同义名词
(一)1.advice;opinion;view;suggestion 相同之处:四个词都有建议、意见之意。
不同之处;1.advice不可数名词。忠告、意见,侧重于指提意见的人比对方有更多的经验、知识,因而提出善意的忠告的意见,也可指向有经验的人征求意见。如: Then liset gave her some advice.接着,李斯特给他了一些意见。
If you take my advice and study hard,you will pass the exam.
2.opinion不可数名词或可数名词。指对某一事物的看法、意见。这种看法通常是依照自己看来是正确的或可能的。因此含有十分肯定的意味。
In my opinion, you are wrong.
His opinions are usually on facts.他的观点通常以事实为根据的。
The boss has a good opinion of him.他的老板很赏识他。
3.view不可数名词或可数名词。意见、见解、观点。指从个人角度上对事实的看法,侧重对壁较广泛、重大或有关公众的问题所采取的态度,较肯定。如;
She expressed her strong view on how to treat such a man..在如何对待这种的态度上,他表示了强硬的观点。
4.suggestion不可数名词或可数名词。表示说话人的一种提议或建议。如: We should change our plan and leave early, but that’s only my suggestion. 我们应该改变计划并提早离开,但这仅仅是我的建议。 (二) author;writer
相同之处:都有“作家,作者”意思。
不同之处:author含有作家的意思更强,writer更强调一些作为职业的人。如: The authors of these well-known books are not writers by profession. 这几本有名书的作者都不是职业作家。 但在以下结构中只能是writer:
A play writer 剧作家a novel writer 小说家
(三)cause ; reason
相同之处:都有“理由,原因”意思。
不同之处:cause指客观存在的原因。即造成一种事实或现象的原因。与“effect“结果相对。 Heat is the cause of the expansion of matter.热时物体造成膨胀的原因。 Reason 指推理上的一种理由,即说明一种看法和行为的理由。 He has reason to say so.他有理由这样说。 (四)illiness, sickness, disease Illiness 指患病的状态。如:
She died after a long illiness.
Sickness通常指身体不适,或者呕吐,恶心等。 Does the doctor knows that his sickness is? Disease指具体的某一疾病。
Many disease are caused by bacteria(细菌). (五)beach, coast, shore, bank
1)beach和shore均可指海滨。
比较而言,beach指较为平坦、覆盖着沙子和碎石、适宜与游泳与日光浴的沙滩、海滩。 Shore则是比较笼统的说法,指濒临大片谁的陆地,即可包括beach又可以指岩石突兀或陡
峭的岸边,另外shore也可指湖边。
2)coast指海洋与陆地的分界线。意为海岸、海岸线,是一个地理术语。 China has a long coast from north to south.
3)bank表示毗邻河流的任何陆地,或河岸。 (六)game, sport, match, contest, competition
1)game游戏、运动、比赛、或球赛的一场、一局。如: She watches every game that the team plays.
He won the first two games but lost the third.
其复数形式还可表示运动会,尤指国际性的综合运动会 如the Olympic games ,the Asian games ,
2)sport复数形式指运动会,一般只小规模的运动会,如学校组织的运动会。
其单数形式指一些运动如swimming fishing boxing skinning shooting climbing diving rowing jumping running 等。如boxing and running are considered by some people as very dangerous sports.
3)match 比赛,常指对于队之间的比赛,有用于球类比赛。如he went to the football match. 4)contest 常用于由一组裁判给评分的比赛、竞赛。
5)competition 竞争 比赛,尤指针对技巧力量体能等方面的较量。其动词形式为compete. (七)view, scene, sight, scenery
1)view 风景景色通常指从某个特定位置所见到的景物。如: The house has a fine view of the hills.
To get a better view of the valley, we climbed to the top of the hill. A bird’s-eye view鸟瞰。此外view还有观点,看法的意思。 2)scene (指戏剧,电影等的)一场,场景,布景。 指风景时着重于展现于眼前的景色的特征。如: The sunrise was a beautiful scene.
Taxis and buses were part of the street scene. 此外还有出事地点的意思。如 The scene of a traffic accident.
3)sight 指所看到的景象,情景。如
What a sad sight it was!
注意这些短语:at first sight ,at the sight of, in sight , out of sight, lose sight of, catch sight of. Sight 做目光,视力时是不可数名词。如
She lost her sight in an accident.
4)scenery 风景,指某地的自然风景,是不可数名词的集体名词,不能与不定冠词连用。 Hang zhou is word-----famous for it’s beautiful scenery. He enjoyed the mountain scenery very much. 二 同义形容词
1.elder, older
两者都可表示年纪较大的意思。
Elder 只用于表示两个人的年幼,尤其由于兄弟,姐妹关系。不能与then构成比较级。而older可用于比较两者之间的年龄,可与then连用。
My sister is ome year older than i. He is my elder brother.
注意:elder只用在名词前作定语,不能作表语。Older可以做表语也可作定语。
Older还可以用于物,表示较旧的,而elder不能用于物。 His schoolbag is older than mine. 2、impossible, unable 两者都是形容词。
Impossible 是 不可能的,不能用人做主语。 It is impossible for us to be there before 7 o’clock. Unable 不能,无法的意思。人做主语。
you are unable to do it.
3.personal, private, individual
1)personal 表示个人的,人身的,亲自的。与非个人的,由别人的相对立。 This is my personal opinion.
2)private 表示私人的,私有的与公共的,公有的相对立。
He went to shanghai on some private buisiness. 他为了私事去了上海。 3)individual 表示个别人,个体的与普遍的,集体的相对立。 A teacher should give attention to each individual student in his class. Individual interests must be subordinated to collective interests. 4.simple, easy
两者都是形容词表示简单的,容易的。
Simple 表达由于内容并不复杂,因而轻易便做到能够理解,使用。 A simple puzzle简单的谜语
Easy 表示不用费力变能做到能够理解。
It is easy for me to swim across the river. 5.likely, probable,possible Likely 意为很可能的,probable一般指有较大的可能;possible 仅指有可能,不管可能性大小。 Likely 之后常跟不定式,也可接从句。而probable之后常接从句,不跟不定时。Possible 作表语时,主语用it 或something ,一般不用人做主语。 注意以下句型:1.it is likely/probable that clause
2 sb/sth be likely to do 6 lost , missing , gone
1)lost 用于修饰物时是丢失了的意思。如:a lost pen. One’s lost youth 用于修饰人时是迷途的意思。如a lost child
2)missing 有失踪的,行踪不明的意思。修饰物时意为缺少的,不在的。 These is a page missing from this book. 3)gone 离去的
His is gone.
也可作丧失的,用光的讲。 All his money is gone.
7.calm , quiet , silent , still
1)calm 指天气,海洋时,表示一种无风无浪的平静。指人时,表示镇静平和的心情。 2)quiet 指没有动静,没有噪音,尤指没有骚动的安宁状态。 Keep quiet.
Everything was quiet.
3)silent 用于事物时,侧重于没有声响。用于人时,强调少言寡语。
4)still 侧重于不动,静止时与以上三个不能替换,侧重于无声时,可与quiet替换。
Please keep still while I take your photo.
How still/quiet everything is!
8.pleased, pleasant, pleasing, pleasure
1)pleased 指外物作用于人的感觉,使人感到高兴,满意,愉快。常见的结构为:be pleased +不定式或从句,be pleased with, be pleased at/about. I’m very pleased with the performance. I’m quite pleased about/at your success.
I’m quite pleased that she had got such a good chance.
2)pleasant 意为令人愉快的,舒畅的,讨人喜欢的,风趣的。 Spring weather is pleasant.
He talked in a pleasant way.
3)pleasing 指某物或某人使他人高兴,招人喜爱。 These flower are very pleasing. The girl has pleasing manners.
4)pleasure 是名词,指快乐,愉快的事,乐趣。 It’s a pleasure to meet with you.
May I have the pleasure of dancing with you. 9.be familiar to, be familiar with
1)be familiar to的结构为:sb. /sth. is familiar to sb. 如your brother is quite familiar to me.
2)be familiar with 结构为:sb. Is familiar with sb. /sth.
Before you leave for England ,you should be familiar with the English language. (三)同义副词
1.always, usually, often, sometimes
首先,四者均为时间频度副词,但所表示的程度不同,区别在于:
Always(100%)相当于at all times.意为总是,一直,表示一向如此,毫不例外。它的语气更强,反义词为never.
You must always wait in a queue.
注意:always 与进行时态连用时,表示的是赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩。如 The boy is always asking questions.
Usually(75%)时常,着重表现已习惯的动作,反义词为unusually They usually do some shopping on Sunday.他们通常星期六买东西。
Often(50%)意为时常,经常,表示常常这样,但不总是这样,反义词为seldom She often helps her mother with her housework after school.
Sometimes 意为有时,不时,表示的是偶尔发生的事情或情况,它的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中、句末。 Sometimes I come on foot.
It is sometimes hot and sometimes cold here. 2.also , either , too , as well
相同点:四者都含有也的意思。
不同点:also ,too ,as well都用在肯定句中,他们的位置不同。
一般来说,also是比较正式的用语,他经常放在句中,其位置是:行为动词之前,如有情态动词或助动词,一般放在其后。 I can also tell you a story.
You know the way and I also know it.
而too一般放在句末可用逗号隔开,亦可不用。 I was in Beijing last summer too.
As well通常用于句末且不用逗号隔开。 He speaks English as well.
Either用于否定句中,且只能用于句末。 I don’t want any coffee either.
3.at first ,first of all ,first
1)at first=at the beginning表示当初,起初,与后来发生的事相对照。
At first I didn’t want to go, but I soon change my mind.
2)first of all(或first)表示首先,最重要的,说明顺序,时间上或一系列活动的开始,后面往往跟next ,then等。另外first还有第一的,最先的意思。
4.most, mostly, almost, at most
1)most和most of是大多数的,大部分的,意思前面不用冠词,但most of后的名词必须加冠词。
Most people think as I do about the matter. Most of the students had left when he came.
2)mostly 副词主要地,多半地。相当于mainly 3)almost意为几乎,副词
4)at most意为最多相当于not more than与at least相对 I can pay only 20 dollars at most. (四)同义动词,短语
1.recognize ,know ,notice ,realize
四个词都有认识到的意思,其区别为:
Recognize强调用视觉觉察出来原本认识或知道的人或事物,是终止性动词,不用于进行时。 Know 是普通意义的认识,熟悉,是延续性动词。 后两者均含意识到之意。Realize指通过理解完全明白或清楚地意识到,语气比know强,notice指无意识中注意到。
终止性动词:其也称非延续性动词、瞬间性动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动词,
这种动作发生后立即结束。如:open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,get to,leave,move,buy,borrow,join,die,become等。
用法:一、可用于现在完成时。如:the train has arrived.
二.不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,终止性动词表示的动作极短,不能持续,因此不可与表示时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。 如:他死了三年。
正:he has been dead for three years. He died three years ago. It is three years since he died.
Three years has passed since he died. 误:he has died for three years.
正确表达的方法;1.将句中的终止性动词转化为延续性动词,如上面的表达。举几个例子: Leave---be away, borrow---keep, buy---have, begin/start---be on, die---be dead, move---live in,
finish---be over, join---be in, open sth---keep sth open. Get up—be up, catch a cold—have a cold, fall ill---be ill.
2.将句中表示段时间的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语。如上面第二个正确例子。 3.用句型it is+ 段时间+since….. 4.用句型时间+has passed+since…
三.可与表示段时间的状语连用。
终止性动词若用于现在完成时否定式中成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
He hasn’t left here for two years.
四.终止性动词的否定式与till/until连用构成:Not + 终止性动词+till/until…..句型意为直到….才……
You can’t leave here until I arrive.知道我到了,你才能离开。
五.不可用于while引导的时间状语从句中,但可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中。 When表示的时间是点时间(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词).而while表示的是一个较长的时间和过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。 When we reach London,it was twelve o’clock.(reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when I am away.(be away为延续性动词) 六.终止性动词完成时不可与how long 连用(只限于肯定式)。 误:how long have you come here. 正:how long have you be here. When did you come here.
助动词:协助主要动词构成谓语动词的叫助动词。助动词自身没有意义,不可单独使
用。
最常用的助动词:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would. 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功能; 1. 表示时态。He is singing.
He has got married.
2. 表示语态。He was sent to bj.
3. 构成疑问句。Do you like collage life.
4. 与否定副词not连用构成否定句。I don’t like English. 5. 加强语气。He did know that .他的确知道那事。
2.live on, live by, feed on
三者都有以……为食,以…….为生。其用法不同。
Live on 主要用于人,以人做主语,常以表示食物、工资、钱数等名词作宾语。 We mainly live on wheat.
He lives on thirty dollars a month.
Live on 也可用于动物,指以什么为食。 Birds live on grain, insects and worms.
Live by强调人,强调的是谋生所使用的方法。
He lived by teaching.他靠教书谋生。
Feed on主要用于动物,以动物做主语,指以什么为食。有时也可用于婴儿。 Sheep feed on grass.
3.build, found, put up, set up
四者都有建立建起的意思。Build表示建筑,建造的意思,指施工建筑,如房屋,桥梁,道路等具体的建筑物体的修建。如 A new road has been built in my hometown. 也可用于广义建设。如
We are building a socialist country with china’s style.
Found表示创立,成立,创办,指创立一个组织、机构、国家。
The people’s public of china was founded in 1949.
Put up, set up这两个短语的意思很多,但它们表示搭起,竖起,建起,挂起时可以通用。但put up侧重于临时性房屋的修建
但set up在表示建起,成立某一机构或团体时,不能与put up互换。
4.look, seem, appear
Look强调由视觉得出的印象,意为看起来,看上去。
Seem表示根据某种情况、状态、或迹象所作出的判断,这种判断准确性较大。 Appear表示根据外表给人的印象,这种印象可能是靠不住的,虚假的。 Look常用的结构:look+形容词或分词;look+介词短语;look+名词;
Seem常用的结构:seem+形容词或分词;seem+名词;seem+介词短语;seem+不定式;seem that+从句;
Appear常用的结构:appear+形容词或分词、名词、介词短语、不定式、it appear that+从句; 5.call, call on, call for, call at ,call in, call up
Call除了有称呼,说什么是以外,还有呼唤(vt,vi),访问(vi),给某人打电话(vt)的含义。 Good night,she called to her uncle who was still downstairs. He called her to take her to the theatre. I called him this morning but he was out. Call on意为访问某人,后接的宾语是人。 Call on sb to do sth意为请求某人做某事。 Call at 访问某地,后接的宾语是某一地方。 Call in 意为找来,请来,召集的意思。
The man called in his friends to drink the heath of his new born son. 还有顺路到某处或某人家。
Call up 给某人打电话,唤醒,使想起,征召入役 Call for 寻找某人,取某物,要求 I will call for you at nine.
The worker are calling for strike action.
6. wound, injure, hurt, harm, damage, destroy
wound指用枪弹或刀剑等锐器故意施加伤害。在事故或天灾中受伤用injure或hurt. Last night a terrible storm hit the area and many people were injured. Wound和injure在肉体受伤程度上往往比hurt严重。
Hurt 除指肉体上的伤害外,也可指情感上的伤害。如hurt one’s feeling Hurt 的过去分词做表语时有使苦恼,使伤心的含义。 做不及物动词时,有疼痛的含义。
My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples.
Injured和wounded可作表语也可作定语,而hurt的过去分词(原型)只能作表语不能作定语。 A wounded soldier, an injured man
Harm和damage均指伤害或损害某人或某物。Harm主要指有生命的东西,偶尔用于无生命的东西,常指伤害一个人或其健康、权利、事业等。
Doctors say smoking harms your health.
Damage主要指对价值或功能的损坏,多用于无生命的东西。
Destroy 毁坏消灭指通过某种有力地或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用。 All his hopes were destroyed.
7.win, beat, defeat
Win做及物动词时意为赢得,后面可接一场比赛,一场战斗,一场辩论,奖品,钱等。 后面接人时,意为说服,获得某人的爱。 We will try to win him over to our side. You have won me.你把我说服了 做不及物动词时意为获胜。
He is sure to win.
Beat意为战胜,打败,后接比赛中的对手。 I beat john at chess yesterday.
Defeat 意为击败,多用于击败敌军,入侵者。 We defeated the enemy in the battle. 也有使失败,使落空的意义 Our hope were defeated.
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