拉几乎完全依赖于富含有毒物质的桉树叶。据此可知，A选项正确：考拉能消化有毒的叶子，这要归功于它们的基因。故选A。 【45题详解】
句意理解题。 根据最后一段中Johnson 所说的话可知，这些数据（有关考拉基因组）是公开的，她希望任何人都能开始挖掘这些数据，看看他们还能找到什么其他令人惊奇的东西。由此可知，有关考拉基因组的数据有很大的研究空间，那么，当你拥有了这些数据的时候，你可以做很多很多的事情。这是无限的。故C选项正确。 【46题详解】
主旨大意题。结合第一小题可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们通过研究考拉的基因组寻求保护考拉的方式。故C选项切题。
Section C
Directions：Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentences can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Can just one person make a difference? You bet! In a community every person counts, and getting involved is not difficult. Take stock of your own talents and interests. ____47____ Don’t wait for someone else to act first. Take the initiative! Once you see what you can accomplish, you’ll want to keep going.
Here are just a few ways to make a difference in your community. How many more ways can you come up with?
Clean up the community. People often throw litter in places where there is already litter. And the problem only becomes worse until someone gets fed up and does something. Could your neighborhood use a cleanup? Neighborhood cleanups are often sponsored by local businesses or schools. But if your community doesn’t have a cleanup program, get together with friends to organize one. You could pick up garbage in a larger area twice a year, or you could clean a smaller area every few months. ____48____
Include the isolated. Do you know anyone who is housebound? Almost all neighborhoods have a few people who have to stay at their homes. These people are often elderly and unable to leave their homes to perform simple tasks. ____49____ By letting them“borrow”your legs and eyes, you can make them feel included. You can run errands for them like shopping or paying bills. They might like you to read to them if their eyesight is failing. Governments provide some of the services these people need, but programs cannot give them friendship; that’s what communities are for!
____50____ Reading clubs are popular all over Europe and North America. Members might read at home to prepare for discussion, or they might read aloud to each other and talk about what they just read. Either way, a book or article can spark lively discussion and this often challenges people to take action. A. Cleaning your community will have a positive effect on others in society.
B. They find a need or an issue you really care about. C. But they belong to the community, too.
D. Living in a clean neighborhood will be its own reward. E. Don’t hesitate to take part in the community’s activity. F. Round up some readers. 【答案】47. B 48. D 49. C 50. F 【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几种方式，这些方式可以帮助你在社区中发挥作用，为社区做贡献。 【47题详解】
空前提到：在一个社区里，每个人都很重要，参与其中并不难。评估你自己的才能和兴趣。空后提到：不要等别人先行动。该句承上启下，应该提到要根据自己的才能和兴趣去做自己关心的活动。故B选项切题：它们（你的兴趣和才能）可以使你找到你需要做的事情。 【48题详解】
空前提到：但是如果你的社区没有一个清理计划，那就和朋友们一起组织一个。你可以一年两次在更大的地方捡垃圾，或者每隔几个月就清理一次小面积的垃圾。该句承接上文，应该提到清理社区活动对社区的作用。故D选项切题：这样做（清理社区）可以使人们生活在一个干净的社区里。干扰项是A选项：清理你的社区将会对社会上其他社区产生积极的影响。下文并没有陈述对别的社区的影响。所以A选项不合适。综上，选D。 【49题详解】
空前提到：这些人往往年迈，不能离家去做简单的工作。下句提到：通过让他们“借用”你的腿和眼睛，你可以让他们感觉自己也是社区的一员。那么该空要提到和这些年迈的老人有关的话题，选项中只有C选项涉及该点：但是他们也属于这个社区。故C选项正确。
【50题详解】
该空是本段小标题。该段介绍了通过读书俱乐部，开展互动，促进人们去行动。由此可知，F选项适合作标题：聚拢一些读者。
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
51.Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Small businesses hold the key to employed happiness. As the calendar flips to another year, many employees will consider starting the new year on the hunt for a new job.
In today’s changing workforce, it is more important than ever for companies to realize that a salary alone is no longer enough to attract or retain strong employees.
According to a survey by Aflac, small business deserve a round of applause for their ability to keep employees happy. The report found that 85 percent of small-business employees are happy in their current job, and more than half（51 percent）agree that most of or all of their happiness in their current job is a result of working for a small business.
Nearly a quarter of participants（23 percent）stated that the feeling of importance was the best part of working for a small business. Small businesses have the unique ability to make employees feel appreciated, respected and valued on a personal and professional level.
In a small-business environment, there are typically fewer layers between newcomers and leadership. This tight-knit structure can create a family-like atmosphere that allows employees to feel that their opinions matter and that they play a significant role in the business’s mission.
Flexibility is also vital in creating employee happiness. According to the report, 30 percent of respondents noted that flexible scheduling was the best part of working for a small business. A workplace that promotes healthy work-life balance can create happier, less stressed employees and can also increase productivity.
Although small business excel at keeping employees happy, there is always room for improvement. In a small-business community, money does not seem to be the only motivator. In fact, 65 percent of small-business employees indicate that an improvement in their benefits offerings would make them happier.
By offering a great benefits plan that includes voluntary benefits, small business can ensure that their employees are able to find the right benefits to meet their individual needs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Small businesses have the ability to keep their employees happy. The main factor lies in the fact that the employees feel they are important. Besides, fewer layers between newcomers and leadership help create a family-like atmosphere. Flexibility is also vital in creating employee happiness. In fact, small businesses can make the employees happier by offering a great benefits plan. 【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇介绍说明文。调查发现，小公司能够让员工感到幸福，值得称赞。文章具体分析了小公司给员工带来幸福感的几个因素。
【详解】第一到第三段提出一个观点：小公司能够让员工感到幸福。第四到第六段介绍了小公司给员工带来幸福感的三个原因：员工感到自己很重要，小公司可以创造一种温馨的环境，小公司的灵活性也让员工感到幸福。最后两段提出建议：通过提供大的福利计划，小公司可以让员工更幸福。所给答案正确概括了文章的主要内容。
Ⅴ. Translation
Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. “爱你的邻居”对每个人而言都是一项艰巨的任务。（tough）
53. 诸如地震这一类的自然灾害，对某些地区的影响远比其他地区更大。（like） 54. 如果你的演讲有良好的规划和充满热情的演绎，肯定会打动听众的。（inspire） 55. 为了让各类型的无线网络系统都能更快速连线，5G连线将使用毫米波的频率。（available）
【答案】52. It’s a tough task for everyone to “Love your neighbor”. 53. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, have a much greater impact on some areas than others.
54. If your speech has good planning and enthusiastic interpretation, it will certainly inspire the audience.
55. To make a faster connection among all types of wireless networks available, 5g connections will use millimeter-wave frequencies. 【解析】
本题考查学生语言运用能力。 【52题详解】
tough意为“艰难的，困难的”，用来修饰名词“任务（task）”，该句可用it来作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。故答案为：It’s a tough task for everyone to “Love your neighbor”。 【53题详解】
like可以作介词，用来表示列举，意为“比如”。“对……有影响”可用“have an impact/influence on”结构。故答案为：Natural disasters, like earthquakes, have a much greater impact on some areas than others。 【54题详解】
inspire是及物动词，意为“鼓舞”，直接接名词“听众（the audience）”作宾语。故答案为：If your speech has good planning and enthusiastic interpretation, it will certainly inspire the audience。 【55题详解】
available是形容词，意为“可得到的，可利用的”，可用作表语，宾语或或定语。故答案为：To make a faster connection among all types of wireless networks available, 5g connections will use millimeter-wave frequencies
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56.Directions：Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
现在上海高考采用的是三加三模式（语数外+理化生政史地任选三门），以往采用的是三加一模式（语数外+理化生政史地任选一门），针对这两种高考模式谈谈你的看法。你的文章必须包括：
1.比较两种模式的异同； 2.你更喜欢哪种模式并陈述理由。 注意：请勿透露本人真实姓名和学校名称。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】At present, Shanghai college entrance examination adopts the model of “three plus three”, instead of the model of \"three plus one\". Regardless of the model, Chinese, mathematics, and English are the three subjects that must be tested. Compared with the former model of \"three plus one\addition to Chinese, mathematics and English, the students must choose additional three subjects from physics, chemistry, politics, history and geography.
As far as I am concerned, I prefer the present model. Though some argue this model adds to the burden of the students' schoolwork, it, in my opinion, offers a chance for the students to get exposed to more subjects, broadening their knowledge, which is of great benefit to the growth of the students themselves as well as the development of society in the long run. In a word, the present model does more good to the students. 【解析】 分析】
这是一篇半开放式作文。要求考生比较上海高考现在和过去模式的异同，并且表达自己的看法，并分析原因。
【详解】这篇作文话题比较贴近学生的实际生活，学生应该有话可说。文章所给提示也很明确，所以难度不是很大。在写作过程中，考生首先要明确两种模式的相同点和不同点，然后再表达自己的看法和原因。整篇文章宜用现在时态。
【点睛】所给范文完全按照题目要求，要点明确，条理清楚。长短句交叉使用，使得整篇文章顺畅自然。适当运用了一些较高级的词汇和句式，为文章增色不少。
例如：定语从句（which is of great benefit to the …）；非谓语动词（broadening their knowledge）；as far as sb. be concerned；get exposed to等。
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