成人英语三级考试基础班词汇语法讲义
兰和鑫
名词易混考点
一、名词易混考点
1、表示人或者食物的集合名词做为整体看时使用单数，但如果强调其中的成员则谓语动词用复数。 如：family, team, group, audience, class… My family has agreed to visit John on weekend. My family are not in agreement on what to do. The class are interested in his lecture.
2、当某些抽象名词被形容词修饰时，可使用不定冠词，表示“一阵，一种，一份”等。 如：a great surprise,
3、有些不可数名词在表示份数、种类、次数时可用复数形式。 如：three coffees two teas fruits
三杯咖啡 两杯茶 各种水果 4、有些不可数名词变成复数后意思有所改变。 如：wood-woods 木头-树林 paper-papers 纸-报纸
work-works 工作-工厂/著作
5、有些专有名词相当于普通名词时，可有复数形式 如：There are three Toms in the class.
6、当表示“共有”时，在最后一个名词后加’s，如果表示各自所有则在两个名词之后均加’s That woman is Tom and Jack’s mother. They sell children’s and women’s clothes.
7、双重所有格。当a, an, this, some, several, another, what等与名词所有格共同修饰一个名词时，一般使用双重所有格。
如: a friend of my father’s= a friend of my father 但有时双重所有格与of结构不可互换 A picture of my brother. A picture of my brother’s.
双重所有格‘s 的主语必须是人而非物 如: the cover of the book (√)
the cover of the book’s(×)
8、某些无生命的名词如时间、机构、团体、国家、城市亦可使用所有格 如: today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ walk 二、应对建议
1、掌握一词多义、熟词生意、近义辨析及词性变化。
2、先判断后解题，先明白考察的是辨析、不可数名词可数化还是修饰，之后再做题。 三、随堂练习
1、My morning _____includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine
2、I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a(n) _______ of personal taste. A.affair B.event C.matter D.variety
3、The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common_____in many parts of the city. A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance
4、 You are always full of _______.Can you tell me the secret? —Taking plenty of exercise every day. A.power B.strength C.force D.energy
5、Despite such a big difference in ___ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
形容词及副词易错处
一、形容词
1、下列以a-开头的形容词通常只用作表语：
afraid, alike , alive , alone, asleep, awake, ashamed , afloat (飘浮的), aware (知道的)等。 其中，afraid , alive, alone, awake 可用作后置定语，如： 害怕的人 a man afraid
健在的最伟大的人 the greatest man alive 唯一醒着的孩子 the only child awake 两点需要注意之处：
（1）多数以a-开头的形容词不直接用very修饰，通常习惯说法如： 非常孤单的 十分清醒的 very much alone，wide awake
(2)以a-开头的形容词本身带有副词修饰时，可以用作前置定语，如 熟睡的男孩 十分清醒的士兵 a fast asleep boy the wide awake soldiers 2、有些形容词通常不能用作表语。 如：这张桌子是木头的 The table is wooden （×）
The table is made of wood.（√） 同类单词还有：
inner 内部的，outer 外部的， former 较前的, latter 较后的，upper上面的，real真正的，live活的，only唯一的，aged年老的 3、修饰顺序
当同时用几个形容词来修饰一个名词时，一般可按照以下顺序：限定词--描绘性形容词--大小、新旧、式样--颜色--产地(国别)--作定语的名词-- 被修饰名词。
一个黑色的小皮包
a small black leather handbag. 一座老的小石桥
a small old stone bridge
注意： 限定词放在最前面，作定语的名词紧靠被修饰词；同种类的 形容词，短在前、长在后，序数词放在基数词之前。如： 最初两本书 the first two books
但如果被修饰语是由some, any, every和no构成的不定 代词时，用作定语的形容词必须放在它所修饰的词后面， 如： 他的报告里没有什么新东西 There is nothing new in his report. 4、带有数字的复合形容词 1) 数词+名词。 一次三小时的飞行 a three-hour flight 一封五百字的信
a five-hundred-word letter 2) 数词+名词+形容词。 一个三岁的男孩
a three-year-old boy 一条五十米宽河 a fifty-meter-wide river 二、副词
1、修饰形容词和其它副词时，通常放在被修饰词之前，但enough一词例外。如 This is a very useful tool. He doesn't work hard enough.
The child is old enough to go to school.
2、频度副词 (often , usually , seldom , hardly , never, sometimes, always等)要放在实义动词的前面，be 动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。如 We often go to the park.
He is always ready to help others.
3、地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末。如 I remember that I met him somewhere. Everything went smoothly.
4、同时出现几种副词时的排列顺序：方式副词→地点副词→时间副词。如 He made his model plane perfectly there yesterday. 5、作定语的副词放在被修饰词之后。 People here are very friendly to me.
6、某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
如friendly , comradely , lively , lovely, lonely, likely, deadly , silly , orderly. 7、 有些副词有两种形式（加-ly后变为另一副词），但意义不同，如： late lately， high highly 迟， 晚 近来， 高 高度地 close closely 接近（指距离）， 仔细地，密切地 near nearly 附近 差不多，几乎
free freely ； deep deeply 免费 自由地，自如地； 深 深刻地 wide widely 宽 广泛地
Just justly 刚才，仅仅 ； 公正地，正当地 hard hardly 努力地 几乎，不 most mostly
最 主要地，大部分地 三、比较结构
1、 同等程度比较
1) as…as 之间一定要用形容词或副词原形，如： I am as old as you.
Tom works as hard as Mary.
注意：“as……as”可用almost, quite, just, just about, nearly, twice, by no means(根本)修饰，置于“as……as”之前。 His house is twice as big as yours.
2) so用以替代第一个as时，只能用于否定句，如： John is not as/so clever as Jack.
He doesn't read as/so clearly as she.
3) as much+不可数名词+as，而as many+可数名词复数+as。 Bob has read as many books as Mary.
There is as much water in this bottle as in that bottle. 4)as+adj.+不定冠词+可数名词单数+as
German is as difficult a language as English. as+adj.+不可数名词+as
Bread is as important food as rice. 2、不同程度比较
1) 要用\"比较级+than\"的结构。 I am taller than Tom (is).
2) 比较级前可用much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, rather，even, still, a great deal等表示程度，但比较级 前不能再用more。
She sings far/much better than the others. 她唱得比 别人好得多。(better本身就是比较级，不能用far/much more better)
3) 比较的对象要一致，一般说来同等的两个事物才能比较，如： Tom's bike is more expensive than Jim’s (=Jim's bike).
4) 英语中往往用that/those或the/that one,the ones代替上文提及的同等部分。但如果比较的事物是不可数名词，用that不能用the one/the ones/those。
The water in the glass is cleaner than that in the river.
杯子里的水比河里的水清。(water为不可数名词，用that) 3、特殊的比较结构
1) \"the+比较级…，the+比较级…\"结构，意为\"越……，越……\"，表示程度的平行增 长，如： The higher the temperature(is),the greater is the pressure.(=the greater the pressure is.) The older he gets, the wiser he becomes.
2) \"比较级+and+比较级\"结构，意为\"越来越……\"，表示程度逐渐增长，如： Our life is getting better and better.
Our country has become stronger and stronger.
3) “倍数词+as+原级+as”构成倍数比较结构。 This TV set costs twice as much as that one. The truck is 3.5 times as heavy as that car.
4) \"大三岁\"，\"长两米\"要用\"数量词+比较级\"来表示，如： He is three years older than me.
This river is 100 meters longer than that one.
5）more than和less than，这2个固定词组分别表示\"多于\"和\"少于\"，如： There are more than three hundred pupils in the school.
6）no more than和no less than也是固定词组，分别表示\"只不过\"和\"有……之多\"、\"多达\"。（带有感情色彩） I have no more than ten dollars. 我只有10块钱。（有嫌少的意思） In our school there are no less than 250 teachers. 我们学校里的教师有250位之多。（有够多了的含义）
7）not more than和not less than，not more than(=at most)表示“不多于”、“至多”，not less than(=at least)表示“不少于”、“至少”。（表示客观事情）
The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons. 做这个试验的人不到5个。
There were not less than one hundred people at the meeting. 到会的至少有100人。 随堂练习：
1. John has three sisters. Mary is the ___ of the three. A. most cleverest B. more clever C. cleverest D. cleverer
2. The students are___ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty. A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
3. She told us ___story that we all forgot about the time. A. such an interesting B. such interesting a C. so an interesting D. a so interesting
4. It is impossible for so___ workers to do so ___work in a single day. A. few, much B. few, many C. little, much D. little, many
5. This year they have produced ___ grain ___ they did last year. A. as less; as B. as few; as C. less; than D. fewer; than
数 词
考点要求：
1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。 2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。
一、数词与其他词的连用
1. a second time, a third one表示“又一”、 “再一”
Would you like to come to Beijing a second time?你还愿意再次来北京吗？ After eating two cakes, he ate a third one.吃了两块蛋糕后，他又吃了一块。 2.“数词+名词（单数）”用作定语
She is a five-year-old Chinese girl.她是一个五岁的中国女孩。
二、倍数的表示法：
英语中表示倍数增加的表达方法
1. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
2. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 3. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
4. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
三、约数的表示法
⑴ “多于”用more than 或over
This room can hold more than (=over) 500 people.这间屋子能容纳500多人。 ⑵ “少于”用less than
There are less than thirty balls in the basket.篮子里不到三十个球。 ⑶ “或……以上”用or more
The music hall can hold 7000 people or more.音乐厅能容纳7000人或7000人以上。 ⑷ “或……以下”用or less
The house can hold 50 people or less. 这座房子可容纳50人或50人以下。 ⑸ “大约”用about, around, nearly等
The box weights about 50 pounds.这个箱子重约50磅。 ⑹ “左右”用or so
In the past ten years or so , they have changed a lot.在过去的十年左右的时间里，他们改变了许多。 四、不定数量词“多”的表示法列表
被修饰名词的数 修饰可数名词
英语表达 汉译 dozens of 几十、许多 scores of 许多
many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词) 许多、大量 hundreds of 数以百计 thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万 millions of 数百万 billions of 亿万 much , a great (good)deal of ,
修饰不可数名词 许多、大量
a large amount of ,large amounts of
a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of ,
修饰可数名词或不可数名词 许多、大量
large quantities of
不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下： 1)some与any的区别
①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+
复数动词。
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
If you have any questions, please ask me. There isn't any orange in the bottle. 2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别 ①用作形容词： 含义 用法 用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 表示肯定 a few虽少，但有几个 a little，虽少，但有一点 表示否定 few不多，几乎没有 little不多，没有什么 I'm going to buy a few apples. He can speak only a little Chinese. He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。 I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep) She slept very little last night.
3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。 用 法 不定 特定 代名词 单数 another 另一个 the other 另一个 复数 others 别人，其他人 the others 其余那些人、物 形容词 单数 another (boy) 另一个（男孩） the other (boy) 另一个男孩 复数 other (boys) 其他男孩 the others (boys) 其余那些男孩 ①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别 的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other. ③other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. ④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.
⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? ⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another. 4)every与each的区别。 each 1)可单独使用 2)可做代名词、形容词 3)着重“个别” 4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物 every 1)不可单独使用 2)仅作形容词 3)着重“全体”，毫无例外 4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物 The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。 Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher. Every child likes playing. = All children like playing. 5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语） = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语) All the leaders are here. (作定语) ②both作代词。
a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。 Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time. b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。 Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting. c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。 Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
③both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。 Both his younger sisters are our classmates. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
状态时间现在过去V+ed一般V+s进行be+Vingbe+Ving完成have+V过分完成进行Have been +VingHave/hasHave been +Ving+V过分V+edWas/werehad+V过分+VingWill+be+Will have+V过分VingWill + V原Will + V原将来过去将来Would + V原
单数第三
在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，即常在动词原形后加-s或-es 一、第三人称单数的构成情况
1、人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。如： He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 She has lunch at twelve. 她十二点吃午餐。 It looks like a cat. 它看起来像只猫。
2、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语；是第三人称单数。如： ①Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。 ②Beijing is in China. 北京在中国。
③Uncle Wang often makes cakes. 王叔叔经常做蛋糕。
3、单数可数名词或\"this / that / the+单数可数名词\"作主语时，是第三人称单数。如： ①A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 ②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。 ③That car is red. 那辆小汽车是红色的。 ④The cat is Lucy's. 这只猫是露茜的。
4、不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时，是第三人称单数。如：
①Everyone is here. 大家到齐了。
②There is something wrong with the watch. 这块手表有毛病。 ③This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。
④That is an eraser. 那是一块橡皮擦。
5、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。如： ①The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。
②The bread is very small. 那面包很小。
6、当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。如： ①\"6\" is a lucky number. \"6\"是个吉利数字。 ②\"I\" is a letter. \"I\"是个字母。
二、单三时动词的变化方式
1. 一般的由动词原形加-s构成，如：read—reads；
2.以s，z，ch，sh，x等字母结尾的动词，后面加-es，如：teach—teaches； 3. 以字母o结尾的动词，后面加-es，如：go—goes；
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变为i，再加-es，如：study—studies； 5. 以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾的动词，直接加-s，如：take—takes； 6. 有特殊变化的，需要特殊记，如：can—can.
动词过去时及过去分词的变化方式
一、规则变化
1. 一般情况下，在动词后加ed构成：
work→worked 工作 laugh→laughed 笑 seem→seemed 似乎 look→looked 看 jump→jumped 跳 play→played 玩 2. 在以-e结尾动词后只加d：
close→closed 关 like→liked 喜欢 agree→agreed 同意 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i 再加-ed：
study→studied 学习 carry→carried 带，扛 try→tried 试，设法
4. 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed： stop→stopped 停止 drop→dropped 掉下 prefer→preferred 宁愿
二、.不规则动词变化
一、AAA型（原形、过去式和过去分词同形）： cost cost cost cut cut cut let let let put put put read read read
二、ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）： bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt
find found found get got got have had had hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept
learn learnt learnt leave left left lend lent lent make made made meet met met pay paid paid say said said sell sold sold send sent sent shine shone shone sit sat sat
sleep slept slept spend spent spent stand stood stood teach taught taught tell told told
think thought thought understand understood understood
三、ABC型（原形、过去式和过去分词各异）： be waswere been begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken do did done
draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten give gave given go went gone grow grew grown know knew known lie lay lain
ride rode ridden ring rang rung see saw seen
show showed shown sing sang sung
speak spoke spoken swim swam swum take took taken throw threw thrown wake woke woken
wear wore worn write wrote written
四、ABA型（原形与过去分词同形）： become became become come came come
五、AAB型（原形与过去式同形）： beat beat beaten
动词ing形式的变化规则
1 一般情况下，直接在动词后加－ing （现在进行时）work ---- working study ----- studying 2 动词以不发音的－e结尾，要去－e加－ing take ----- taking make ----- making 3 重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加－ing cut ----- cutting put begin 4 以－ie结尾的动词，把变成y再加－ing lie ----- lying tie ----- tying die ----- dying
1、 The house belongs to my aunt but she______ here any more. A. hasn't lived B. didn't live C. hadn't lived D. doesn't live
2、My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working
3、The water ______ cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise. A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels
4、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane____. A. takes of B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off
5、 I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone ,for I sometimes want to make sure if he ____home for dinner.
A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come
6、Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will _______ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay
C. be staying D. have stayed
7、Since I won the big prize ,my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing .People ____to ask how I an going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone
C. were phoning D. are phoning
8、At this time tomorrow______ over the Atlantic. A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly B 9、—What’s wrong with your coat?
—Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next me ____on it . A. sat B. had sat
C. had been sitting D. was sitting
10、Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she_____. A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing
进行be+being+V过分状态一般时间现在be+V过分过去Was/were+V过分将来Will be+ V过分be+V过分完成完成进行Have have+been+Vbeen+being过分+V过分be+V过分Was/were+V过分Willbe+ V过分be+being+V过分Was/were+being+V过分Will+be+being+V过分Have/has+been+V过分had+been+V过分Will have+been+V过分Have been +being+V过分过去将来
二．主动变被动的句型结构
1.“主+谓+宾” :
主句宾→被句主,谓语动词变被动,加by,主句主语 Bell invited the telephone in 1876.
The telephone was invited by Bell in 1876.
如果主动句宾语是that从句,变为被动语态时可以用it作形式主语 We know that he is good at English. It is known that he is good at English.
有时主句中的宾语从句变被动时可以用不定式代替 He is known to be good at English. 被动结构中的by可能表方式或原因
A soldier is known by the uniform he wears. 2.“主+谓+宾+宾”
可将主句中的间接宾语变为被句主语,直接宾语不变,如果直接宾语需要做被动句主语则在间接宾语之前加to He told her a long story. She was told a long story. A long story was told to her.
The teacher bought me a new book. I was bought a new book.
A new book was bought to me.
如果主句中有两个直接宾语,变被动时一般将指人宾语作为主语 The teacher asked the students a very unusual question. The students were asked a very unusual question. 3.”主+谓+复合宾语”
复合宾语由宾加宾补构成,变被动时宾补不动 They chose Tom captain.(宾补为名词) Tom was chosen captain.
They recognized him as a genius.(宾补为介短) He was recognized as genius.
I found him lying on the floor.(宾补为分词短语) He was found lying on the floor.
1.The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell
2. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ______ in the past years. A. discovered B. have discovered
C. had been discovered D. have been discovered 3. —Did Peter fix the computer himself?
—He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers. A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it
4. I got caught in the rain and my suit____. A. has ruined B. had ruined
C. has been ruined D. had been ruined
5. As the years passed, many occasions—birthdays, awards, graduations—________ with Dad’s flowers. A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked
6. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______. A. has been reached B. had been reached C. has reached D. had reached
7. John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it ____seriously. A．damaged B．was being damaged
C．had damaged D．had been damaged
8. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what ________ . A．have marked B. have been marked C．had marked D．had been marked
9. If Newton lived today, he would be surprise by what ____ in science and technology. A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered
10. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where ____ yet. A. hasn’t been decided B. haven’t decided C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided
11. Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) _______birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought 12. —Have you handed in your schoolwork yet? —Yes, I have. I guess it ______ now.
A. has graded B. is graded
C. is being graded D. is grading
13. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which __________placed under the Minister’s car. A. has been B. had been C. was being D. would be
14. The hero’s story_____ differently in the newspapers. A．was reported B．was reporting C．reports D. reported
15. —I don’t suppose the police know who did it.
—Well , surprisingly they do .A man has been arrested and ____now. A. has been questioned B. is being questioned C. is questioning D. has questioned
从句的分类
一、词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、量词、代词、介词、连词、冠词 语句成分：主、谓、宾、定、状、补、同位、表 对应关系：
主语：名词、代词 谓语：动词 宾语：名词、代词 定语：形容词 状语：副词 补语：名词、形容词 同位语：名词、代词
表语：名词、代词 、形容词
二、句子结构
英文语句按照结构分为三种:简单句,并列句,复合句. 简单句的五种基本句型 1.主谓: Nobody knows. 2.主谓宾: I know you.
3.主谓双宾: He told us a story. 4.主谓宾补:We saw her reading. 5.主系表:You are my best friend.
并列句:由两个或者两个以上的简单句连在一起 That is a good idea and we should do it now.
复合句:由一个主句同一个或者一个以上的从句构成,主句可以单独存在,分句不可以. The office that deal with passports is upstairs.
The boy who is watching TV in the room is my brother. 复合句分为三种:
名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，它们在复合句中的功用相当于名词，因此称为名词性从句，在句中分别作主语、表语、宾语以及同位语
形容词性从句:定语从句,在复合句中的作用相当于形容词,起修饰和说明的作用,因此称为形容词性从句. 副词性从句:状语从句,在复合句中的作用相当于副词,因而称为状语从句
名词性主语从句
一.主语从句,在复合句中作句子主语的从句 引导词：连词that、whether;
疑问代词who, what, which;
疑问副词when, where, how, why
1)连词that（无词意）, whether(是否), 在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用; whether能引导主语从句，而if不能
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
Whether John will do this experiment remains a question
2）疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等 Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced. Which school will win the prize is not known. Whoever wants this book may take it.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
3)疑问副词when, where, how, why在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语 When they will start hasn’t been decided yet.
How he managed to finish the task in such a short time is still a mystery. 他为什么经常来这里是众所周之的。 Why he often comes here. It is well known.
Why he often comes here is well known.
4)用it作形式主语时将it放在句首而将真正的主语放在从句中可以避免句子的头重脚轻. It is said that he has passed the exam.
众所周之，台湾是中国的一部分。 Tai Wan is a part of China is well known.
It is well known that Tai Wan is a part of China.
It’s possible/ important/ necessary/ clear that…,该句型从句的谓语动词使用虚拟语气形式：should+动词原形 It is necessary that we should learn some English grammar.
随堂练习：
1、很明显，她们确是姐妹。 They are sisters. It is clear.
That they are sisters is clear.
2、他是否会来还是个问题。
Whether he will come is still a question. 3、他干了什么尚不清楚。 What he did is not yet known. 4、不论谁来都欢迎。 Whoever comes is welcome.
5、在何地举行这次会议还没有宣布。
It is not announced where the meeting will be held.
表语从句
二.表语从句：在复合句中作句子表语的从句 例：
他何时去北京还是个问题。（主语从句） When he will go to Beijing is still a question. 问题是他何时去北京。（表语从句） The question is when he will go to Beijing.
引导词有that, whether, what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, because等
1.引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义 The good news is that we don’t have to finish the homework before next Monday.
在表示命令order等，建议suggestion, advice等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 should+动词原形，should可省略
His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.
2.whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句 The question is whether we can rely on him.
3.连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose除起连接作用外，还在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。 That’s what he is worried about.（在从句作中宾语）
The problem is who can do the work.（在从句中作主语） The question is whose suggestion is the best.
4.连接副词when, where, why, how起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语。 That’s why I was late.
That is where he was born.
5.连词because引导表语从句，只用在 That/This/It is because…结构中 That is because she often works hard.
练习：
1、他的建议是我们应该保持冷静
His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 2、问题是他何时能够到达酒店
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 3、那正是他生我气的原因 That’s why he got angry with me.
宾语从句和同位语从句
宾语从句
宾语从句在句中充当宾语的成分,可作谓语动词的宾语，介词的宾语，动词不定式等非谓 语动词形式的宾语，还可作某些形容词的宾语.
引导词同主语从句相同,包括引导词有连词that, whether；连接代词who, which, what和连 接副词where, when, why, how等
Jenny thought (that) her teacher was unfair. 我想知道哪个是你的丈夫
I’d like to know which one is your husband. I am sure (that) he won’t mind. 你能告诉我Tom何时回来吗？
Could you tell me when Tom comes back.
同位语从句
一般跟在某些名词后面，用以解释或说明前面的名词的内容 引导词有连词that, whether； 连接代词who,which, what
连接副词where, when, why, how等
1.that, whether只起连接作用，不作任何成分 The idea that England stands for fish& chips…is past.
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.(不能用if)
毫无疑问，汽车的价格将会下降。
There is no doubt that the price of cars will go down.
2连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when,why, how在从句中作相应成分 The question who should go abroad requires consideration. 他无法回答他是如何得到钱的问题。
He can’t answer the question how he got the money. I have no idea which one I should choose. 我已经知道他提早离开的原因了。 I’ve got the answer why he left early.
从句练习
一、单项选择
1. ______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where
2.The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
3. Could I speak to____ is in charge of International Sales ,please? A．anyone B．someone C．whoever D．no matter who
4. It is none of your business ____other people think about you. Believe yourself. A. how B. what C. which D. when
5. Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for.
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
二、综合翻译
他何时去北京还是个问题。（主语从句） When he will go to Beijing is still a question. 问题是他何时去北京。（表语从句） The question is when he will go to Beijing. 我想知道他何时去北京。（宾语从句） I want to know when he will go to Beijing.
他已经告诉了我他何时去北京的消息（同位语从句） He has already told me the news when he will go to Beijing.
形容词性定语从句（1）
定语从句用来充当句中定语的主谓结构；它主要用于修饰句子中的名词、代词。而定语 从句的位置常常是紧跟在被修饰的名词、代词的后面。在被修饰的名词、代词与定语从 句之间往往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体.
定语从句在句子中的位置、结构如下： 被修饰的名词 / 代词 + 关系词 + 句子 其中，\"被修饰的名词/代词\"在语法叫作\"先行词\".
定语从句中的关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词 关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等 1)who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词
I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .
The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .
2)whom 用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语 Who is the girl whom you talked to just now ?
昨天，我偶然遇到了那个我在聚会上认识的教授 a. Yesterday, I happened to meet the professor. b. I got to know the professor at a party .
c. Yesterday, I happened to meet the professor whom I got to know at a party .
3)whose 用于代替“表示人或物意义”的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的 名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达“某人的、某物的”之意 Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
4) which 用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语 Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept . 我得到了一本你可能喜欢看的书。
I've got a book which you may like to read .
5) that 既用于代替\"表示人的意义\"的先行词，也用于代替\"表示事物意义\"的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语 ,在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .
Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .
6)关系代词that 和which的区别
that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词，在从句中作主语、 宾语。
但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which :
a.先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时 There must be something that happened to you. b.先行词以形容词的最高级作定语时
That is the best way that leads to your success . c.先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school
d.先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时 This is the very book that I’m looking for. e.先行词既包含人又包含物时
The man and his car that disappeared days ago have been found. f.先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时 Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？
然而，在下列情况下却只用which而不用that:
a. 当先行词表示事物意义，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which The world in which we live is made of matter .
如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
b. 在非限定性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which
7)Who与that的区别 Who与that都可以指人但是当先行词在从句中做主语的时候多用who. I will pardon him, who is honest. 但是在下列情况下多用that a.用来泛指人
He is a man that never lose confidence.
b.兼指人与物是必须用that
He was looking after the child and the car that he cares about. c.先行词前有最高级序数词或only修饰 He is the tallest people that I know.
8)定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略
This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .
9)定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon . 2、关系副词：when , where , why 等
1)when 代替表示时间的在从句中充当状语的名词。
People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland . 2)where 代替表示地点的在从句中充当状语的名词。 That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams . 3)why 代替表示原因的在从句中充当状语的名词。 The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .
3、非限制性定语从句
b.非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时 一般采用which或as来引导
as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后: They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China 3.非限制性定语从句
a.同主句用逗号隔开,相当一个独立的分句,去掉之后对全句没有影响.that与why不可用于非限制定语从句. I like that little boy,who always go to school on time. This is the book,which my mother gave me as birth gift.
b.非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导
as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后:
4、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何句子成分；而引导定语 从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语或宾语等句子成分 We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.(定从)
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.(同位从)
练习：
1. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
2.—Where did you get to know her? —It was on the farm _________ we worked. A．that B．there C．which D. where
3. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
4. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy. A. that B. which C. what D. whom
5. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. A. who B. which C. what D. that
状语从句
时间状语从句
通常由when, while, as, before, after, (ever) since, till, until, as soon as等从属连词引导。 When he was skating round the lake, he suddenly fell. I haven’t heard from him since he left school.
1）时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来意义。 I will go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.
2）when, while, as引导时间状语从句时的异同
a. when引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词； 从句的动作可以和主句的动作同时发生，也以先于主句的动作发生；当从句谓语动词是 延续性动词时，可与while互换
I often missed my home a lot when I was abroad..( =while ) When they came home, I was cooking dinner. (不能用while) 3）since引导的时间状语从句
since从句中的动词不同，其起算时间也不同。since + 瞬间动词过去时，从该动作发生 时起算；since + 延续性动词过去时，从该动作结束时起算。试比较： He has worked very hard since he entered the factory.
(enter为瞬间性动词，该句意为“从他入厂以来，他工作一直非常努力。”) We haven’t seen each other since I worked in the factory.
(work为延续性动词，该句意为“从我不在工厂以来我们没见过面”)
2．原因状语从句
b. since和as引导的原因从句更多见于句首，表示明显的、已知的事实，语气比because 弱，分别可译作“既然”、“由于”，着重点在主句
Since you have to stay at home, why don’t you do some shopping on computer?. As the weather is fine, let’s go fishing.
3．条件状语从句
引导条件句常用的有if, unless, as(so) long as, in case等，when, once, suppose (that) 或supposing (that)，on condition that 也可引导表示条件的从句。条件状语从句和时间 状语从句一样，表示将来要用一般现在时 The bell is rung if there is a fire.
We won’t let you in unless you show your pass.
4．让步状语从句
1）通常由though, although, even/though引导，主句中不能用but，但可用yet He didn’t light the fire though/although it was cold.
Although/though he is quite old, (yet) he still tries to learn more.
2） whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引导状语从句时，分别相当于no matter what/who/which/when/where/how引导的从句，意为“无论……” Whatever/No matter what he said, no one believed him. Whoever/No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished.
3）as引导让步状语从句要倒装，其结构通常是“noun/adj/adv + as + 主语+谓语(+其它 成分)，主句”，可转换成though/although从句
Child as he is, he knows a lot. （注意：名词前不用冠词） =Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Difficult as the task was, they managed to finish it in time.
=Although/Though the task was difficult, they managed to finish it in time. 6．目的状语从句
1）目的状语从句通常由 (so) that, in order that引导。in order that 引导的目的从句可以 放在主句后面或前面，而so that引导的从句通常放在主句后面。目的状语从句中的谓语 常含有may(might), can(could), should, will等情态动词
The actress wore ordinary clothes in order that/so that she might not be recognized
easily.
=In order that she might not be recognized easily, the actress wore ordinary clothes.
2）in case, for fear that, lest 等也可以引导目的状语从句，表示 “以防…、以免…” He left early in case he should miss the train. Take your raincoat in case it rains/should rain. 7．结果状语从句
1）结果状语从句常由so that, so… that, such… that等引导，放在主句之后，so…that与 such…that句型在一定条件下可转换
He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him. =He made so excellent a speech that everyone admired him. 2）so that引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句的辨别
so that从句之前有逗号的常为结果状语从句，因表示某一行为带来的结果，从句中的时 态常为过去式；so that从句中有may(might), can(could), should, will等情态动词的通常 是目的状语从句
I wrote as clearly as possible so that I might get high marks. （目的） I wrote as clearly as possible, so that I got high marks. （结果） 8．方式状语从句
1）方式状语从句常由 (just) as, as if/though引导 Do exactly as the doctor says.
He walked slowly as if/though he had hurt his leg.
2）as if/though 引导的状语从句，若描述非事实情况，常用虚拟语气，若描述的是实际 情况，用陈述语气
She treats the orphan as if/though he were her own child. It looks as if/though it’s going to rain. 3）the way 也可用来引导方式状语从句
Mary smiled the way (in which/that) her mother did at her age. 9．比较状语从句
1）比较状语从句常由as … as, not so (as) … as, than引导,比较从句部分常为省略句 His brother is as handsome as he (is)/him.
2）通常把the more…the more…结构也归为比较从句，意为“越……越” The harder you work, the greater progress you’ll make. The less she worried, the better she worked.
单词学习及记忆法综述
单词学习的几个误区
1、偏重记忆英文拼写，忽视了发音及中文含义。
1）These ______ much alike that I can't tell which is which. 答案：B A. twin looks B. twins look C. twin look D. twins looks
2）They own two cars, not to ____ a motorbike. 答案：D A. speak B. say C. talk D. mention
2、对于某些易混单词的词性没有进行准确记忆
1）A __ road goes ___ from one place to another. 答案：A A. straight, straight B. straightly, straightly C. straight, straightly D. straightly, straight
2）He treated all the people around him, ______he knew or he didn't know,______. 答案：D A. if, friendly B. whether, friendly
C. if, in a friendly way D. whether, in a friendly way
以ly结尾的形容词：lonely(孤独的)，costly(高价的，昂贵的)，lively(有生气的，生动的)，lovely(可爱的，美丽的，愉快的)，orderly (整齐的，守规则的) 3、背诵速度过慢
4、没有使用合理的记忆方法
一、逻辑记忆：通过词的本身的内部逻辑关系，词与词之间的外部逻辑关系记忆词。 1)把几个字母看作做一个来记
\"ight\" light, right, fight, night, might, sight, tight 2)外旧内新，
如：bridge桥=b+ridge ; sharp=s+harp ridge山脊, harp竖琴 3)外新内旧，
如：cleave=c+leave, tact=t+act cleave劈开 tact机智 二、联想记忆
1)音与形的对应，即根据读音规则借助音标的帮助记忆单词 2)谐音记忆，用含有一定含义的汉语来注释单词的英文发音 例如：exhaust vt.使筋疲力尽；用完耗尽n. 排气管 一个早死的他（谐音）---体力精力耗尽早早死去 flee vt.逃走 vi.消散
飞离(谐音)—飞着就离开了,逃走 colony n. 殖民地, 侨民
靠了你(谐音)---靠了你们这些殖民地,英国才成为当时的日不落帝国 三、理解记忆
通过正确理解单词的本义、引申义和比喻义等如：second 是“秒”，它来源于古代的六分法，秒是二次划分，因此second 也是“第二”，进一步引申，还可理解为“辅助”.用这种方法特别适合那些多义词。 四、比较记忆 1)英汉比较
如：mama, cigar, beer, bar, fee等。 2)单复数的比较
如：good-goods, wood-woods 3)词的阴阳性的比较
如：actor-actress host-hostess 五、分类记忆
把单词进行分门类 如：动物，植物等，进行分类记忆。可以分类字典为参考。 六、构词记忆
利用构词法，通过分析词根、前缀、后缀、派生和合成等记忆单词，迅速扩大词汇量。 七、同义、反义记忆
通过同义、反义词一起进行单词记忆，可确切理解词义，并可增强高考单选的做题正确率。
常见的词根词缀
一. 常见的前缀
1.表示否定意义的前缀 1)纯否定前缀
dis- ,dishonest, dislike
in-, , il-, im-, ir-, incapable, inability, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular un- unable, unemployment 2)表示错误的意义 mis-, mistake, mislead
3)表示相反，相互对立意思
anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的) 2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀 1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……” aboard, aside,
2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路)
3)en-, 表示“在内，进入” encage, enbed(上床)
4)ex- 表示“外部，外” exit, expand, export
5)fore- 表示“在前面” forehead, foreground
6)in-, im-(用于b,m,p之前), ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland, inside, inport
7)inter-, 表示“在……间，相互” interaction, internet
8)out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外” outline, outside,
9)over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook, overhead,
10)post-, 表示\"向后，在后边，次” postwar，
11)pre-, 表示\"在前”在前面” prefix, preface,
12)sub-, 表示“在下面，下” subway, submarine,
13)super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上” surface, superstructure
14)under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的” underline, underground
15)up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward, uphold, uphill(上坡) 3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀
1)ex-, 表示“先，故，旧”
ex-president, ex-husband
2)fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面” forward, foretell(预言) 3)mid-, 表示“中，中间” midnight, midsummer
4)pre-, pri-, 表示“在前，事先，预先” preheat, prewar, prehistory 5)re-, 表示“再一次，重新” retell, rewrite
4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀 1)by-, 表示“副，次要的” byproduct, bywork(副业)
2)over-，表示“超过，过度，太” overeat, overdress, oversleep 3)super-, 表示“超过” superpower, superman
4)under-,表示“低劣，低下”
undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足) 5)vice- 表示“副，次” vicepresident, vicechairman 5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀
com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。 combine, collect, coexist, co-operate 6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀
over-表示“完全，全”overall, overflow(充满) 7. 表示分离，离开意思的前缀
1)a-，ab-, abs-,表示“分离，离开” away, apart, 2)de- 表示“离去，处去”depart, decolour,
3)dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离，离开” divorce, disarm(缴械) 4)ex-, e-, 表示“离开，分离”expel, exclude, 5)for- 表示“离开，脱离”forget, forgive 二. 常见的后缀 1. 名词后缀
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
1)-an, -ian, 表示\"……地方的人，精通……的人”American, historian, 2)-ar, 表示\"……的人” scholar, liar,
3)-eer, 表示\"从事于……人\" engineer, volunteer
4)-er, 表示\"从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人\" banker, observer, Londoner, 5)-ese, 表示\" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese 6)-ess, 表示\"阴性人称名词， actress, hostess, manageress 2. 形容词后缀
（1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1)-able, -ible, movable, comfortable, visible,
2)-ing, moving, touching, daring 3)-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish 4)-ive, active, impressive,
(2) 表示“相象，类似”的含义 1)-like, manlike, childlike
2)-some, troublesome, handsome 3)-y, milky, pasty
(3) 表示“充分的”含义
1)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful 2)-ous, dangerous, generous, various
(4) 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义 -en, wooden, golden, woolen (5) 表示方向的含义 1)-ern, eastern, western
2)-ward, downward, forward (6) 表示“数量关系”的含义 1)-teen, thirteen 2)-ty, fifty
3)-th, fourth, fiftieth (7)其他的含义
-less, 表示否定，countless, wireless 4. 副词后缀
-ly, possibly, simply
非谓语动词
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。 非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。 一.动词不定式
具有名词、形容词、副词的特征, 结构为:(to)do, not(to)do, 1.不定式的句法功能 1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 失去信心就意味着失败。
To lose your confidence means failure
动词不定式短语做主语时，常用it作形式主语。 It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes 2）作表语
她的工作是清洁大厅。 Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold. 3）作宾语
a.常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等。 我们计划在中国最好的大学学习。
We plan to study in the best university in China.
b.如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语
后面。
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. c.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。 I have no choice but to stay here. 4）形容词之后也可以加不定式 I’m very glad to see you.
He was so lucky to get such a good chance. 5）作定语
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： ①动宾关系 a.常见结构
我有一个会要参加
I have a meeting to attend.
b.不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词 He found a good house to live in. 这个孩子没有什么要担心的事情 The child has nothing to worry about.
c.如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词 He has no place to live.
这是解决这个问题的最好的方法
This is the best way to work out this problem. ②说明所修饰名词的内容
We have made a plan to finish the work. ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语 他是第一个到这里的人 He is the first to get here. 6）作状语 ①表目的
He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致 To save money, every means has been tried. × To save money, he has tried every means. √ To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. × To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. √ ②表结果
He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示强调 I visited him only to find him out.
常用结构:so…as to../such...as to../enough to../only to../too...to.. ③表原因
They were very sad to hear the news. ④ 表让步或条件
你不应该为了救自己而这样做
You shouldn’t do that to save your own life. A man would be blind not to see the truth. 2.不定式的时态
1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. I'm glad to meet you.
2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。 那个男孩装着正努力学习
The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room.
3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 I regretted to have told a lie 他非常高兴遇见了他的朋友
He is pleased to have met his friend. 3.不定式的被动语态
That is my honor to be invited to join the party. I wish to be excused.
我们要大声喊才能被听到 We have to shout to be heard. 二.动名词
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1.动名词的句法功能 1）作主语
Reading aloud is very helpful. 2）作表语
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 3）作宾语
They haven't finished building the house.
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it。 We found it no good making fun of others. 如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest …… 4）作定语
He can't walk without a walking-stick. Is there a swimming pool in your school? 5）作同位语
The cave, his hiding-place is secret.
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged． 2.动名词的时态 1）一般时
Seeing is believing. 2）完成时：
We remembered having seen the film. 3.动名词的语态 1）被动式
He came to the party without being invited． 2）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old 三.现在分词
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能
1．现在分词的句法功能
1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后 In the following years he worked even harder.
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 2）现在分词作表语
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. 3）作宾语补足语
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at…
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? He kept the car waiting at the gate. 4）现在分词作状语
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. ④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 2、现在分词的语态与时态
1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语 They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.
2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. The problem being discussed is very important. 四.过去分词
过去分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能 过去分词的句法功能 1．过去分词作定语
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 2．过去分词作表语 The window is broken.
They were frightened at the sad sight. 3．过去分词作宾语补足语
I heard the song sung several times last week. 4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. （表示原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten. （表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. （表示条件）
单项选择陷阱及应对
单项选择题的陷阱可分为一下几种类型： 一、插入隔离型
指有时由于表达的需要，在句子中插入一个成分，或将某些成分从正常位置调入一个看来属“非正常”的位置并造成理解困难。 1.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_____, of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what
2.“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,_____ to go to university.” “So do I.”
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
3.He told me the news_____, believe it or not, he had earned $1 000 in a single day. A. that B. which C. as D. because
4.Jim plays football_____, if not better than, Mike. A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
5. The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 1-5题参考答案为：B B A B C 二、词性误用
指英语和汉语在词性方面有很大的差别，这种差别有时会酿成错误。 1.A ______ road goes ______ from one place to another. A. straight, straight B. straightly, straightly C. straight, straightly D. straightly, straight 2.Don't_____; no one will hurt you.
A. afraid B. frighten C. fear D. nervous
3.He treated all the people around him, ______he knew or he didn't know,______. A. if, friendly B. whether, friendly C. if, in a friendly way D. whether, in a friendly way 英语中以ly结尾但是是形容词的有：
lonely(孤独的)，costly(高价的，昂贵的)，lively(有生气的，生动的)，lovely(可爱的，美丽的，愉快的)，orderly (整齐的，守规则的)
4.______ your students against or for the plan made by the teacher? A.Do B. Can C. Are D. Did 1-4题的参考答案为：A C D C 三、词义误解型
指许多词的词义很容易误解，如对这类词理解不准，在运用时其词义在脑海中模棱两可，会导致错误。 1.These ______ much alike that I can't tell which is which. A. twin looks B. twins look C. twin look D. twins looks
2.If you want to sell your product you must _____ it A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to
3.There are five pairs, but I'm at a loss which__ to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
4.He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until ___ to. A. spoken B. speaking C. speak D. be spoken
You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old. 1-4题的参考答案为：B A B A 四、规则硬套型
指不从语言实际出发，不考虑特定的语言环境，而是机械地套用语法规则，生搬硬套语法的条条框框 1.“Is there___ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.” A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
2.“Is there _____ here?” “Yes, I'm upstairs. Please come and help me.” A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
3.He was sentenced to death _____what he had stolen from the bank. A. that B. since C. because D. because of
4.She is quite a different girl _____ she was five years ago. A. from B. to C. than D. with
5.“I think the teacher is wrong, _____?” “No, I don't think so.” A.don't you B. don't I C. doesn't he D. doesn't she 1-5题的参考答案为：B A D C A 五、结构误配型
指有许多试题，从表面上看是甲结构，而实际是乙结构；或者命题人考查的是甲结构，而应试者却将其误认为是乙结构；或者从选项来看是甲结构，而题干考查的实际上是乙结构等等。 1.Use an umbrella to _____ you from the rain.
A. stop B. prevent C. keep D. protect
2. He was in great need of money, so he _____$5,000 for his car. A. paid B. took C. cost D. spent
3. It was in the small house _____ was built with stonesby his father _____ he spent his childhood.
A. which, that B. that, which C. which, which D. that, where
4. Whom would you rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack? A. have go B. have to go C. have gone D. has to go I would rather have Jim go with me. 1-4题的参考答案为：D B A A 六、借用倒装型
指由于对句子的倒装结构不熟悉或者某些句子处于表达的需要而借用了倒装结构而造成误解 1._____ loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him. A. So B. Very C. Too D. Much
He spoke so loudly that even the people in the next room could hear him. 2.Hard __ he studies, he cannot pass the examination. A. when B. how C. as D. while
3._____ he followed my advice, he would havesucceeded. A. When B. If C. Had D. Has
4.This is your work. In _____ case are you to leave your post. A. any B. this C. which D. no 1-4题的参考答案为：A C C D 七、母语干扰型
指由于母语在大脑中根深蒂固，所以常常会对大脑中尚不牢固的外语知识产生负面影响。 1.They own two cars, not to _____ a motorbike.
A. speak B. say C. talk D. mention He was impolite, not to say rude
2.I think he is _____ to win, but I'm not sure.
A. possible B. likely C. impossible D. certain 3.I'll come to see you if _____.
A. you're convenient B. it is convenient for you C. you feel convenient D. it is convenient with you 4. He wants to move house, because he hates the __here. A. crowded traffic B. crowded traffics C. busy traffic D. busy traffics
5. “This book is __ more useful for us students.”“Yes, but it is ___ too difficult.” A. quite, quite B. much, rather C. rather, quite D. quite, much 1-5题的参考答案为：D B B C B 八、思维定势型
指有时对于一些比较特殊的句子或语言现象想当然地套用已形成的思维定势，从而得出错误的结论。 1.She can't help _____ the house because she's busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
2. While shopping, people sometimes can't help _____ into buying something they don't really need. A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
3. __ with a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
4.__ has a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
5.__ having a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever 1-5题的参考答案为：A C C B C 九、知识死角型
即指某些知识点，平时没有引起足够重视，或一知半解，或“一窍不通”，从而导致做题出错
1.“I'm going to the post office.” “_____ you're there, can you get me some stamps?” A. As B. While C. Because D. If
2.At the meeting, we discussed _____ we should employ more workers. A. if B. whether C. that D.不填 3.The building must be saved, _____ the cost. A. what B. which C. whatever D. Whichever
4.The boy likes football _____, but doesn't like basketball_____. A. much, much B. much, very much
C. very much, much D. very much, very 1-4题的参考答案为：B B C C
倒装句Inversion
倒装语序中有全部倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）两种情况. 在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序 When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .
在部分倒装的句子中，只把谓语的一部分（如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词be）放到主语的前面去，构成倒装语序
Are you going to take part in the football match ? 倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情况 1.各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序 Will they come to see us this weekend ? 2.在感叹句中
Isn't it a beautiful garden !
Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him ! 3.在陈述句中
1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用\"so + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语\"或\"neither / nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语\"的倒装句式 His brother is a college student; so is mine. His brother is not a college student; nor is mine.
My friend cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife . 2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than), hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… , Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door . Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night .
So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.
3）当so, often, only等表示程度、频率的副词放在句首时，句子一般要倒装 Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem. So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.
4）当there, here, then, now等副词在句首，且谓语是come, go, be等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。其意义在于引起他人的注意。如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句 Look, there comes the taxi. Then came another question.
Then followed the four-year War of Liberation.
5) 当out, in, away, up, 等表示方位的词放在句首时，句子一般要全部倒装。这类子比自然语序的句子更为生动、形象。但如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句 Away flew the bird.
Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.
6) 其他情况还有：省略了if的虚拟条件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些让步状语从句，等等也要用倒装句式 .
Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully. Should he come, say \"Nobody in\" to him. May our friendship last forever.
Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone. They said they would follow the Party's lead come what might.
1. Mary never does any reading in the evening, _______. A. so does John B. John does too C. John doesn’t too D. nor does John
2. _______ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious 3. _______, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be
C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student
4. In the dark forests _______, some large enough to hold several English towns. A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes C. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand
5. Only after my friend came _______. A. did the computer repair B. he repaired the computer C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired
虚拟语气
虚拟语气可以分为真实条件句及非真实条件句两种情况.
真实条件句表示一种有可能实现的假设,此时条件从句以及结果主句都使用直陈语气. a.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow,we will go to the park. b.Please keep quite if you want to enjoy the music.
非真实条件句所表示的假设不太可能实现或发生,因此条件从句和结果主句都使用虚拟语气,时态如下: 䦋㌌㏒㧀좈琰茞㵂Ü 与现在事实相反 If+主语+V过去式(be的过去式主语+should/ would+V原形 用were) 条件从句 结果主句 与过去事实相反 If+主语+had+V过分 主语+ should/ would+have+V过分 与将来事实相反 If+主语+V过去式(be的过去式主语+ should/ would+V原形 用were)
1.与现在事实相反
a.If I got permission form mother,I would go there to have a holiday. b.If I were you I would not buy this book. 2.与过去事实相反
a.We should have caught the train if we had driven faster.
b.If they hadn’t taken part in the party, they wouldn’t have been misunderstood. 3.与将来事实相反
a.If you stayed here longer,you would love this quiet Swiss town. b.What would happen,if your brother didn’t come on time.
条件从句中亦可用were to+V原形,多用于书面,真实性很小 If they were to come,what should we say? Should+V原形强调偶然的可能性
If we should see him tomorrow, we would tell him the truth.
三．虚拟语气的其它用法。
1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。
在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：
It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。 It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。
（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
a.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如： I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）
I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现。）
b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用 had+过去分词。如：
I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。） c.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如：
I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。 I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。 （2）在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如： I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。
The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。 注： 当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较： His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。 3 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。
当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：
My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
4．特殊的虚拟语气结构。 （1）虚拟语气用在状语从句中
由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)或had+过去分词。如：
The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。 He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。
（2）在It is time (that) …; I’d rather (that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如：
It is time that we did something to stop pollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。 I’d rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。 （3）虚拟语气用在简单句中
a 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：
Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？ b在一些习惯表达中。如：
You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
c用 “may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如： May good luck be yours!祝你好运！ May you be happy!祝你快乐！
随堂练习：
1. If I had had enough time, I___ my work.
A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finished D. had finished 2.Ten minutes earlier, they ___ the plane.
A. will catch B. would catch C. would have caught D. will have caught 3. Mr Green requires that the students ___ a composition every other week. A. write B. written C. would write D. will write 4.Had he studied hard, he___ the exam.
A. would pass B. could pass C. had passed D. would have passed 5.I wish I ___ what is happening there in his room. A. know B. known C. knew D. should know
独立主格结构的含义和实质
1、“独立主格结构”(absolute construction)又叫“独立结构”,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由
于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。 2、 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 3、 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. The meeting finished, everyone tired to go home earlier.
4、With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise. 5、易错之处
1）独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 随堂练习
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being
C. Because there being D.There were
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given
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